micro exam 2 practice "central Dogma" – Flashcards

List the steps of the central dogma of molecular biology in the correct order

Some viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA. How could you distinguish between the genome of this virus and a virus containing double-stranded DNA?

If an arrow were drawn between "DNA" and "mRNA," which of the following would be the best label? is modified into is transcribed into is translated into is bound to

DNA and RNA share which of the following characteristics? Both are double stranded. Both are made, in part, of nitrogenous bases and sugars. Both contain uracil. Both have the same type of sugar backbone.

Supercoiling is important for DNA structure, because

The function of the DNA polymerase is to catalyze

Which of the following is formed on the lagging strand during DNA synthesis? Okazaki fragments RNA polymerase replisomes DNA secondary structures

Which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds during replication?

How do stabilizing proteins work on the DNA?

In which direction does the replication fork move?

What ensures that the single strands of DNA do not come back together?

What characteristic of DNA allows two connected DNA polymerases to synthesize both the leading and lagging strands?

What is the function of the connector proteins?

Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously?

Which of the following are terms associated with Okazaki fragments? Lagging strand Lagging strand, DNA ligase, and discontinuous Discontinuous DNA ligase

Why is the DNA synthesis of the lagging strand considered discontinuous?

In the process of transcription, in prokaryotes, promoters are specific sequences of ________ that are recognized by ________.

What is the initial target of RNA polymerase?

RNA polymerase is guided by the

RNA that has hydrogen bonded to itself forms a

How would one increase the concentration of a particular polypeptide in a cell?

During elongation, how is the RNA synthesized?

What results from the process of translation?

How is bacterial translation different from eukaryotic translation?

According to the animation, ribosomes move along the mRNA in which direction?

During the initiation step of translation, the fMet charged tRNA assembles in which site of the ribosome?

How does the ribosome know if the entering charged tRNA is correct?

Where would one find an uncharged tRNA molecule in a ribosome?

What kind of bond is formed when two amino acids join together?

How is translation terminated?

How do polysomes illustrate the energy efficiency of a cell?

Explain why chaperonins are critical to a cell's survival.

Many pharmaceutical drugs specifically inhibit transcription in Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya. Why would drugs that inhibit transcription only affect Bacteria and not Archaea even though they are both prokaryotes?

The replisome is a large complex of proteins that contains many enzymes involved in DNA replication. Hypothesize why these enzymes do NOT function independently of each other.

In ________ several ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule in a complex called a(n) ________.

The template for RNA polymerase is ________, and the new RNA chain is ________ to the template.

Which statement illustrates how prokaryotes determine where to begin translation so the correct protein is synthesized? The rRNA recognizes the correct start codon with the aid of a downstream ribosomal binding site. The mRNA recognizes the correct start codon with the aid of a downstream ribosomal binding site. The mRNA recognizes the correct start codon with the aid of an upstream ribosomal binding site. The rRNA recognizes the correct start codon with the aid of an upstream Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

The first step of translation begins when __________.

Which statement is TRUE regarding protein synthesis? Transfer RNAs catalyze peptide bond formation in the growing polypeptide chain. The 23S rRNA catalyzes peptide bond formation in the growing polypeptide chain. Messenger RNA catalyzes peptide bond formation in the growing polypeptide chain. Ribosomal proteins catalyze peptide bond formation in the growing polypeptide chain

In E. coli, the consensus sequence for the Pribnow box (the -10 sequence) is TATAAT. Therefore, __________.

DNA replication is started with a(n) ________, which, in most cases, in vivo is a short stretch of ________.

The process of synthesizing proteins involves translating one "language," nucleic acid sequences, into another "language," amino acid sequences. The cellular component that does the actual translating from codons to amino acids is the __________.

You experimentally change the DNA sequence directly upstream of a start codon of an operon in E. coli to investigate the function of this region of DNA. Analysis reveals that after the change the same amount of mRNA is made from the operon, but there are very few proteins made from the operon. What is the most likely function of the DNA sequence that you changed?

DNA replication always proceeds in only one direction because the ________ of the incoming nucleotide is attached to the free ________ of the growing DNA strand.

Which statement is the correct definition of polycistronic mRNA? multiple pieces of mRNA from a single operon a single piece of mRNA from a single gene a single piece of mRNA that contains the transcript for multiple genes. multiple mRNA molecules from the same gene in different organisms

Given the following DNA sequence (5' ( 3'), what would be the DNA sequence on the complementary strand (3' ( 5') of a double-stranded helix molecule? DNA sequence: AGTCCGA

During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are linked together by________, an enzyme that creates phosphodiester bonds between nicked fragments of DNA.