Psych 340 CH 8 – Flashcards
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Group
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two or more individuals who INTERACT and influence one another
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Social facilitation
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strengthen our dominant response when in front of others, whether dominant response is right or wrong. perform better at easier tasks, worse at harder.
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Crowding
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in the presence of many others; being IN a crowd intensifies positive or negative reactions. ex-student section at bball game or riot; enhances arousal
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Evaluation Apprehension
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concern for how others are evaluating us or when we think were being evaluated
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Distraction
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when we wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting; paying attention to others paying attention to us overloads cognition and causes arousal
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Mere Presence
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Can be aroused even when we aren't being evaluated or distracted (proven with animals)
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Social Loafing
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tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool efforts toward common goal than when individually accountable. Ex. cheer; alone vs together
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Free Riders
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people who benefit from the group but give little in return
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People loaf LESS when task is
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Challenging, Appealing(rewards), Involving(team spirit) ex. assembly line produced more when told they were monitored individually
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De-individuation
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loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension; doing together what we would not alone. EX: food fight in cafeteria
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Group Size effects
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larger the group, more members willing to commit atrocities, "everyones doing it" attitude.
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Physical anonymity
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being anonymous makes you less self conscious, more group conscious and more responsive to cues in the situation, negative or positive. ex. internet anonymity induces more uninhibited behavior.
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Group Polarization
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Group produced enhancement of members preexisting tendencies. discussion with like minded others amplifies preexisting attitudes.
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Risky-shift phenomenon
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occurs not only when a group decides by consensus, after a brief discussion, individuals too will alter their decision.
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Accentuation Effect
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initial differences among college groups increase; SAE vs EX rivalry, each will feel more strongly with time
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Self-segregation
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conservative places attract conservative people & vice versa. ex. Boulder vs Co. Springs
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Group polarizaton in everyday life
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Internet & terrorist groups.
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Informational Influence in polarization
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factual elements and info exchanged through other people, through arguments and discussion we reevaluate our opinions and thoughts
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Normative Influence in polarization
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social comparison, evaluating own opinions and abilities by comparing yourself with others more moral and social values
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pluralistic ignorance
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false impression of what other people or most people are thinking or feeling, if you don't understand, most likely others don't either
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Groupthink
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mode of thinking where agreement is such a main goal that it tends to override realistic appraisal of other courses of action
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Group think is caused by
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a cohesive group, isolation of the group from dissenting view points, and a directive leader
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symptom of groupthink
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the group tends to overestimate their might(power) and right (correctness); group members become more close minded because of rationalization; pressure towards conformity
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minority slowness effect
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occurs because minorities hold back to hear what the majority has to say before speaking out
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Task Leadership:
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directive style, gives orders. Organizes work, sets standards, focus on goals.
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Social Leadership:
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democratic style, delegate authority.
Builds teamwork, mediates conflict, offers support
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Transformational leadership
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motivates others to identify with group and mission. Enabled by a leaders vision and inspiration, exert significant influence
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Wright (2003) suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences, such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations. Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?
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group polarization
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he relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is
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negative
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Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of
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group polarization.
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According to your text, people in _______ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in _______ cultures.
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collectivistic; individualistic
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The concern for how others are evaluating us is called
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evaluation apprehension.
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Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of
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social loafing.
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The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by
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informational influence processes.
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All of the below are needed for "groupthink" to occur EXCEPT
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members being well-informed regarding the issues.
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The tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of
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the social facilitation effect.
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Initial research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to
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more risk than the average individual would take
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When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of
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deindividuation
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Which of the following does NOT strengthen the group minority influence?
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open-mindedness
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"Mindguards" protect group leaders from
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disagreeable facts.
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Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?
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"Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."
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Ingham (1974) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants, they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone.
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pulled less
