Biology 2020; Chapter 27 – Flashcards
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Sperm are stored in the __________.
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epididymis
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female?
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The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline.
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Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg?
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stratum functionalis of the endometriu
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What is the role of the corpus luteum?
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to produce hormones that maintain the uterine lining during the first months of pregnancy
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During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle __________.
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the endometrium prepares for implantation
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Viable sperm production is optimal at the body's core temperature.
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False
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Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm and urine?
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urethra
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During vasectomy, what accessory duct is cut as a form of birth control?
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ductus (vas) deferens
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The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as the __________ chromosome number.
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23; haploid
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The __________, a layer of the endometrium, is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the __________.
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stratum functionalis; stratum basalis
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Which layer of the uterine wall is made of smooth muscle?
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myometrium
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What part of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?
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uterine (fallopian) tube (oviduct)
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The __________ connects the uterus to the vagina.
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Cervix
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A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the cremaster.
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True
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How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?
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They move away from the pelvic cavity.
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Sperm is produced in the __________ of the testes.
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seminiferous tubules
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Which of the following does NOT add substances to seminal fluid?
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urethra
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Why are the male testes located in the scrotum outside the body?
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Immature sperm are temperature sensitive.
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The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.
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undescended testes
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The duct system of the male reproductive system does not include the ________.
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corpus spongiosum
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A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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False
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Gametes are produced by meiosis.
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True
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Enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate the egg are located in the __________ of the sperm cell.
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acrosome
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Which hormone promotes the formation of secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, enhanced hair growth on the chest, and a deepening voice?
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testosterone
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Which of the following occurs during spermiogenesis?
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sperm are produced
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If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain?
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twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur
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Which of the following organs is NOT a part of the HPG axis?
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posterior pituitary gland
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What are the two fatty, hair-covered skin folds that run posteriorly from the mons pubis?
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labia majora
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Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.
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False
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Which specific layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation, approximately every 28 days?
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stratum functionalis of the endometrium
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A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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During what phase of the female's uterine (menstrual) cycle is the uterine lining shed?
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menstrual phase
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The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.
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in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
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Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell?
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The unequal cytoplasmic division that results in one egg and three polar bodies ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.
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What determines the gender (sex) of a child?
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sex chromosomes
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Which portion of the penis is removed through a procedure known as circumcision?
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prepuce (foreskin)
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The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems.
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False
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The male urethra serves the urinary system only
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False
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Which of the following is housed within the spermatic cord?
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testicular arteries and veins
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The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.
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peristaltic contractions
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Which of the following glands are responsible for about 70% of the volume of semen?
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the seminal glands
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When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male.
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True
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The secretions of the bulbo-urethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
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True
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Which of the following cells is returned to the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells?
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type A daughter cell or spermatogonium
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Which structure of the female's external genitalia has erectile tissue like the penis?
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clitoris
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The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.
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True
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The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.
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True
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The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.
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False
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What hormone promotes ovulation?
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.
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uterine tubes
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Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.
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uterine tubes
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The primary function of the uterus is to ________.
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receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum
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Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina?
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serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
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Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur?
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LH
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Normally menstruation occurs when ________.
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blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
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Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle.
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False
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The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.
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False
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Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is false?
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Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.
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Sexually transmitted diseases are an important cause of female fertility problems.
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True
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Sperm from the male parent determines the gender of the child.
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True
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Viable sperm production is optimal below the body's core temperature.
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True
Viable sperm cannot be produced in abundance at core body temperature (37 degrees Celsius). The superficial location of the scrotum, which holds the testes, provides a temperature about 3 degrees Celsius lower than core temperature so that viable sperm can be produced. Furthermore, the scrotum is affected by temperature changes. When it is cold, the scrotum reduces its surface area by becoming heavily wrinkled. It also shortens to pull the testes closer to the body wall. When it is warm, the scrotum becomes flaccid and loose to increase its surface area. The scrotum also hangs down from the body to keep the testes away from the warmer body trunk.
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Sperm is produced in the __________.
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seminiferous tubules
Sperm are made in the seminiferous tubules. Rather, fluid flow in the seminiferous tubules carries sperm as they are made toward an exit point from the testis.
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Which male reproductive structure is NOT correctly matched with its function?
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epididymis: produce sperm
{The epididymis is where sperm is stored and matured.}
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What is the function of meiosis?
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to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original spermatogonium or oogonium
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The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as a __________ chromosome number.
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23; haploid
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Which portion of the sperm contains the enzymes needed to penetrate the oocyte?
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acrosome
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What is the testicular target for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
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sustentocytes (Sertoli cells)
Sustentocytes in the walls of the seminiferous tubules respond to FSH by releasing androgen-binding protein, which maintains high testosterone levels near developing sperm cells.
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In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation?
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interstitial cells: androgen secretions
In males, LH targets interstitial cells. As a result of LH stimulation of interstitial cells, the levels of androgens, such as testosterone, increase.
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The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone.
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False
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Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.
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False
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female?
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The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline.
(It is acidic)
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Which of the following cells is released during ovulation?
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secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte is ovulated from the ovarian follicle and proceeds into the uterine tube.
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Oocytes complete meiosis II before they are fertilized.
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False
Female infants are born with primary oocytes that are stalled in prophase I until puberty. At the onset of puberty, the ovaries begin oogenesis. During oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced. Oogenesis is achieved through meiosis. However, the ovulated secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and does not complete meiosis II until it is fertilized.
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What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase?
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Ovulation
Ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary occurs at around day 14 of the cycle, just as the uterine proliferative phase ends and the secretory phase begins.
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How many functional gametes are produced by oogenesis?
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one functional gamete
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What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses?
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corpus luteum
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During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, __________.
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the endometrium prepares for implantation
(Secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation)
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The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because.
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The hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.
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In females, orgasm is required for fertilization.
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False
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Which of the following is NOT a sexually transmitted bacterial disease?
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Herpes (is a viral infection.
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The testes are housed in the _______, which _______.
A. testicle; elevates sperm development temperature
B. epididymis; provides energy to the sperm
C. scrotum; lowers sperm development
temperature
D. dartos muscle; lowers the scrotum
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C. scrotum; lowers sperm development
temperature
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Where in the body are sperm stored?
A. Testis
B. Epididymis
C. Prostate
D. Seminal vesicle
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B. Epididymis
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What effect would you expect if someone developed an autoimmune disease in which their interstitial endocrine cells were destroyed?
A. Testosterone production would plummet.
B. Estrogen levels would decrease.
C. Testosterone levels would soar.
D. Estrogen levels would increase.
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A. Testosterone production would plummet.
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This gland is located just inferior to the urinary bladder.
A. Bulbo-urethral
B. Prostate
C. Seminal vesicle
D. Cowper's
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B. Prostate
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Which of the following is not an accessory gland that contributes fluid to the semen?
A. Bulbo-urethral gland
B. Prostate
C. Seminal gland
D. Epididymis
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D. Epididymis
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Which of the following components in semen stimulates the uterus to contract in reverse peristalsis?
A. Fructose
B. Seminalplasmin
C. Alkaline fluid
D. Prostaglandins
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D. Prostaglandins
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Erection in the male is controlled by the _____ nervous system, whereas ejaculation is controlled by the _____ nervous system.
A. voluntary; sympathetic
B. voluntary; parasympathetic
C. parasympathetic; sympathetic
D. sympathetic; parasympathetic
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C. parasympathetic; sympathetic
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Primary spermatocytes are produced during which process?
A. Meiosis I
B. Meiosis II
C. Mitosis
D. Spermiogenesis
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C. Mitosis
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Unlike females, males produce gametes throughout life due to the presence of _______ in their seminiferous tubules.
A. type A daughter cells
B. primary spermatocytes
C. spermatozoa
D. spermatogonia
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D. spermatogonia
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Spermatogenesis requires which of the following hormones?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Testosterone
D. All three are necessary for spermatogenesis.
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D. All three are necessary for spermatogenesis.
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Which of the following hormones do males secrete?
A. Testosterone
B. FSH
C. LH
D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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Ovulated oocytes enter the uterine tubes ________.
A. directly, from contact with the ovary
B. via undulations of the fimbriae that draw in
the oocyte
C. via diffusion
D. via muscular contractions of the infundibulum expelling the oocyte at a rate of 200 m/s
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B. via undulations of the fimbriae that draw in
the oocyte
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The superior portion of the uterus is called the ______.
A. isthmus
B. cervix
C. ampulla
D. fundus
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D. fundus
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The _______ of the uterus receives the embryo and provides nourishment until the placenta is formed.
A. endometrium
B. myometrium
C. perimetrium
D. epimetrium
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A. endometrium
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In females, the _______ is (are) the homologous structure to the glans penis in males.
A. vagina
B. labia majora
C. cervix
D. clitoris
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D. clitoris
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During development, the conceptus is called a (an) _______ from fertilization through week 8, and a (an) _______ from week 9 through birth.
A. baby; fertilized oocyte
B. embryo; fetus
C. fetus; embryo
D. zygote; neonate
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B. embryo; fetus
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_______ is the process by which sperm become capable of penetrating the oocyte.
A. Maturation
B. Ejaculation
C. Activation
D. Capacitation
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D. Capacitation
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How many sperm cells are required to break through the outer corona radiata of the oocyte for fertilization to occur?
A. None
B. One
C. 20-30
D. Hundreds
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B. One
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Which of the following stages is the true moment of fertilization?
A. When the sperm penetrates the oocyte membrane
B. Once the male pronucleus is present inside the oocyte
C. Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united
D. When the zygote implants in the wall of the uterus
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C. Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united
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What is the definition of cleavage?
A. A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth
B. The attachment and burrowing of the blastocyst into the uterus
C. Formation of the placenta
D. The transformation of the two-layered embryonic disc into a three-layered embryo
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A. A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth
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The corpus luteum is formed at the site of _______.
A. implantation
B. fertilization
C. ovulation
D. parturition
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C. ovulation
