urinary – Flashcards

Nitrogenous wastes

acid base and fluid

Nephrons, ureter, peristalsis and bladder

exterior

20 centimeters long and transports both urine and semen.

4 centimeters long and transports only urine.

micturition

external urethral sphincter.

incontinence

Protection/cushioning and binding the kidneys to the body wall

whenthefatcapsuleis reduced, the kidneys are less securely anchored and may drop to a more inferior position in the abdominal cavity

Fibrous capsule

Medulla

Cortex

Cortex

Renal pelvis

Minor calyx

Renal column

Glomerulus

Peritubular capillary

Glomerular capsule

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

PCT

Collecting duct

Because the afferent arteriole entering the glomerulus has a much wider diameter than the exiting efferent arteriole

The high hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary bed forces fluids and small molecules out into the glomerular capsule forming the filtrate that enters the PCT

Most reabsorption takes place in the PCT and cells there have microvilli to increase their surface area and more mitochondria for increased active transport

Waste products move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries back into the nephron tubule to be disposed of in the urine

Blood plasma should contain more proteins

located where ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole - made up of granular cells and macula densa - role is to regulate the rate of filtration and systemic blood pressure

The cells can slide past one another giving the tissue the ability to stretch and recoil as the bladder fills and empties

glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

1.0-1.8 liters.

Urinalysis is a routine part of any good physical examination because many pathological conditions or indicators of unhealthy behavior can be easily diagnosed by changes in urine composition, color, smell, pH, etc.

urochrome

1 ml of urine has a greater specific gravity than 1 ml of distilled water because the urine contains dissolved solutes which makes it weight more than distilled water.

Color is caused by pigment molecules which contribute to weight/specific gravity of the urine. The higher the ratio of fluid volume to solutes, the lower the specific gravity and the lighter the color (and vice versa).

Three constituents of a urine sample that might indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection are nitrites, white blood cells, and red blood cells.

A urinary tract infection makes the pH of urine more alkaline/basic. Starvation makes urine more acidic.

All urine samples become alkaline and cloudy on standing at room temperature due to bacterial action within the sample.

hematuria

hemoglobinuria

glycosuria

proteinuria

ketonuria

pyuria

Renal calculi are "kidney stones". When urine becomes excessively concentrated, for example if a person is severely dehydrated and the body is trying to conserve water, the solutes begin to precipitate/crystallize.

Glucose should be absent from the urine because it should all be reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the PCT

Proteins should be absent from the urine because they are too large to be filtered out of the bloodstream by the glomerulus in the first place.

urine are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.