Chapter 3 Mastering Astronomy – Flashcards
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What practical value did astronomy offer to ancient civilizations?
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helped them keep track of time and seasons, and used for navigation
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The ancient Greeks get a lot of attention for their contributions to science because
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they were the first people known to try to explain natures with models based on reason and math
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geocentric model
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earth located in center of universe
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Ptolemaic model
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earth centered model of planetary motion published by ptolemy
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contribution of copernicus
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created detailed model of solar system with sun in the center
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contribution of tycho brahe
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observe planetary positions with sufficient accuracy so that kepler could use data to come up with laws of planetary motion
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aphelion
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planet is traveling the slowest
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perihelion
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planet traveling the fastest
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eccentricity
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differs from a perfect circle
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In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model for the solar system (not shown), Venus's phase is never full as viewed from Earth because it always lies between Earth and the Sun. In reality, as Galileo first recognized, Venus is
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full when it is on the opposite side of the sun from earth but we cant see it because it is close to the sun
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venus is full today, when is it highest in sky (if we could see it)?
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at noon
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when would new venus be highest in sky?
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at noon
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when is venus high in sky at midnight?
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never
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earth centered only
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planet beyond saturn rises in west, sets in east
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sun centered only
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mercury goes through full phases
positions of nearby stars slightly shift
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both models
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stars circle around celestial poles
moon rises in east and sets in west
galaxy rises in east, sets in west
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neither models
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we sometimes see a crescent jupiter
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keplers first law
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orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus
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keplers second law
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as a planet orbits the sun, it sweeps equal areas in equal times
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keplers third law
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inner planets orbit faster than outer planets
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what was observed by galileo
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phases of venus, moons orbiting jupiter, mountains and valleys on moon
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What discoveries or further ideas were most critical for Copernicus' hypothesis that the planets orbit the sun to be promoted to a theory?
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observation of venus phases and moons of jupiter
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Why did Tycho conclude that the Sun revolves around the Earth?
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he could not detect stellar parallax of stars expected if the earth revolves around the sun
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In the Ptolemaic model of the solar system, Venus should exhibit which of the following phases?
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new and crescent
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Which of the following is the reason for the solar day being longer than a sidereal day?
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combined effect of the rotation of earth and its orbit around the sun
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he predicted planetary positions
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ptolemy
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Why did Ptolemy have the planets orbiting Earth on "circles upon circles" in his model of the universe?
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to explain the fact that planets appear to move westward rather than eastward relative to the stars
