Chapter 1 – Flashcards

understanding behavior within a specific context; a behavior can be problematic or not problematic depending on the environment in which it occurs

shared behavioral patterns and lifestyles that differentiate one group of people from another

abnormal behaviors that were specific to a particular location or group

behavior that is inconsistent with the individual's developmental, cultural, and societal norms, and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning

an understanding of how abnormal behavior varies in severity overtime, perhaps increasing and decreasing, or how behaviors change from one disorder to another

defined by family income and educational achievement

the idea that the common symptoms of a disorder vary according to a person's age

using a circular instrument to cut away sections of the skull

during the greek and roman periods, mental illnesses were considered a result from either traumatic experiences or an imbalance in fluids such as blood found within the body

hearing or seeing things not evident to others

beliefs with no basis to reality

severe sadness

heightened states of arousal that can result in frenzied activity

a situation in which a group of people share and sometimes even act upon a belief that is not based in fact (ex: tarantism, and lycanthropy)

the automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions and vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another

a force that Mesmar believed flowed within the body, and when imbedded, resulted in disease

effect in which symptoms are diminished or eliminated not because of any specific treatment but because the patient believes that a treatment is effective

(dementia praecox) ,a severe psychological disorder characterized by disorganization in thought, perception and behavior

a therapy in the form of discussion of psychological distress with a trained professional, leading to the elimination of distressing symptoms

a comprehensive theory that attempts to explain both normal and abnormal behavior

a form of learning in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to produce a conditioned response (CR)

the theory that the only appropriate objects of scientific study are behaviors that can be observed and measured directly

an approach to psychological disorders based on the concept that when providing treatment to people with psychological disorders, the psychologist relies on the findings of research and in turn, when conducting research, the psychologist investigates topics that help to guide and improve psychological care

brain cells

the spaces between neurons

chemical substances that are released into the synapse and transmit information's from one neuron to another

the study of the structure and function of a nervous system and the interaction of that system and behavior

the process by which years of living with a disorder cause changes in the brain

the field of study that explores the role of genes and environment in the transmission of behavioral traits

the theory that during the prenatal period or shortly after birth, viral infections could cause psychological disorders

a form of psycho dynamic theory that focuses on conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning

a form of learning in which behavior is acquired or changed by the events that happen afterward

a contingent event that strengthens the behavior that precedes it

the application of something painful or the removal of something positive

a distinct type of learning in which the person need not actually do the behavior in order to acquire it

a school of thought that holds that one's subjective perception

abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces, such as gender roles, social class, and interpersonal resources

acknowledges that many different factors probably contribute to the development of abnormal behavior and that different factors may be important for different people

the idea that psychological disorders may have a biological or psychological predisposition (diathesis) that lies dormant until environmental stress occurs and the combination produces abnormal

A: normal feelings, such as grief, can be mistaken for illness; a person's cultural background may affect behavior, and a person's age may affect her symptoms

A: a cause of emotional distress and/or functional impairment

A: socioeconomic status

A: developmental maturity affects what disorders occur and what symptoms are present

A: historical evidence is scanty

A: produced a diagnostic classification system and a model by which to explain abnormal behavior, identified common psychological symptoms such as hallucinations, melancholia, and mania, and introduced the term hysteria

A: emotional contagion

A: Kind treatment of patients and work to occupy their minds

A: Placebo effect

A: observing hundreds of living patients, introducing two diagnostic categories, and laying the groundwork for a classification system

A: treated by clinicians who use empirical research to guide the treatment process

A: The biology of the body, particularly the brain

A: interaction among biopsychosocial factors

A: conscious motivation

A: Incompatible behavior occurs at the same time

A: Operant Conditioning

A: learning without actually doing a behavior

A: our perception and interpretations of events are more important than the events themselves

A: sociocultural models

A: diathesis