223 Test #3 – Flashcards

A baby's first words usually come in the form of ___________, which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.

When non-English speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, this is called

What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?

Which of the following is a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences?

The term used for the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language, is called

What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?

At approximately the age of _____, a child can ask and answer complex questions.

Evidence comparing American English, German, and Mandarin Chinese speakers shows that in each language, a mother's pitch _________ when a mother is attempting to get an infant's attention and ________ when she is try to calm an infant.

If a baby is making speech-like but meaningless sounds, this is a universal phenomenon called

When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating knowledge of

Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?

The __________________ states that language shapes and may even determine the way people of a particular culture perceive the world.

Before the age of 3, most children are unable to demonstrate __________ speech.

What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

Which researcher developed the "nativist approach" and "universal grammar" to explain how children learn their language skills?

Alexander is 6-years-old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds, which are examples of

What is the term for a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language?

The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication, is called

Baby Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing, crying, gurgling, and murmuring, along with facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. Baby Todd is demonstrating

According to a growing body of research, infant-directed speech _____________ across cultures.

By age 4, children in families receiving welfare assistance were likely to have been exposed to ___________ words than children living with professionals and/or affluent families.

Baby Billy calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house, however, he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket. This is an example of

The outdated term for infant-directed speech is

The concept that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________

From the later months of age 2 and into the mid-3s, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences _______ each month.

When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out "see cars," even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks. This is an example of _________ speech.

When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this is called understanding

What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?

What is the term for the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others?

At approximately what age can a child follow the principles of grammar most of the time?

What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed?

What is the term for the use of more than one language?

By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.

What is the term for the theory that a genetically-determined, innate mechanism directs language development?

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40, this is known as

For most children, ________ is(are) reasonable predictors of school performance.

When Jorge enrolls in a new school, a guidance counselor gives him a(n) _______________ to identify how likely he is to excel in writing, and plans to use that information to determine whether he should be placed in a special writing program.

When a person uses information he/she has been taught (e.g., choose formulas and problem-solving strategies) to solve problems in a rational way, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence would suggest that person was demonstrating

Baby Misha scored at the average level on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, performing at the average level for children of the same age. She received a score of

Which of the following is the term for an approach to education through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic?

When a person exhibits success facing everyday, real-world demands such as those found in on-the-job professional demands, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence would suggest that person was demonstrating

What is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the experiential aspect of intelligence deals with

When a person solves problems by utilizing his/her prior experience, as well as insight and coping ability/skills for new situations, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence would suggest that person was demonstrating

Although no test is completely without bias, which of the following tests is designed to be equally valid regardless of the cultural background of the test-taker?

According to Robert Sternberg, who developed the _____________, intelligence consists of three components.

The researcher Timothy Salthouse suggests that the discrepancy between cognition and competence in middle-age exists for all the reasons listed below EXCEPT

Research shows that ________ declines with age, while ________ remains steady and sometimes improves.

What is the term for the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test?

Developmental psychologist Nancy Bayley developed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to measure

Johnny has watched his older brother climb up and down the stairs. When his brother reaches the top of the stairs, he immediately goes to his mother, and she gives him a treat. Johnny is now attempting to climb stairs. According to Sternberg, this is an example of

What type of intelligence allows some people to acquire the ability to get along well with others, understand what others are experiencing, and respond to needs of others?

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, which type of intellectual assessment measure would be useful when trying to predict adult success?

Based upon longitudinal studies, a different developmental pattern for intelligence was revealed that showed all of the following EXCEPT

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, this is known as

Sarnoff Mednick discussed the fact that the more people know about a particular subject the less likely they are to be creative in that subject area. Which of the following quotations addresses this issue?

What is the name of the test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score?

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the componential aspect of intelligence deals with

Alice is a 52-year-old typist working in the same law firm as 28-year-old Juliet. Both are considered excellent at their job, even though Alice is older and has some delay in her reaction time. What is it that permits Alice to perform her job the same as Juliet?

Recent findings show that nationally in the U.S., twice as many African American students as Caucasian American students are classified as mildly mentally retarded, which is a difference that experts attribute to

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 35 or 40 to 50 or 55, this is known as

What is the name of an intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and use step-by-step thinking?

The process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas is called

What is the term for a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student's mental and chronological age?

One reason why brain functioning begins to change in middle adulthood is that

When it comes to predicting a person's business success as an adult, including rate of career advancement, research suggests traditional IQ tests are

Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory?

Which of the following is the term for an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives?

Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated what type of test?

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the contextual aspect of intelligence deals with

What is the term for the educational setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs?

Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations?

The __________________________evaluate an infant's development in two primary areas.

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, this is known as

Who is the psychologist that linked intelligence and school success in constructing an intelligence test that continues to provide reasonable indicators of a student's ability to be successful in school?

Skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of feeling are referred to as

Combining responses or ideas in novel ways defines

According to Robert Sternberg, the IQ score from traditional tests, such as those administered in a psychoeducational evaluation in schools, relates well to

What is the term that Binet developed for the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age?

Traditional intelligence tests, such as those used in psychoeducational evaluations in schools, usually focus on which of Sternberg's aspects of intelligence?

K. Warner Schaie has employed an ongoing study of intelligence in older people using the _________ research method.

______ exists when a test measures consistently what it is trying to measure; ____________ exists when it actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

Which developmental instrument looks to find how quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory? Presumably, the more efficient the infant is, the better the infant's information processing abilities.

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?

According to Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage?

Alex is playing in a room where his mother is sitting nearby. Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and hardly leaves his mother's side. Later, when his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Alex begins to wail and cry. However, when his mother returns he runs up to her, instead of giving her a hug/kiss he begins to punch her in the arm. This would be a description of what type of attachment pattern?

When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child's emotional states match, this is called

Which of the following is not a facial expression exhibited by babies who are one month old?

In Harry Harlow's experiment with infant monkeys, what was he trying to study?

What part of the brain is activated whenever a child enacts a particular behavior, but also whenever that child simply observes others around him/her who are carrying out the same behavior?

Maria is 29 years old. Friends describe her as unselfish, and she sacrifices her own needs for the needs of others. Maria is entering Erikson's ______________ stage of psychosocial development.

At approximately what age is an infant able to discriminate among different emotional facial expressions and respond?

In Harry Harlow's experiment, which of the following did the monkeys prefer?

What is Erikson's term for the period during which toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected?

All of the following are reasons for the demise of the notion that a father's attachment relationship is unimportant EXCEPT

Baby Polly was usually a calm, happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings. When her parents took her to a family reunion, however, her behavior changed. Her face crinkled up in a frown and she stared at stranger with suspicion. Baby Polly was demonstrating an example of

What is the term that means the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events?

According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be "easy babies"?

What is the term for the psychological problem that arises when the development of attachment has been severely disrupted, and is characterized by extreme problems in forming attachments to others?

According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be "slow-to-warm babies"?

5-year-old Randy is in preschool, and his teacher is trying to show him how to use a pair of children's scissors to cut paper. Randy tries to show his independence and ability to use the scissors without assistance and says to his teacher, "Let me." Erikson may say that Randy is demonstrating what stage of development?

When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a "home base," and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset when she leaves, and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns, this is called

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment, with moods that are generally negative? They withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly.

Mary is planning to take a year-and-a-half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life, it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would say that Mary's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development?

When 4-year-old Allison is encouraged to choose her own outfit to wear to preschool, and allowed to make the decision(s) regarding what to wear from several choices that her mother presents to her, she is likely to develop

Nonverbal expressions of emotion called ___________ are fairly consistent among people of all ages.

Professor Walters is an evolutionary psychologist. She will be presenting a lecture on the topic of "Personality and the Interaction of Genetics and the Environment." Which of the following will be the focus of her lecture?

The propensity of 10-month-old Russell to tug at the Velcro straps on his hat, remove his hat, and get the other children at the day-care center to repeat the same actions themselves is an example of a(n)

By what age has an infant begun to understand the emotions that lie behind facial and vocal expressions of others?

Children with autism find it particularly difficult to relate to others, in part, because they find it difficult to

Four-month-old Baby Timmy is playing and smiling at his Dad. Baby Timmy is demonstrating a

What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?

Erik Erikson characterized midlife as a period of

Infant sociability is expressed in all of the following ways EXCEPT

When an infant uses his/her abilities to interpret others' facial and vocal expressions that carry emotional meaning, this is called

Who was the psychoanalyst who suggested that during the preschool years, children face conflict relating to initiative?

When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the overall amount of movement demonstrated by a child?

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development considers

A child who does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she leaves the room, does not look distressed is exhibiting

Who was the developmental researcher who produced the earliest work on human attachment?

Louis is 15 years old and is beginning to think about college. His parents have told him that he has a unique personality and should consider going into his father's public relations business. Louis is in what stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?

Who was the author of the 1872 book "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" who argued that humans and primates have an inborn, universal set of emotional expressions?

Developmental researcher John Bowlby proposed that all of the following are true EXCEPT

The _________________, located in the brain's temporal lobes, is central to the experience of emotions and provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and a later memory of that stimulus.

All of the following are indications of a reactive attachment disorder EXCEPT

The ____________ demonstrates the limits to a three-year-old child's theory of mind.

At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing?

When a child experiences pleasure with a person, or experiences comfort from that person when they are in distress, it is said that the child has

What is the term used to refer to the notion that a child's development is dependent on the degree of match between the child's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised?

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations? When confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw.

____________ encompasses patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual.

What is the term for the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs?

Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her.

The motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, not for the material rewards work may bring, is called

According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives is called

According to Marcia, which of the following four categories of identity development leads to the most psychological health, achievement motivation, and moral reasoning ability in adolescents?

The culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers is called

The theory that seems to explain the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group status is

Older adults may choose to work for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Which of the following models suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?

Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that since he's going to do badly anyway, he should not bother preparing. This is an indication of Harry's

Middle-aged people who lose their jobs may be discriminated against when trying to find a new job, which is not only illegal, but based upon misguided assumptions. All of the following statements are true about middle-aged workers EXCEPT

What is the term for the philosophy that promotes interdependence?

Preschool age children's view of themselves also reflects the way their culture views self. For example, many Asian societies tend to have

Professor Tsang is a leading expert on immigrants coming to America and entering the work force. She has been asked to provide a discussion on this issue. Which of the following data would NOT be part of her discussion?

When an adolescent provides another adolescent with opportunities to compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, and physical changes, this is called

Bernice is a go-getter on her sales job because she likes the finer things of life like a sports car, jewelry, and expensive vacations. Bernice is most likely driven by

According to James Marcia's definition, commitment is

During middle childhood years, it appears that children in immigrant families

According to John Holland's personality type theory, people who are associated with good verbal and interpersonal relationship skills are described as

Some developmentalists have considered the combination of race and gender as simultaneously affecting an adolescent's self-esteem, thus coining the term

From an "ethgender" point of view, which of the following adolescents has the lowest self-esteem?

If an adolescent has awareness of his/her self-concept, he/she would be considering all of the following EXCEPT

Societal messages suggest that which of the following is a roadblock to a female's social success?

According to James Marcia, which of the following four categories of identity development leads adolescents to appear carefree even though their lack of commitment impairs their ability to form close relationships and results in them being social withdrawn?

Erikson believed that because of the pressures related to the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage, many adolescents

A set of standards against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success is(are) called

According to psychologist John Holland's research, the greater the correspondence between career choices and _____________, the happier people will be in their choice.

Which of the following terms relates to an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation?

According to Ginzberg, the period lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made, and discarded, without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities is called

Brenda owns a small book store that also serves as an art gallery for her artwork and that of some of her friends. While this business may never make Brenda wealthy, she admits that it has been her dream since she was an art student in college. Brenda appears to be driven by

The philosophy of ______________ emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

According to ____________, members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups.

Sheila went to college to study accounting, and got her first entry-level job right after graduating. However, as she gained more experience at the law firm where she worked, she became more knowledgeable about tax law and decided to make a commitment to go to law school and become a tax lawyer. According to Ginzberg, Sheila is in the

Which of the following models represents U.S. minority groups, which draw from their own cultural identities while integrating themselves into the dominant culture?

People living in the middle to upper classes in Western societies had social clocks that were fairly uniform up until the

According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called

Eight-month-old Elisha's crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?

Four-year-old Sheila, an African American, is asked to choose between pictures of white children and black children. According to research regarding racial dissonance, Shelia is most likely to have negative feelings toward

When women and minorities hit an invisible barrier within an organization that, because of discrimination, prevents individuals from being promoted beyond a certain level, it is called the

In the 1960s, employment ads in newspapers for women generally presented all of the following opportunities EXCEPT

What is a major obstacle that the elderly continue to face with regard to working?

What type of motivation drives people to obtain tangible rewards such as money and prestige?

What was a conclusion developed by John Holland in his personality type theory?

According to James Marcia's definition, crisis is

When Bobby was 8 years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a fireman. But just a year later, Bobby told everybody that when he grew up he wanted to be an astronaut. Still, a few years passed and when he was around 11 years old, he changed his mind again and wanted to be a professional basketball player. According to Ginzberg, Bobby is in the

Psychologist Ravenna Helson found that women finding a spouse and embarking on traditional feminine behavior occurs from ages

According to John Holland's personality type theory, people who prefer highly structured tasks are described as

Middle-aged workers face a variety of challenges, including all of the following EXCEPT

Psychologist Ravenna Helson's research demonstrated that the critical factor in the course of personality development for women is

The evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group or society is called

According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves, is called

According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way is called

What is the term for the perception of oneself as masculine or feminine?

What is the term that relates to one's perception of being masculine or feminine?

When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema, he/she is

Gender, the perception of being masculine or feminine, is well established by the time children are

The ____________ approach believes children learn gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and how they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways.

_______________ is the awareness that people are permanently males or females depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.

What are sex-related biological characteristics that affect gender-based behaviors?

In order to develop a(n) ___________, a child must develop a(n) ________.

An explanation for cross-cultural similarities in gender differences rests on

At approximately what age do boys and girls understand the concept of gender constancy?