bio chp. 6 – Flashcards
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a space station orbiting Earth
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Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
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energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
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"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.
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potential
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Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
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cellular respiration
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In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
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heat, carbon dioxide, and water
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Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
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γ-phosphate (the terminal phosphate)
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Which part of the adenosine triphosphate molecule is released when it is hydrolyzed to provide energy for biological reactions?
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hydrolysis
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What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?
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exergonic
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The following reaction
A --> B + C + heat
is a(n) _____ reaction.
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exergonic
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A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.
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endergonic
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Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?
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ATP
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In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?
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endergonic
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The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.
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exergonic
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The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.
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It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction
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What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?
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the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
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What is energy coupling?
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The terminal phosphate of ATP is bound to the substrate
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How do cells use ATP to raise the energy level of reaction substrates?
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Triphosphate chains are unstable
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Why is ATP a good source of energy for biological reactions?
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the free energy change for the reaction is positive, equilibrium favors the reactants, not the products
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A reaction is said to be unfavorable if ...
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The unfavorable reaction is replaced by two favorable reactions
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B is unfavorable by itself, but through energy-coupling, cells can use ATP to convert A into B. How is this done?
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chloroplasts use light energy to synthesize ATP, mitochondria synthesize ATP using energy that's released by oxidizing sugars and fats
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How do cells replace the energy-rich ATP that is destroyed in energy-coupled reactions?
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proteins
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In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?
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reducing EA
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Enzymes work by _____.
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is an organic catalyst
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An enzyme _____.
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substrate
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What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
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is unchanged
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As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.
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substrate
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In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a ____.
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active site
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A substrate binds to an enzyme at the _________, where the reaction occurs.
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complex
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When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate from an enzyme-substrate (ES) _____.
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cofactor
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A ______, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.
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specific
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An enzyme is considered _______ because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule.
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catalyst
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An enzyme is considered a catalyst because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up.
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denatured
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An enzyme is denatured when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity.
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increasing the concentration of ammonia
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Which of the following would increase the rate of the reverse reaction?
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The reaction rate would decrease .
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What would happen to the rate of the forward reaction if the concentration of nitrogen were decreased?
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Both forward and reverse rates increase.
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What will happen to the rates of the forward and reverse reactions when a catalyst is added?
