APES Chap 15 Study Guide – Flashcards

The Industrial Revolution began in Europe how many years before the present?

The internal combustion engine was invented in what year?

In order to get high-quality energy you must use high-quality energy. This rule is the result of which of the following?

The second law of thermodynamics dictates which of the following?

The total amount of high-quality energy available after the energy needed to make it available is subtracted, is called

When the net energy ratio is below what figure is there a net energy loss?

As the difficulty in obtaining an energy source increases, the net energy ratio _____ and the price _____

Currently, oil has a high net energy ratio because

Any energy resource with a low or negative net energy yield cannot compete in the open marketplace with other energy alternatives with high net energy yields unless...

What percentage of the commercial energy used in the U.S. is wasted?

All of the following are ways the United States unnecessarily wastes energy, except

The point at which pressure in a well begins o drop and production begins to decline is called:

The United States uses what percentage of all the oil produced in the world?

Which of the following is not a member of OPEC?

Which of the following is not true if the rate of global consumption continues to grow exponentially at 2% per year?

What percentage of the U.S. oil consumption is imported?

Which of the following is not an advantage of using conventional crude oil as an energy source?

Burning oil products for transportation produces how much of the world's CO2 emissions?

Oil sand is made up of all of the following except

The advantages of using oil shale and tar sand include all of the following, except -large potential supplies -easily transported within countries -efficient distribution system in place -easily transported between countries -high net energy yield

The disadvantages of oil shale and tar sand as an energy sources include all of the following, except -low net energy yield -severe land disruption -low potential supplies -releases carbon dioxide and other air pollutants when produced and burned -high water use

Almost 72% of the world's reserves of oil shale are found in

Which of the following is the primary gas in natural gas?

Which of the following countries has the largest proven reserves of natural gas?

Which of the following is true of natural gas?

Which of the following would be a place you would expect to find methane hydrate gas?

Which of the following countries has the largest of the proven reserves of coal?

In the U.S., coal-burning power plants produce what percentage of the electricity?

Who has the world's largest coal reserves?

In China air pollution is causing as many as _____ premature deaths per year

Which of the following is not a problem with burning coal? -it is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels -it releases large amounts of black carbon particulates -it emits trace amounts of radioactive materials -burning coal produces a highly toxic ash -supplies of coal are very limited

In the United States, fine-particle pollution, mostly from coal-burning power plants, kills how many people each year?

According to the U.S. Energy Administration and the Worldwatch Institute, when the harmful costs of using coal are included in the cost of coal, it becomes

Burning coal, along with removing pollutants from the emissions, results in the accumulation of all of the following, except a. radioactive radon b. uranium c. arsenic d. lead e. mercury

U.S. coal companies and coal-burning utilities have suggested there is something called clean-coal. Which of the following is false about clean coal? a. stricter pollution controls will not stop release of some carbon dioxide b. burning coal will always result in production of hazardous ash c. one type of coal is significantly cleaner than other types d. climate scientist James Hansen calls coal the single greatest threat to civilization e. air pollutants will always be released by burning coal

When compared to burning coal directly, producing synfuels has all of the following disadvantages, except a. requires mining 50% more coal b. production and burning of synfuels could release 50% more carbon dioxide c. synfuels have lower net energy yield than conventional coal d. synfuels require greatly increased use of water e. supplies are quite low

How much of the energy in a light-water reactor is lost?

If the energy required to mine, purify, and transport the uranium, along with cleaning up the radioactive wastes, are included in energy lost in nuclear plants, the net energy loss amounts to what percentage?

The worst nuclear power accident in the United States occurred in 1979 in what state?

Which of the following is not a reason nuclear power has declined in the United States? a. nuclear accidents in the U.S. and the Ukraine b. declining amount of available uranium c. poor management d. concerns about radioactive waste disposal e. extremely high cost of plant construction

Which of the following is not true of nuclear powered electricity generation? a. plenty of uranium b. low CO2 emissions c. less land disruption than coal d. high net energy yield e. requires huge subsidies

Waste from the production of nuclear weapons must be stored for how long before it is safe?

What percentage of the U.S. population lives within 75 miles of an above-ground spent-fuel storage site?

The United States and 14 other countries have been selling nuclear reactors for decades. As a result, how many countries now have nuclear weapons or the knowledge and ability to produce bomb-grade material?

Some critics of nuclear power say new nuclear power plants should meet all of the following criteria, except a. it must generate enough net energy not to need subsidies, or tax breaks b. spent fuel and dismantled plants must be easy to dispose of c. reactors must be built so a runway chain reaction is impossible d. reactor fuel must not be able to be used to make nuclear weapons e. uranium must be available from friendly governments

Proponents of nuclear power proclaim nuclear power releases no carbon dioxide. Critics point out that carbon dioxide is released at all of the following points except a. during the 10 year + construction of the plant b. during the processing the tons of concrete for construction c. during the operation of the nuclear plant d. during mining of the uranium ore e. during the concentration of the uranium ore

(T/F) Fossil fuels are considered can be renewed in a few decades or centuries

(T/F) By 1850, Europeans were harvesting firewood faster than the forests could replace it.

(T/F) Net energy is the amount of useful energy available from a source minus the energy necessary to get it to the consumer

(T/F) Any energy resource with a low or negative net energy yield cannot compete in the open marketplace with other energy alternatives with higher net energy yields unless it is subsidized by the government.

(T/F) Nuclear power has a low net energy yield.

(T/F) About 33% of commercial energy is wasted because of the second law of thermodynamics.

(T/F) About 70% of the world's estimated supply of oil is light or sweet crude oil.

(T/F) China is the world's single largest consumer of oil in 2009.

(T/F) Proven and unproven global reserves of conventional crude oil we be 80% depleted between 2050 and 2100.

(T/F) The 13 countries that make up OPEC have about two-thirds of the world's proven crude oil reserves.

(T/F) China and the United States are the two largest consumers of crude oil, and have about 20% of the world's proven crude oil reserves.

(T/F) Since 1984, the production of conventional crude oil from reserves has exceeded new oil discoveries

(T/F) To keep using conventional oil at the estimated increasing rate of consumption, we must discover proven reserves of oil equivalent to the current Saudi Arabia supply every 5 years.

(T/F) Almost one-fourth of the world's crude oil is controlled by states that sponsor or condone terrorism

(T/F) Forty-three percent of global carbon dioxide emissions come from burning gasoline and diesel for transportation.

(T/F) Extracting heavy oil releases less greenhouse gases per barrel than conventional oil.

(T/F) Kerogen is the name given to a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons found in oil shales.

(T/F) Digging up and processing shale oil releases more carbon dioxide and has a higher environmental impact than does producing crude oil.

(T/F) Methane makes up the majority of natural gas

(T/F) The United States has more proven natural gas reserves than does Russia.

(T/F) The long-term global outlook for conventional natural gas supplies is better than that for crude oil

(T/F) Coal is the world's most abundant fossil fuel

(T/F) Coal is, by far, the dirtiest of all fossil fuels

(T/F) A coal burning power plant releases 100 times more radioactivity into the atmosphere than does a nuclear power plant of the same energy output.

(T/F) Because of coal-burning power plants, the United States is the world's leading emitter of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

(T/F) According to EPA, people who drank water contaminated by coal ash slurry over a long period of time had a 1 in 50 chance of getting cancers of the lung and bladder.

(T/F) James Hansen, of the NASA Goddard Center, says coal is the single greatest threat to civilization and all life on the planet.

(T/F) The most common nuclear reactors are heavy-water reactors.

(T/F) Nuclear power is the slowest growing form of commercial energy in the world.

(T/F) The U.S. government has provided huge subsidies, tax breaks, loan guarantees, and accident insurance guarantees to the nuclear power industry