Anthropology Final Exam – Flashcards
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The idea among Native Americans of the southeastern United States that the cosmos consists of three, inter-connected worlds is an example of?
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How religion provides a worldview
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_____ is an example of applied anthropology.
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All of the above (Corporate, Medical, Forensic, Cultural resources management.)
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What famous person's mother was/in an anthropologist?
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Barack Obama
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Which of the following is NOT a place where written language was created independently?
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Egypt
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In the article, Shakespeare and the Bush, the anthropologist is collecting her data by using the techniques of?
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Participant-observation
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_____ are cultural guidelines about what is appropriate behavior in a given society.
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Norms
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The earliest form of written language, which used a series of wedge-shaped marks to convey text, is called?
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Cuneiform
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Which of the following is an attribute of anthropology?
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All of the above (Studies humans, focuses on culture, based on fieldwork, holistic in perspective.)
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Culture includes _____.
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All of the above (Knowledge to operate efficiently in an environment, ideas about what is acceptable behavior, material culture, norms.)
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_____ anthropologists recover human remains from crime scenes, disasters, and massacres.
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Forensic
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Holism in anthropology refers to the discipline's _____.
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Attempt to understand the entire human experience
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Primatologists have discovered that among bonobos, sex is _____.
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All of the above (Used as a strategy for making alliances, separate from reproduction, used as a way to diffuse tension in the group.)
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Data in anthropological research were most likely collected from ____.
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Observations of what people do in their natural context
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Many anthropologists relate the origins of culture to the appearance of _____.
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Symbolic communication
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A four-field approach to anthropology developed in the U.S. during the 1800s as a result of ____.
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The documentation of the Native American cultures that were being destroyed
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Numerous societies around the world turned to _____ as ways to deal with the massive outside encroachment brought about by colonialism.
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Revitalization movements
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Among all biological species, humans are unique because we _____.
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Depend on the culture to survive
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A _____ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language.
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Society
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____ anthropology is defined as the use of anthropological methods and data to solve specific problems.
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Applied
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One of anthropology's contributions to general knowledge, one that challenged the eugenics movement, is that culture is ____.
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Learned
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_____ is defined as belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces.
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Religion
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The phrase that anthropology should "make the strange familiar" refers to the fact that anthropology often _____.
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Takes a cross-cultural, comparative perspective
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The data collection methods of anthropology set it apart from the other social sciences because anthropologists _____.
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Observe what people do in their natural context.
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Some of anthropology's major contributions to knowledge include insights to ____.
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All of the above (The evolution of our species, the adoption of agriculture, the development of complex societies around the world, de-bunking race as a biological category.)
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Regarding where anthropologists work in the United States, _____ anthropologists are employed by universities and colleges.
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Less than half of
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Anthropology advocates _____, the attempt to understand cultural practices on their own terms.
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Cultural relativism
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The sub-disciplines of anthropology include _____.
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None of the above
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Archaeology is distinct from the other sub-disciplines of anthropology because it ____.
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Studies human culture through material remains
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The interpretation that cows are sacred in Hinduism because of functional, adaptive reasons is an example of the ____ perspective.
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Etic
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The Azande explain all misfortune as being the result of _____, which is an example of how religion can be used to alleviate anxiety.
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Witchcraft
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____ refers to the vocal communication system used by non-human primates.
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Call System
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The fossil evidence indicates that members of the genus ____ were the first to have the capability for language.
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Homo
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Which of the following has NOT been used to study the origins of language?
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Fossil teeth
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Enculturation is ____.
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The process by which we learn our culture.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why the first written languages developed in different places around the world?
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To record literature and poetry
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According to the film Cracking the Maya Code, the ability to read ancient Maya writing has taught archaeologists that ____ was more important in Maya society than once thought.
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Warfare
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The judgement of other cultures based solely on one's own culture is known as ____.
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Ethnocentrism
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A detailed description of a particular community, society, or culture produced by a cultural anthropologists is known as ____.
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An ethnography
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_____ is the method that characterizes fieldwork among living societies in which anthropologists take part in community life while they study it.
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Participant-observation
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The revitalization movements of Melanesia were distinctive because of their focus on ____.
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Cargo
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You are taking Introduction to Anthropology as part of a ____ education.
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Liberal arts
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_____ is the field of applied anthropology that documents, preserves, and investigates archeological sites before they are affected by development.
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Cultural resources management
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Which attribute is unique to humans and distinguishes us from all other species?
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None of the above
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The article Shakespeare in the Bush is about ____.
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An ethnocentric interpretation of Hamlet
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One way anthropology differs from other disciplines that study people is because it ___.
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Has culture as its core concept
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Which of the following is the anthropologists LEAST likely to study?
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Fossil dinosaur bones
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Anthropology can be simply defined as ____.
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The study of humans and their ancestors
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_____ is the sub-discipline that focuses on the study of human speech and language.
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None of the above
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The Trobriand Islanders use _____, defined as supernatural techniques used to accomplished specific goals, to help them achieve success in gardening and the kula.
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Magic
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_____ anthropologist use methods that observe and documents what people actually do to help modify and develop commercial products or to study the organization of businesses.
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Corporate
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Which of the following is not a genus that was important in hominin evolution?
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Pongo
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______ is a partially complete skeleton of an Australopithecus.
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Lucy
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______ refers to a situation where different characteristics evolve at different rates.
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Mosiac Evolution
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The relationship between brain growth and tool use in hominin evolution is an example of?
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A bio-cultural relationship
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______ are items in early human societies that may have been used by women in rituals.
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Venus Figurines
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Which of the following is significant regarding the first human occupation of Australia?
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It required the crossing of a major water barrier
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Oldowan tools are usually found _____.
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In clusters associated with concentrations of fossil animal bones
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______ appeared about 60mya.
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Primates
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One of the reasons that race, as it is currently defined in the U.S., is not a valid biological category is that skin color ______.
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Is not concordant with other traits
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Ancient volcanic eruptions are important for paleoanthropology because _____.
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Ash layers can be dated
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_______ has/have been recognized in the archeological record as an attribute of modern human behavior.
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All of the above (Ritual practices, personal adornment, the construction of houses, a modern foraging strategy)
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The traits shared by all primates, which were inherited from a common ancestor, are an example of ______.
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Homology
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Natural selection explains _____, defined as changes that allow survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
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Adaptation
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The trends in the fossil record that characterize hominin evolution include _____.
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All of the above (More efficient bipedalism, increases in brain size, more sophisticated tool use, reduction of the size of teeth).
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Human crossed into ______ above 15-12kya.
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North America
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______ can be defined as the deferential survival and reproduction of organisms because of their biological characteristics.
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Natural Selection
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_____ appeared about 2mya.
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The genus homo
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_____ is the first hominin to build clearly defined houses and villages.
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H. Sapiens
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A/an _____ is a physical trait shared by all primates.
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All of the above (Emphasis on grasping, large and complex emphasis on vision over smell, generalized diet and dentition).
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______ is the first hominin trait to appear in the fossil record.
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Bipedalism
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The _____ is a geological feature that has produced some of the most important early hominin fossil discoveries.
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East African Rift Valley
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The first stone tools were made by _____.
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Members of the genus homo
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The distinctive size of _____ has been attributed to the effects of island dwarfism.
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H. Floresiensis
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The evolutionary relationship between humans and modern Great Apes is that _____.
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Humans and modern apes share a common ancestor.
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Charles Darwin's major contribution to science was that he ____.
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Developed the principle of natural selection
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How genetically diverse are modern humans?
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We are one of the least diverse species on the planet
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A(n) ____ can be defined as a community of individuals within a species in which mates are found.
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Population
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____ refers to all members of the human lineage since our last common ancestor with chimpanzees.
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Hominins
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The Visual Predation hypothesis attempts to explain the origins ______.
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Primate traits
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A unique feature of Ardipithecus is its _____.
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Bipedalism with a divergent big toe
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Acheulian tool tradition refers to the tools made and used by _____.
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Homo erectus
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The article entitled Gombe by Jane Goodall discusses her work as a _______.
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Primatologist
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_____ are the first evidence we see of culture in the archaeological record.
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Oldowan tools
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H. Habilis is significant because _____.
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They made the first stone tools
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The frequent use of _____ within early modern human societies suggests that the symbolic communication of social information has become very important.
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Personal adornment
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The _____ is the cultural period that spans the time from the first stone tools to the invention of agriculture.
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Paleolithic
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H. erectus is significant because _____.
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They were the first hominins to leave Africa
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Which of the following is NOT a skeletal adaption associated with more efficient bipedalism?
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Forward facing eyes that provide overlapping field of vision
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____ is the false belief that individuals evolve biologically and that acquired physical traits can be inherited.
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Lamarckian Evolution
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Neandertals are an example of _____ species that lived in Europe and the MIddle East.
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Arcaic H. Sapiens
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The Single Origin Multiregional models are hypotheses that attempt to explain.
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The transition from archaic H. Sapiens to anatomically modern H. Sapiens
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The evolution of H. habilis into H. erectus is an example of ______, a major genetic change produced after many generations.
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Macroevolution
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The discovery of the Australopithecus fossil known as the Taung Child was important because?
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It showed that bipedalism came before an increase in brain size
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____ is the hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the origins of bipedalism.
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Energy efficiency
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The earliest evidence for modern human behavior appears in _____.
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None of the above
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The ability to digest lactose by individuals in some populations is an example of biological variation within our species that has been produced by _____.
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Natural selection
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Nearly all known hominin species first appeared in _____.
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Africa
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_____ is the study of human biological diversity in time and space.
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Biological anthropology
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You are ______.
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An anatomically modern H. sapien
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The current evidence supports the ______ hyopthesis for the appearance of anatomically modern humans.
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Single Origin
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Supernumerary gender refers to______.
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The recognition of gender categories other than male and female
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_______ is defined as the human creation of a new form of plant or animal that is identifiably different from its wild ancestors.
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Domestication
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The _____ mode of production refers to societies in which getting access to the resources needed to survive is based on membership in a kin group.
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Kin-ordered
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_____ is a term that refers to living in more permanent settlements.
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Sedentism
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Which of the following is NOT a cross-cultural attribute of marriage discussed in class?
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It involves an elaborate, large ritual
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_____ refers to reckoning descent by links only through mothers or fathers.
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Unilineal
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_____ refers to the cultural interpretation of biological differences between males and females.
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Gender
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The significant changes in lifeways associated with the development of food production in the Fertile Crescent has been called the _____ Revolution.
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Neolithic
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Bioarcheological evidence from eastern North America shows the adoption of corn agriculture was associated with which of the following changes in health.
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All of the above (Shorter life spans, malnutrition, higher rates of infection, higher rates of trauma/violence)
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If a man lives in a matrilineal society, which of the following is NOT in his kin group?
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His children
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______, defined as the transfer of goods and wealth from the family of the groom to the family of the bride, is a feature of many pastoral societies where it is often paid in cattle.
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Bridewealth
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Male berdaches expressed their new gender role primarily by ______.
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Taking up the tasks and clothing of women
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In the Fertile Crescent during the early Natufian period, the people living in villages like Ain Mallaha were ______.
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Sedentary foragers
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Archaeologists with a specialty in _____ have identified the remains of domesticated animals in the archeological record.
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Zooarchaeology
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______ is a well-preserved site in northern Israel submerged beneath the Sea of Galilee that contained the remains of several brush huts that were used by a small group of mobile foragers.
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Ohalo
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The earliest evidence in the world for domestication is found in _____.
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The Fertile Crescent
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According to the studies of cultural anthropologists, ______ is the most efficient subsistence strategy and people who practice it work less than those using other strategies.
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Foraging
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Archaeologists who specialize in _____ study plant remains from archaeological contexts.
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Paleoethnobotany
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The different areas of the world where farming and herding first independently appeared are called _____.
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Centers of domestication
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We know from cultural anthropology that foragers ______.
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Manipulate their environment
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______ appears to have played a large role in the domestication of sheep and goats in the Fertile Crescent.
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Over-hunting of wild animals
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In the reading Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief, the author does not have a place in society because he does not have a place in _____.
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A kin group
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The effects of agriculture on human health is a topic that has been studied within ______ through the analysis of human skeletal remains.
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Bioarchaeology
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______ refers to culturally defined rules that allow people to be assigned to a social group based on some aspect of their ancestry.
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Kinship
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One of the key reasons that agriculture has spread around the world is that agricultural populations _____ more than foraging populations.
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Are larger
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Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that ____ is defined differently by each society.
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All of the above (Family, marriage, kinship, gender)
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Lineages are sometimes grouped into _____ whose members trace their common ancestry back to some mythical ancestor.
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Clans
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The study of the origins of farming is only possible through _______, the study of people through their material remains.
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Archaeology
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Which of the following characterizes gender relationships in Cherokee society?
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All of the above (The work of men and women is valued equally, men are prominent in politics and warfare, and women are prominent in kin groups and household activities, the tasks and social worlds of men and women are mostly separate, women and their families own the farmland and its produce)
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Which of the following is an example of a status, a position one occupies in society?
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All of the above (Married, student, female, adult)
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According to the film, Masai Women, _____ is a ceremony that women undergo around the time of puberty.
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Circumcision
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The berdache is a status among many Native American societies that is best understood as an example of _______.
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A supernumerary gender category
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Marriage _____.
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All of the above (Involves a change in social status, stipulates sexual access, ensures the legitimacy of children, establishes relationships among kin groups within a society)
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The practice of adoption into a kin group among the Cherokee was given as an example of _____ in Cherokee society.
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Female power
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Climate change and population pressure played important roles in the domestication of plants in ______.
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The Fertile Crescent
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______ refers to cultural rules that determine the different tasks performed by men and women in a society.
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Sexual division of labor
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Two unusual marriage practices among the Nuer illustrate the importance of the pater, which can be defined as ______.
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A social father
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For most of our existence as a species, humans have made a living though ______.
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Foraging
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Anthropologists call the relationships created among kin groups through marriage _______ relationships.
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Affinal
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Each society's rules about kin ship and post-martial residence are strongly influenced by ______.
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Economic conditions
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The study of ______ is important within anthropology because family groups are the building blocks that form virtually all societies.
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Kinship
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Marriage is marked in the Trobriand Islands by _______.
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The public eating of yams by the married couple
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A ______ is a kin group that is a permanent social group whose ancestors claim a common ancestry.
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Descent group
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Agriculture was first invented by human groups approximately ____ years ago.
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10,000
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Woman-to-woman and ghost marriages among the Nuer are ______.
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None of the above
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______ can be defined as the practice of seeking a spouse outside of one's own group.
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Exogamy
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The fact that Masai women do not occupy any status independently of men is an example of ______.
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Gender hierarchy
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With which form of descent do people join their father's group automatically at birth?
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Patrilineal
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The subject of a kinship diagram is known as ______.
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Ego
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Cultural rules regarding exogamy seem to be related to the importance of _______.
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Establishing relationships outside of one's own kin group
