IMMUNOLOGY (TEST 1) Immune System – Flashcards

process of being protected against foreign antigens

aka immunoglobins, these are specific glycoproteins found in serum or plasma produced by B-lymphs when body detects harmful substances called antigens

aka immunogens, these large molecules found on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, pollen, chemicals, foreign particles causing body to produce antibodies against it; can be formed in the body with bacterial toxins or tissue cells

portions or fragments of an antigen that REACT with antibodies and lymph receptors

very small molecules that can bind to a larger carrier molecule and behave as an antigen

molecule that when coupled with a hapten, renders the hapten immunogenic

main function is to recognize microbes as being either self or nonself

defense, homeostasis, surveillance

first line of defense, natural (innate) immunity, acquired (adaptive) immunity

defense mechanism that body uses immediately after exposure to a microbe; it is non-specific and nonadaptive

components include phagocytic cells along with mast cells, neutros and macrophages

components include complement proteins, lysozymes, interferons

proteins that produce inflammatory effects and destroy cells when activated

enzyme secreted by macrophages that attack cell walls of some bacteria

proteins produced by many cells in response to viral infections to BLOCK replication of virus in other cells

immunity that becomes operational when natural immunity is overwhelmed; it is antigen-specific

results in production of antibodies to combat non-self antigens

involves activation of specific lymphocytic cells to combat non-self antigens

intitial response for removal of microbes; innate or immunity we are born with; nonantigen specific; nonadaptive; includes mast cells, neutros, macrophages; humoral components include complement proteins, lysozymes and interferons

secondary defense mechanism; acquired thru life; antigen specific; adaptive; cellular components include antigen presenting cells, macrophages, T-lymphs, B-lymphs; humoral components include antibodies, cytokines

includes bone marrow where T-lymphs and B-lymphs are produced and the thymus found near trachea where stem cells develop into T-cells

include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymph nodes, and spleen

composed of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue and provide 1st line of defense against orally ingested pathogens

bundles of tissue found throughout human body filled with lymphocyte cells that act as filters by removing microorganisms from circulation; part of secondary organs

largest of the secondary organs that acts as a filter by trapping and removing foreign materials out the the blood and removes old/damaged RBCs

soluble proteins secreted by cells and are chemical mediators that transmit messages between cells to regulate growth and function

principle leukocyte associated with phagocytosis performed inside body's peripheral tissue and breaks down ingested material and kills microorganisms

include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages

accumulate at inflammatory sites and release histamines, which cause allergic responses; activated by IgE antibody

invade microorganisms including certain parasites and also control allergic reactions by emitting histaminase

tissue cells that play major role in hypersensitivity reactions

monocytes, which are found in blood, become ________________ when they enter the tissue and serve to ingest antigens and are antigen-producing cells (APC).

primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity and represent 60-80% of circulating lymphocytes

T-lymphs that attack and lyse cells infected with viruses, tumor cells, bacteria and cells that are damaged or otherwise dysfunctional

T-lymphs that enhance and promote action of other immune cells by secreting cytokines that active macrophages, assist B-cells in antibody production and activate suppressor cells; other names include T4 and CD4

T-cells that inhibit the activities of B-cells and T-cells in order to keep immune response from going out of control

cells that lyse virally infected cells, malignant cells, and antibody-antigen complexes without prior antigenic stimulation

cells responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production) and are referred to as plasma cells when activated and producting antibodies.

key component of adaptive immunity, these are a group of functionally defined cells capable of taking up antigens and presenting them to lymphs; bound by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

primary function of immunoglobins

term used to describe process when phagocytes are coated by antibodies which allow phagocytic cells to recognize, ingest and destroy bacteria

refers to the formation of pores on the surface of bacteria or the coating of antigens making them recognizable to phagocytic cells

highly specific antibodies that react ONLY with the antigen that caused their production

versitile antibodies that react with antigen that caused their production as well as other antigens that have similar physical structure to the original antigen

serum electrophoresis, Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)

includes 2 large (heavy) chains, 2 smaller (light) chains held together by noncovalent forces and disulfide interchain bridges forming a Y shape

immmunoglobins can be cleaved into 2 or more fragments by enzymes _______ and _______.

upper portion of the Y shape capable of antigen binding; contain two sites per antibody consisting of the light chain and the upper part of the heavy chain

lower stem portion of the Y shape consisting of the bottom part of both heavy chains containing only one binding site per antibody; can bind to receptors found on certain immune system cells

located in the upper portion of each FAB site and is an area whichs binds to the antigen; fives antibody its unique specificity to bind to specific antigen; light and heavy chains have only one of these regions

composed of the entire FC site as well as the bottom part of each FAB site; ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT CASCADE; light chains have one of these regions; heavy chains have one or more of these regions

center portion of the antibody that allows antibody to e flexible and attach to antigen; area where antibody may be broken apart

each specific antibody is determined by the composition of the _________ chain.

most involved immunoglobin normally produced in response to antigens of human origin; often seen in secondary response; function includes immunity to newborns; can cross placenta; neutralize toxins; help fight infection; major immunoglobin in normal serum and accounts for 70-75% of total immunoglobin pool

largest antibody and first involved in primary immune response; function is to act as antigenic receptor site on surface of immature B-lymph; neutralize toxins; contains 10 binding sites for antibody agglutination; contains 5 FC regions and is most effective antibody for activating complement; accounts for 10% of immunoglobin pool

known as the secretor antibody; found mainly in body secretions, such as urine, tears, saliva; found in ephithelial cells of respiratory and reproductive tracts; functions to protect against bacteria and viruses trying to enter thru epithelial tissue; accounts for @ 15-20% of immunoglobin pool

when found on surface of B-lymph, may act as receptor for antigens; found in only small amounts (<1% of immunoglobulin pool)

major antibody seen in allergic reactions and parasitic infections; mediates release of in histamines and heparin from baso and mast cells; antibody with lowest concentration in serum and with shortest half-life

permanent resistance antibody that results from PRODUCTION of antibodies against foreign antigens; duration is long and is acquired thru either active natural or active artificial means

immunity that results from TRANSFER of antibodies from one individual to another offering temporary protection; duration is short and is acquired thru passive natural or passive artificial means

type of immune response involving immune cells (T-lymphs, NK cells, cytokines) rather than antibodies; AKA delayed time hypersensitivity (DTH) or Type IV hypersensitivity

contact sensitivity seen in poison ivy reactions, delayed sensitivity seen in contact dermatitis, immunity to viral and fungal antigens and rejection of foreign tissue grafts are purposes of ___________________.

become activated in response to lymphokines (cytokines), attach to antigen-antibody(-complement) complexes, present processed antigens to T-lymphs are all functions of ____________________________.

component of cell-mediated immunity, where T-lymphs do not recognize antigens but recognition takes place when the antigen is present on the surface of an APC, the ____________________.

component of cell-mediated immunity: these cells recognize and destroy/lyse body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigens on their surface to include: virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells displaying tumor antigens, transplanted cells

component of cell-mediated immunity that recognize, attach to, and destroy intracellular pathogens

type of immunity involving the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen resulting from the formation & release of antibodies into the blood streams; mediated by B-lymphs; primary function is defense against bacterial infection