Nutrition Exam 4 – Flashcards

Which of the following is a feature of vitamins?

What is a precursor?

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?

General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except

All of the following are general characteristics of the fat-soluble vitamins except

Which of the following vitamins would be removed in the production of skim milk?

Cooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect the vitamin content of

What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins?

When thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess?

What is a chief function of the B vitamins?

Which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy?

Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme?

Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin?

What is the primary chemical reaction in which thiamin participates as a coenzyme?

Which of the following is the coenzyme form of thiamin?

Beriberi results from a deficiency of

Which of the following diets is most likely to lead to beriberi?

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements of

Which of the following is a characteristic of thiamin nutrition?

Approximately what percentage of alcoholics exhibit thiamin deficiency?

All of the following are characteristic of thiamin nutrition except

Which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size?

Which of the following is a property of thiamin nutrition?

How does the method of cooking affect thiamin stability?

Which of the following contains the highest concentration of thiamin in muscle tissue?

Of the following, which is the richest food source of thiamin?

Riboflavin in its coenzyme form functions in the transfer of

Which of the following vitamins is involved substantially in energy transformation reactions?

Which of the following is indicative of a dietary deficiency of riboflavin?

Which of the following food groups ordinarily contains the highest amount of riboflavin when expressed per kcalorie?

What is ariboflavonosis?

The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency are known collectively as

Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in

Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to

What type of container is best for protecting the riboflavin content of milk?

The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin?

Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake?

Milk and milk products provide liberal amounts of which of the following vitamins?

A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth?

Which of the following is a property of riboflavin in nutrition?

Which of the following is a property of niacin in nutrition?

Which of the following properties is shared by niacin and riboflavin coenzymes?

When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used by the body to synthesize niacin?

Which of the following nutrients functions to prevent the appearance of a bilateral, symmetrical dermatitis, primarily on areas exposed to the sun?

The vitamin deficiency disease pellagra means

A low-protein diet in which corn is a principal food has been found to cause a deficiency of what vitamin?

What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein?

Which of the following is not among the common signs of pellagra?

A general niacin deficiency is known to be manifested in abnormalities of all of the following organs/systems except

Tryptophan can be used in the body to synthesize

While researching your southern family history, you find that your grandmother had a sister who died fairly young. The symptoms leading up to her death included diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. Because the family led a poor, corn-farming existence, you suspect this relative died of

Which of the following substances is found in corn and contributes to the development of pellagra?

What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid?

Which of the following overt side effect(s) is likely to appear after a person ingests a high quantity of nicotinic acid?

When taken in large doses, which of the following vitamins is associated with liver injury and peptic ulcers?

Large doses of nicotinic acid are known to result in all of the following except

Which of the following is a feature of niacin nutrition?

Your friend Jane just returned from the doctor who diagnosed her with a specific vitamin B toxicity. However, she doesn't recall the name of the vitamin. Which of the following is the only possible culprit associated with toxicity symptoms?

What is the approximate niacin RDA for adults?

Among the following, which would be the best source of niacin equivalents?

Your brother Bob is a competitive body builder. His trainer suggested that he consume 4 egg white omelets per day. Bob remembers a warning about a possible vitamin deficiency from consuming too many egg whites and asks if he should follow the prescribed diet. Your reply to Bob is that he should not

Features of biotin in nutrition include all of the following except

Among the following compounds that serve as coenzymes in metabolism, which is considered a vitamin for human beings?

Which of the following foods contains a protein that decreases bioavailability of biotin?

A protein that binds with biotin (thus inhibiting absorption) is found in which food?

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

Biotin can be synthesized by

What is the adult Adequate Intake for biotin?

What vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?

What is the AI for pantothenic acid for adults?

Which of the following vitamins is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food?

Forms of vitamin B6 include all of the following except

Which of the following vitamins is stored primarily in muscle tissue?

The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include

What vitamin is involved intensively in amino acid metabolism?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of vitamin B6 in nutrition?

All of the following are features of vitamin B6 metabolism except

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin B6?

A common drug for the treatment of tuberculosis is known to markedly interfere in the metabolism of vitamin

Irreversible nerve damage has been reported in people taking large doses of

Which of the following statements reflects our knowledge of water-soluble vitamin toxicity?

In what major way does alcohol intake affect vitamin B6 metabolism?

What is the adult RDA for vitamin B6?

On a per-kcalorie basis, which of the following foods is richest in vitamin B6?

Which of the following is an essential nutrient for human beings?

Pteroylglutamic acid is known as

All of the following are properties of folate in nutrition except

Which of the following characteristics is shared by vitamin B12 and folate?

Which of the following vitamins undergoes significant enterohepatic circulation?

Which of the following vitamins is usually found in a form that is bound to one or more glutamic acid molecules in food?

A person with a disorder that limits absorption of bile is at increased risk for deficiency of

What is the most likely explanation for the impaired functioning of the GI tract resulting from folate deficiency?

Which of the following is not a feature of folate nutrition?

Approximately what percentage of dietary folate is bioavailable?

The percent bioavailability of a folate supplement taken on an empty stomach is

How many dietary folate equivalents are provided by 100 µg of a folate supplement?

What fraction of women capable of becoming pregnant ingest the RDA for folate?

Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of

Which of the following is a type of neural tube defect?

Which of the following is a feature of folate nutrition?

By law, what amount of folate (µg) must be added to 100 g of food products such as breads, flour, and rice?

Nicole is pregnant and is trying to monitor her folate intake. She is eating foods high in folate as well as taking folate supplements, and she is having a hard time determining how many dietary folate equivalents she is consuming. Below is a list of her daily intake with respect to folate:

Because of adverse interactions with other vitamins, a safe daily folate intake is up to

A deficiency of which of the following vitamins results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood?

The appearance of vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms may be delayed due to high intake of supplements of

What vitamin is involved mainly with the replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells?

Which of the following substances is known to adversely affect folate utilization?

Which of the following is representative of folate availability in foods?

Which of the following is known to significantly affect the body's folate status?

Physiological stresses such as blood loss, burns, measles, and cancer are known particularly to increase the risk of deficiency for

Which of the following is associated with a deficiency of folate?

Folate deficiency has been reported in infants fed

Among all the vitamins, which is believed to be most vulnerable to interactions with drugs?

What is the RDA for folate for a woman weighing 132 pounds?

What is the adult RDA for folate (µg)?

Which of the following foods is highest in folate?

Which of the following is required for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12?

What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption?

All of the following are required for efficient dietary absorption of vitamin B12 except

What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of

The nasal spray route represents a safe and efficacious means for the supply of

The absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis?

Which of the following is a property of vitamin B12?

A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either

Which of the following is a common treatment for pernicious anemia caused by inadequate absorption?

If a person refrained from ingesting any of the water-soluble vitamins, deficiency symptoms would appear last for

Normally, the body's storage and re-utilization of vitamin B12 prevents a primary or secondary deficiency from occurring until after about

In a person who loses the ability to absorb vitamin B12, approximately what period of time could elapse before deficiency signs develop?

Pernicious anemia results from a combination of lack of intrinsic factor and

Which of the following is not known to be a risk factor for development of atrophic gastritis?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin B12 bioavailability?

Among the following water-soluble vitamins, a secondary deficiency would most likely be seen for

Why are vegetarians at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12?

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin B12?

The adult RDA for vitamin B12 (µg) is

Which of the following vitamins has an RDA?

Which of the following is known to perform an essential function in the human body?

Which of the following is not known to be required in the diet of human beings?

Which of the following is classified as a conditionally essential nutrient?

Which of the following is probably required in the diet of human beings?

Which of the following is not known to be a vitamin for human beings?

Which of the following is frequently affected by deficiencies of the B vitamins?

Which of the following is an overt sign of a possible B vitamin deficiency?

Which of the following characteristics is shared by vitamins B6, B12, C and folate?

What is a free radical?

Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?

In what capacity does vitamin C function?

The protein that requires ascorbic acid for its formation is

Which of the following represents the results of well-controlled studies of vitamin C supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds?

Why might vitamin C supplements be beneficial in treating the common cold?

Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion?

What is the minimum daily amount of ascorbic acid that will prevent the appearance of scorbutic symptoms in human beings?

How much vitamin C is needed daily to raise blood ascorbic acid concentrations to a maximum?

Which of the following is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency?

In the United States, what is the adult RDA for vitamin C?

People who smoke require additional vitamin C in the amount of

Which of the following symptoms is indicative of a deficiency of vitamin C?

People with the condition known as iron overload may be adversely affected from taking supplements of

Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C?

What term is used to describe the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently shows that you have mononucleosis when in reality you do not?

What term describes the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently indicates that you do not have an infection when in reality you do?

John is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?

Which of the following foods provides ample amounts of vitamin C?

Which of these meals is lowest in vitamin C?

Which of the following would be a very good source of vitamin C for the lacto-ovo-vegetarian?

All of the following are consequences of ingesting excess vitamin C supplements except

Moderate intakes of which of the following would provide sufficient amounts of vitamin C?

What food makes a significant contribution to vitamin C intakes in the U.S. population despite the modest vitamin C concentration?

Which of the following would be the poorest dietary source of vitamin C?

A vitamin supplement labeled as "high potency" contains an amount that is

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population takes multinutrient supplements regularly?a

The known dangers of taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except

Which of the following statements is representative of vitamin supplementation practices?

A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of

Those groups of people who are at risk for developing marginal nutrient deficiencies and may benefit from taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except

All of the following are known to occur from a mild iron overdose except

Which of the following is not among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins?

What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation?

Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins?

If the diet contains precursor vitamin A, which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin A?

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?

How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body?

All of the following are forms of vitamin A except

Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues?

As far as is known, vitamin A does not play an important role in which of the following processes?

What are the known effects of raising animals on diets containing retinoic acid as the only source of vitamin A?

Which of the following describes an association of vitamin A and vision?

Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response?

Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process?

Approximately what percent of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver?

What tissue contains the majority of the body's store of vitamin A?

Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health?

If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear?

Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A. Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system. What would you say to Greg to allay his fear?

Approximately how many children worldwide have vitamin A deficiency?

Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status?

Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of

Which of the following functions is shared by beta-carotene and vitamin E?

The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually

Which of the following is associated with the condition known as xerosis?

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?

The effects of vitamin A deficiency are most severe in what population group?

Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A?

Keratinization is the result of

What part of the body is affected most by keratomalacia?

Keratinization of lung cells may result from

Which of the following features are shared by Retin-A and Accutane?

What population group is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?

Which of the following is a feature of taking high-dose supplements of vitamin A?

The preferred unit of expression of vitamin A is the

Which of the following is a feature of Accutane?

All of the following are characteristics of excess consumption of beta-carotene except

How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent?

On average, one retinol activity equivalent is equal to about how many international units?

Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice?

Why shouldn't a 7-month pregnant woman be prescribed Accutane?

In which of the following individuals would vitamin A toxicity be most likely to occur?

To decrease risk for vitamin A toxicity-related birth defects, it is suggested that pregnant women limit vitamin A supplements to less than

The adult RDA for vitamin A is approximately

Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults?

Which of the following is a characteristic of carotenoids in foods?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A in foods?

Which of the following is a feature of carotenoids in food?

Your sister Ellen has just joined the Peace Corps and will be working on ways to improve the nutritional status of children in Indonesia. Once there, she saw that many of the children and some adults suffer from night blindness. Which of the following foods should she recommend be incorporated into the Indonesian diet to help prevent future generations from developing this condition?

A person seeking good sources of vitamin A would select all of the following except

Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin A in foods?

Which of the following provides the least amount of precursor vitamin A?

The plant version of vitamin D is known as

The animal version of vitamin D is known as

All of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D except the

Which of the following shows the highest vitamin D activity?

Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D?

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D?

In what tissue(s) must a molecule of vitamin D be chemically altered to yield a compound that is fully active?

All of the following are other names for vitamin D except

Which of the following compounds is known to function as a hormone?

The major target organs for the action of activated vitamin D include all of the following except the

What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D?

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia?

In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed?

Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency?

Which of the following conditions or diseases are known to be caused by a deficiency of the same nutrient?

Which of the following is not a feature of vitamin D deficiency?

All of the following are characteristics of vitamin D nutrition except

Which of the following is not known to promote vitamin D deficiency in the elderly?

The risk for vitamin D deficiency increases with advancing age for all of the following reasons except reduced

Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Since your friend only purchases organic and all natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D?

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition?

Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status?

Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D?

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?

Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?

Which of the following is not a feature of vitamin D nutrition?

What is the Adequate Intake level for vitamin D in individuals around 20 years of age?

Recently, there has been a lot of news about the importance of antioxidants in the diet. Which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)

What is the role of vitamin E in the metabolism of free radicals?

Which of the following features do vitamins C and E share?

How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?

The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of

What form of tocopherol shows vitamin E activity in the human body?

The process of bone remodeling is known to be dependent on all of the fat-soluble vitamins except

Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E?

Why are vitamin E deficiencies rarely observed in human beings?

There is some evidence for benefits from vitamin E supplements in all of the following groups except

Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy?

To convert the number of tocopherol equivalents to alpha-tocopherol, multiply by the factor

Which of the following is a property of the tocopherols?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E in foods?

Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?

Among the following, which contains the highest concentration of vitamin E?

In comparison with the RDA for vitamin E, about how many fold higher is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level?

Increasing the amount of polyunsaturated fats in the diet increases the need for vitamin

Which of the following is characteristic of the tocopherols?

Which of the following properties do vitamins D and K share?

What is prothrombin?

Which of the following is known to require vitamin K for its synthesis?

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?

Which of the following is a feature of osteocalcin?

Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency?

Jennifer has just had a baby. When she brings Thomas home, she regales you with the details of her hospital stay. She mentions that shortly after the birth, Thomas received an intramuscular injection of vitamin K, and she wondered why this was done, as it made him cry. You explained that it

All of the following are features of vitamin K in nutrition except

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns?

Knowing the role of vitamin K in the body, in what organ would you expect to find it in large quantities?

What population group has the highest risk for vitamin K deficiency?

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?

What type of foods should be controlled in individuals taking anticoagulant medicines?

The major form of vitamin K in foods is known as

Approximately what percentage of the body's store of vitamin K is derived from GI tract bacterial synthesis?

What is the adult AI for vitamin K?

Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

What is a free radical?

Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals?

Substances that promote oxidation are usually termed

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin C and vitamin E?