Medical Terminology Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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Cell
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Basic unit of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, which vary in size and shape according to function.
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Cell Membrane
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Forms the boundary of the cell.
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Cytoplasm
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Gel-like fluid inside of the cell.
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Nucleus
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Largest structure withing the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. It contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center of the cell.
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Chromosomes
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Located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in all normal human cells, with the exception of mature sex cells, which have 23.
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Genes
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Regions within the chromosome. Each chromosome has several thousand genes that determine hereditary characteristics.
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Compromises each gene; is a genetic material that regulates the activities of each cell.
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Tissue
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Group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
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Muscle Tissue
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Composed of cells that have the special ability to contract, usually producing movement.
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Nervous Tissue
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Found in nerves, spinal cord, and brain.It is responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities.
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Connective Tissue
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Connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures. Adipose (fat), osseous (bone) tissues, and blood are types of this tissue.
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Epithelial Tissue
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The major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line the body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands.
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Organ
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Two or more kinds of tissues that together perform special body functions. For example, the skin is an organ composed of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.
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System
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Group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions. For example, the cardiovascular consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its function if to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products.
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Integumentary System
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Composed of skin, nails, and glands. Forms a protective covering for the body, regulates body temperature, and helps manufacture vitamin D.
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Respiratory System
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Composed of the nose, pharynx(throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs. Performs respiration which provides for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body.
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Urinary System
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Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Removes waste material (urine) from the body, regulates fluid volume, and maintains electrolyte concentration.
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Reproductive System
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Female reproductive system is composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. Male reproductive system is composed of testes, urethra, penis, prostate glands, and associated tubes. Responsible for heredity and reproduction.
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Cardiovascular System
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Composed of the heart and the blood vessels. Pumps and transports blood throughout the body.
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Lymphatic System
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Composed of a network or vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.
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Digestive System
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Composed of the gastrointestinal tract which includes the esophagus, stomach, large and small intestines plus accessory organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Prepares food for use by the body cells and eliminates waste.
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Musculoskeletal System
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Composed of muscles, bones, and joints. Provides movement and framework for the body, protects vital organs such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces red blood cells.
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Nervous System
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Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Regulates body activities by sending and receiving messages.
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Endocrine System
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Composed of glands that secrete hormones. Hormones regulate many body activities.
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Cranial Cavity
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Space inside the skull (cranium) containing the brain.
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Spinal Cavity
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Space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord.
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Thoracic, or Chest, Cavity
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Space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi.
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Abdominal Cavity
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Space containing the stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters.
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Pelvic Cavity
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Space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the large and small intestine, and the rectum.
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Both the pelvic and the abdominal cavities.
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Genome
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The complete set of genes in a chromosome of each cell of a specific organism.
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Leukemia
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Cancer involving the white blood cells.
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Aplastic Anemia
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Disease in which there is inadequate production of blood cells.
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Multiple Myeloma
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Cancer that forms tumors in bone marrow.
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Lymphoma
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Cancer involving lymphoid cells.
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aden/o
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Combining for which means "gland".
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cyt/o
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Combining for which means"cell".
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epitheli/o
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Combining form which means "epithelium".
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fibr/o
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Combining form which means "fiber".
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hist/o
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Combining form which means "tissue".
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kary/o
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Combining for which means "nucleus".
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lip/o
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Combining form which means "fat".
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my/o
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Combining form which means "muscle".
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neur/o
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Combining form which means "nerve".
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organ/o
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Combining for which means "organ".
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sarc/o
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Combining form which means "flesh, connective tissue".
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system/o
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Combining form which means "system".
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viscer/o
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Combining form which means "internal organs".
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cancer/o, carcin/o
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Combining forms which mean "cancer".
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Cancer
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A disease characterized by the unregulated, abnormal growth of new cells.
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eti/o
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Combining form which means "cause (or disease)".
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gno/o
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Combining form which means "knowledge".
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iatr/o
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Combining form which means "physician, medicine (also means treatment)".
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lei/o
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Combining form which means "smooth".
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onc/o
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Combining form which means "tumor, mass".
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path/o
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Combining form which means "disease".
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rhabd/o
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Combining form which means "rod-shaped, striated".
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somat/o
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Combining form which means "body".
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chlor/o
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Green.
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chrom/o
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Color
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cyan/o
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Blue
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erythr/o
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Red.
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leuk/o
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White.
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melan/o
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Black.
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xanth/o
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Yellow.
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dia-
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Prefix meaning "through, complete".
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dys-
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Prefix meaning "painful, abnormal, difficult, labored".
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hyper-
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Prefix meaning "above, excessive".
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hypo-
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Prefix meaning "below, incomplete, deficient".
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meta-
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Prefix meaning "after, beyond, change".
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neo-
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Prefix meaning "new".
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pro-
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Prefix meaning "before".
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-al, -ic, -ous
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Suffixes meaning "pertaining to".
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-cyte
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Suffix meaning "cell".
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-gen
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Suffix meaning "substance or agent that produces or causes".
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-genic
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Suffix meaning "producing, originating, causing".
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-logist
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Suffix meaning "one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)".
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-logy
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Suffix meaning "study of".
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-oid
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Suffix meaning "resembling".
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-oma
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Suffix meaning "tumor, swelling".
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-osis
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Suffix meaning "abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word roots)".
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-plasia
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Suffix meaning "condition of formation, development, growth".
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-plasm
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Suffix meaning "growth, substance, formation".
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-sarcoma
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Suffix meaning "malignant tumor"
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-sis
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Suffix meaning "state of"
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-stasis
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Suffix meaning "control, stop, standing".
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Incidentaloma
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Refers to a mass legion involving an organ that is discovered unexpectedly by the use of ultrasound, computed tomography scan, or magnetic resonance imaging and has nothing to do with the patient's symptoms or primary diagnosis.
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Adenocarcinoma
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Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue.
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Adenoma
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Tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign).
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Carcinoma
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Cancerous tumor (malignant).
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Chloroma
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Tumor of green color (malignant, arising from myeloid tissue).
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Epithelioma
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Tumor composed of epithelium (may be benign or malignant).
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Fibroma
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Tumor composed of fiber (benign).
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Fibrosarcoma
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Malignant tumor composed of fiber.
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Leiomyoma
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Tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign).
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Leiomyosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of the smooth muscle.
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Lipoma
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Tumor composed of fat (benign).
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Liposarcoma
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Malignant tumor composed of fat.
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Melanocarcinoma
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Cancerous black tumor (malignant).
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Melanoma
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Black tumor, primarily of the skin.
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Myoma
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Tumor composed of muscle (benign).
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Neoplasm
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New growth of abnormal tissue or tumor.
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Neuroma
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Tumor composed of nerve (benign).
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Rhabdomyoma
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Tumor composed of striated muscle (benign).
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of the striated muscle.
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Sarcoma
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Tumor of the connective tissue (highly malignant).
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Cytogenic
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Producing cells.
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Cytoid
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Resembling a cell.
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Cytology
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Study of cells.
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Cytoplasm
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Cell substance.
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal development.
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Epithelial
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Pertaining to epithelium.
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Erythrocyte (RBC)
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Red (blood) cells.
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Erythocytosis
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Increse in the number of red (blood) cells.
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Histology
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Study of tissue.
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Hyperplasia
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Excessive development in the number of cells.
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Hypoplasia
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Incomplete development of an organ or tissue.
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Karyocyte
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Cell with a nucleus.
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Karyoplasm
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Substance of a nucleus.
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Leukocyte
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White (blood) cell.
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Leukocytosis
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Increase in the number of white (blood) cells.
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Lipoid
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Resembling fat.
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Myopathy
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Disease of the muscle.
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Neuroid
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Resembling a nerve.
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Somatic
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Pertaining to the body.
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Somatogenic
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Originating in the body (organic as opposed to psychologic).
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Somatopathy
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Disease of the body.
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Somatoplasm
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Body substance.
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Systemic
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Pertaining to a body system (or the body as a whole).
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Visceral
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Pertaining to the internal organs.
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Cancerous
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Pertaining to cancer.
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Carcinogen
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Substance that causes cancer.
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Cyanosis
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Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood.
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Diagnosis
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State of complete knowledge
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Etiology
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Study of causes or diseases.
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Iatrogenic
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Produced by a physician (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician).
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Iatrology
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Study of medicine,
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Metastasis
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Change Places (spread of disease from one organ to another, as in the transfer of malignant tumors).
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Neopathy
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New disease.
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Oncogenic
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Causing tumors.
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Oncologist
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A physician who studies and treats tumors.
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Oncology
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Study of tumors (A branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignant tumors).
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Organic
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Pertaining to an organ.
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Organoid
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Resembling an organ.
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Pathogenic
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Producing disease.
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Pathologist
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A physician who studies diseases (examines biopsies and performs autopsies to determine the cause of disease or death).
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Pathology
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Study of disease (a branch of medicine dealing with the study of the causes of diseases and death).
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Prognosis
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State of before knowledge (prediction of the outcome of disease).
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Xanthochromic
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Pertaining to yellow color.
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Xanthosis
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Abnormal condition of yellow (discoloration).
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Benign
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Not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for revcovery.
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Carcinoma In Situ
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Cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue.
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Chemotherapy
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Treatment of cancer with drugs.
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Encapsulated
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Enclosed in a capsule, as with benign tumors.
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Exacerbation
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Increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms.
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Idiopathic
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Pertaining to disease of unknown organ.
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Inflammation
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Response to injury or destruction of tissue characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
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In Vitro
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Within a glass, observable within a test tube.
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In Vivo
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Within the living body.
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Malignant
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Tending to become progressively worse and to cause death, as in cancer.
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Radiation therapy (XRT)
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Treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, X-Ray, or radiation (also called radiation oncology and radiotherapy).
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Remission
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Improvement or absence of signs of disease.
