Human Anatomy & Physiology: MasteringA&P: Endocrine System – Flashcards
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Which of the following is not a property of endocrine glands?
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They have ducts.
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Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
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Adenoid
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Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?
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Synergism
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_____ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.
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Permissiveness
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The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called ______________.
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humoral stimuli
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Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called ____________.
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tropins
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Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
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Prolactin
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What is the primary function of hormones?
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alter cell activity
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Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?
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enzymatic
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Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?
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Antidiuretic hormone
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Which of the following is not a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland?
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Graves' disease
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Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys?
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Adrenal
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Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?
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Cushing's syndrome
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Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.
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True
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Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues.
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True
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Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary?
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none of these
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What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?
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hormonal stimuli
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Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
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False
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Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?
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thyroid hormone
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The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."
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True
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Which of the following hormone pairs are antagonists that regulate blood calcium ion levels?
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parathyroid hormone/calcitonin
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The anatomical effects of acromegaly can usually be reversed by surgically removing the tumor from the anterior pituitary.
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False
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Hyperparathyroidism is a rare condition where the bones soften and deform.
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True
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Which of the following pairs correctly match the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces?
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zona glomerulosa/mineralocorticoids
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Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?
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glucocorticoids
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Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels?
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insulin
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Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
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hormones
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Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.
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False
Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol.
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John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?
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testosterone
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What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?
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lipid-soluble
Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane.
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The benefit of using a second messenger signaling system is rapid speed of communication.
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False
The benefit of second messenger signaling is the amplification that occurs inside of the cells; small amounts of signal create a large response.
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What allows a cell to respond to a hormone?
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the presence of a specific hormone receptor
Every hormone has a specific receptor that causes as action for that cell.
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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of water-soluble hormones?
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intracellular receptors
Water-soluble receptors are found on the surface of the cell membrane
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What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs?
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tropins
Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.
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Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone?
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thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid to release the hormone thyroxin, which increases metabolism in the body.
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If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?
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Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.
The kidneys would be encouraged by PTH to retain more calcium, which would result is less calcium in the urine.
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Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels?
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aldosterone
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Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin?
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Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.
Insulin binds to receptor proteins in most body cells and allows membrane transport of glucose into these cells.
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All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreatic beta cells to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one?
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sympathetic activation
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Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts?
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Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.
High levels of insulin cause the down-regulation of insulin receptors. Type 2 diabetes is sometimes called insulin insensitivity because of the lack of insulin receptors.
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Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged?
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hypothalamus
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Which testicular cell organelle is primarily responsible for producing the sex hormone testosterone?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method?
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thyroxine
Thyroxine is an amino acid-based hormone that uses the direct gene activation method. Although it is water-soluble, it is transported into the cell by a membrane carrier protein.
