Anesthesia - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

question

Academy of Veterinary Technicians in Anesthesia and Analgesia (AVTAA)

answer

A professional organization that exists to promote interest in the discipline of veterinary anesthesia. The AVTAA provides a process by which a veterinary technician may become certified as a Veterinary Technician Specialist (Anesthesia) through completion of an arduous set of requirements that demonstrates competency in the advanced practice of Anesthesia/Analgesia.

question

Activated charcoal canister

answer

A type of passive scavenging system, consisting of a canister containing activated charcoal, designed to remove halogenated anesthetic agents from gases exiting from the pop-off or pressure-limiting valve of a breathing circuit.

question

Pop-off Occlusion Valve

answer

An occlusion valve that temporarily prevents air escaping from the pop-off valve as long as a button is pressed. Used most commonly during manual ventilation.

question

Pop-off valve

answer

Also known as the pressure relief valve, exhaust valve, adjustable pressure limiting (APL) valve, or overflow valve; this valve is the point of exit of anesthetic gases from the breathing circuit.

question

Acute pain

answer

Pain of immediate onset after tissue injury. Resolves when healing is complete.

question

Adaptive pain

answer

Pain that promotes survival by preventing injury and by promoting healing of the injured body part. Physiologic pain is an example of adaptive pain.

question

Adjunct

answer

A drug that is not a true anesthetic but that is used during anesthesia to produce other desired effects such as sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal, neuromuscular blockade, or parasympathetic blockade.

question

Agonal

answer

An abnormal breathing pattern seen during cardiopulmonary arrest, characterized by gasping and labored breathing.

question

Agonist

answer

A drug that binds to and stimulates tissue receptors.

question

Agonist-antagonist

answer

A drug that binds to more than one receptor type, simultaneously stimulating at least one and blocking at least one.

question

Algesia

answer

Sensitivity to pain.

question

Allodynia

answer

A phenomenon in which an uninjured area close to a site of tissue injury is painful if stimulated with a normally non-noxious stimulus.

question

Ambu bag

answer

A brand name of a self-inflating reservoir bag used to provide manual ventilation when an anesthetic machine is not available.

question

American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (ACVAA)

answer

A professional organization with a mission to define and promote the highest standards of clinical practice of veterinary anesthesia and analgesia and to define criteria used to designate veterinarians with advanced training as specialists in the clinical practice of veterinary anesthesiology.

question

Analeptic agent

answer

A drug that causes general central nervous system stimulation.

question

Analgesia

answer

Absence of pain.

question

Anesthesia

answer

A loss of sensation.

question

Anesthetic agent

answer

Any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness.

question

Anesthetic chamber

answer

A clear, aquarium-like box used to induce general anesthesia in small patients that are feral, vicious, or intractable or that cannot be handled without undue stress.

question

Anesthetic induction

answer

The process by which an animal loses consciousness and enters general anesthesia.

question

Anesthetic maintenance

answer

The process of keeping a patient in a state of general anesthesia. The period between induction and recovery.

question

Anesthetic mask

answer

A cone-shaped device, ideally made of transparent material, used to administer oxygen and anesthetic gases to nonintubated patients via the nose and mouth. Also used to administer pure oxygen to dyspneic, hypoxic, or other critically ill patients requiring supplemental oxygen.

question

Anesthetic protocol

answer

A list of the anesthetic agents and adjuncts prescribed for a particular patient including doses, routes, and order of administration.

question

Anesthetic recovery

answer

The period between the time the anesthetic is discontinued and the time the animal is able to stand and walk without assistance.

question

Anesthetic vaporizer

answer

The anesthetic machine system that vaporizes liquid inhalant anesthetic and mixes it with the carrier gases. Vaporizers are classified as precision or nonprecision and vaporizer-out-of-circuit (VOC) or vaporizer-in-circuit (VIC).

question

Antagonist

answer

A drug that binds to but does not stimulate receptors.

question

Anticholinergic

answer

An adjunct that lessens parasympathetic effects by blocking muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also known as a parasympatholytic.

question

Apnea

answer

A temporary absence of spontaneous breathing.

question

Apnea monitor

answer

A monitor used to alert the anesthetist when the patient has not taken a breath within a set period of time (e.g., 10, 20, or 30 seconds). Detects a change in the temperature of the air moving between the endotracheal tube and the breathing circuit as the patient breathes.

question

Apneustic respiration

answer

A breathing pattern, most often seen during dissociative anesthesia, in which there is a pause for several seconds at the end of the inspiratory phase, followed by a short, quick expiratory phase.

question

Asphyxiation

answer

The act of cutting off the supply of oxygen; suffocation.

question

Assisted ventilation

answer

A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist ensures that an adequate volume of air is delivered to the patient, although the patient initiates each inspiration.

question

Ataxia

answer

Inability to coordinate movement.

question

Atelectasis

answer

Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs.

question

Attending Veterinarian

answer

The veterinarian responsible for the management and welfare of a particular patient.

question

Auscultation

answer

The act of listening to sounds made by internal organs with a stethoscope, especially the heart and lungs.

question

Ayre's T-piece

answer

A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet entering at the patient end of the breathing tube at a 90-degree angle (like the base of the letter T) and without a reservoir bag at the opposite end of the breathing tube; Mapleson E circuit. 426

question

Bagging

answer

Inflating the patient's lungs by squeezing the reservoir bag. Manual, positive-pressure ventilation.

question

Bain coaxial circuit

answer

A non-rebreathing circuit with a "tube within a tube" configuration that discharges fresh gas at the patient end of the breathing tube. Both the overflow valve and the reservoir bag are located away from the patient at the opposite end of the breathing tube; modified Mapleson D circuit.

question

Balanced anesthesia

answer

Administration of multiple drugs concurrently in smaller quantities than would be required if each were given alone, to produce sedation, tranquilization, muscle relaxation, analgesia, or a variety of other effects needed for a particular patient.

question

Blood gas analysis

answer

Measurement of the pH, bicarbonate level, and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (most often arterial blood obtained via an intraarterial catheter).

question

Blood pressure

answer

The force exerted by flowing blood on vessel walls.

question

Body condition score

answer

A numeric assessment of the patient's body weight compared with the ideal body weight.

question

Bolus

answer

A pharmaceutical in the form of a large solid tablet or mass for oral administration a relatively large volume of a liquid pharmaceutical for intravenous administration all at once; or a large mass of food ready to be swallowed.

question

Borborygmus

answer

Intestinal noises audible with or without a stethoscope, caused by gas moving through the intestinal tract.

question

Breathing circuit

answer

The anesthetic machine system that conveys the carrier gases and inhalant anesthetic to the patient and removes exhaled carbon dioxide. Breathing circuits are classified as rebreathing circuits or non-rebreathing circuits.

question

Breathing tubes

answer

Corrugated tubes that complete a rebreathing circuit by carrying the anesthetic gases to and from the patient. Each tube is connected to a unidirectional valve at one end and to the Y-piece at the other end.

question

Cachexia Weight loss

answer

loss of muscle mass, and general debilitation that may accompany chronic diseases.

question

Calculated oxygen content

answer

The total volume of oxygen in the blood including both dissolved and bound forms (expressed in milliliters per deciliter). CaO2 = Calculated oxygen content in arterial blood. Arterial oxygen content is calculated using the following formula: CaO2 = (Hb × 1.39 × Sao2/100) + (Pao2 × 0.003), where Hb = hemoglobin in grams per deciliter, Sao2 = oxygen saturation, and Pao2 = partial pressure of oxygen.

question

Capnogram

answer

The graphic representation of CO2 levels generated by a capnograph.

question

Capnograph

answer

Also known as an end-tidal CO2 monitor. A monitoring device that measures the amount of CO2 in the air that is breathed in and out by the patient, by sampling air passing between the endotracheal tube connector and the breathing circuit.

question

Carbon dioxide absorber canister

answer

The part of a rebreathing circuit that holds the carbon dioxide absorbent granules. These granules, primarily made of calcium hydroxide, remove expired CO2.

question

Cardiac arrhythmia

answer

Any pattern of cardiac electrical activity that differs from that of the healthy awake animal.

question

Cardiac output CO

answer

Total blood flow from the heart per unit time.

question

Catabolic state

answer

A metabolic state in which the rate of catabolism exceeds the rate of anabolism.

question

Cataleptoid state

answer

A state produced by dissociative agents, in which a patient does not respond to external stimuli and has a variable degree of muscle rigidity.

question

Categorical numeric rating scale

answer

A tool used to assess pain. Has a series of numeric rating scales with descriptions to rate each of several categories of behavior and/or physiologic changes separately, such as appearance, interaction, posture, and response to palpation of the wound. The points for each of the categories are totaled.

question

Cauda equina

answer

A group of nerves located at the caudal termination of the spinal cord in the spinal canal. So called because they visually resemble a horse's tail.

question

Central nervous system hypersensitivity

answer

A state, caused by constant nociceptive input from the periphery, in which neurons in the spinal cord become hyperexcitable and sensitive to low-intensity stimuli that would not normally elicit a pain response. Also referred to as secondary hyperalgesia or windup.

question

Central nervous system vital centers

answer

Areas of the brain that control cardiovascular function, respiratory function, and thermoregulation.

question

Central venous pressure CVP

answer

The blood pressure in a large central vein such as the anterior vena cava. Used to assess blood return to the heart and heart function.

question

Circulation

answer

Movement of blood through the body for the purpose of supplying all cells with oxygen.

question

Chronic pain

answer

Pain that lasts weeks, months, or years and persists after the tissues have healed or when they will not heal (such as in cancer patients).

question

Closed rebreathing system

answer

A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is kept nearly or completely closed and the flow of oxygen is relatively low, providing only the volume necessary to meet the patient's metabolic needs.

question

Colic

answer

Severe abdominal pain of sudden onset caused by a variety of conditions including obstruction, twisting, or spasm of the intestinal tract.

question

Colloids

answer

Large-molecular-weight plasma proteins that provide oncotic pressure.

question

Comatose

answer

In a sleeplike state. Unresponsive to all stimuli including pain.

question

Common gas outlet

answer

The point where the oxygen, inhalant anesthetic, and N2o, if used, exit the anesthetic machine on the way to the breathing circuit.

question

Compressed gas cylinder

answer

A container that holds a large volume of highly pressurized gas. Oxygen, nitrous oxide, medical air, and carbon dioxide are stored in compressed gas cylinders.

question

Compressed gas supply

answer

The anesthetic machine system that supplies carrier gases (oxygen and sometimes nitrous oxide).

question

Consent form

answer

A form signed by the client confirming that he or she has been told about and understands the nature of the procedure to be performed, including the risks involved. Commonly includes a statement releasing the VIC, the hospital, and other health care providers from responsibility for uncontrollable outcomes.

question

Constant rate infusion CRI

answer

Slow continuous administration of a drug at a rate sufficient to achieve the desired effect

question

Controlled ventilation

answer

A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist controls the respiratory rate, the tidal volume, and the peak inspiratory pressure. In this type of ventilation, the patient does not make spontaneous respiratory efforts.

question

Cortisol

answer

A natural steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, which plays a role in protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism.

question

Crystalloids

answer

Fluids that contain water and small-molecular-weight solutes (such as NaCl) and that pass freely through vascular endothelium.

question

Cyanosis

answer

Blue discoloration of the mucous membranes.

question

Dead space

answer

The breathing passages and tubes that convey fresh oxygen from the source (the atmosphere or the breathing circuit) to the alveoli, but in which no gas exchange can occur. Anatomic dead space includes the bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nasal cavity. Mechanical dead space includes the Y-piece of the breathing circuit, where there is bidirectional flow of gases, and the portion of the endotracheal tube extending beyond the nose or the Y-piece and face mask.

question

Debilitated

answer

Lacking strength; weak.

question

Demand valve

answer

A valve attached to the endotracheal tube during anesthetic recovery that is used to deliver oxygen to the patient at a high flow rate.

question

Desiccated

answer

Dried or dehydrated.

question

Diastolic blood pressure

answer

Arterial blood pressure when the heart is in its resting phase between contractions.

question

Diffusion hypoxia

answer

A decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli after discontinuation of nitrous oxide administration. Caused by the sudden diffusion of nitrous oxide into the alveoli from the blood.

question

Distress

answer

An extreme form of stress that leads to anxiety and suffering.

question

Doppler blood flow detector

answer

A monitoring device that uses ultrasound frequency to convert the motion of red blood cells in small arteries into an audible "whooshing" sound. Used to monitor pulse rate and, if used in conjunction with a sphygmomanometer, systolic blood pressure.

question

Droperidol

answer

A sedative that was combined with the opioid fentanyl in the product Innovar Vet. Formerly used to provide chemical restraint and analgesia for minor procedures in laboratory animals.

question

Dysphoria

answer

Anxiety, uneasiness, and restlessness most often produced by opioids; the opposite of euphoria.

question

Dyspnea

answer

Difficult or labored breathing.

question

Ecchymoses

answer

Large bruises. Discolorations of the skin or mucous membranes caused by leakage of blood into the tissues.

question

Emergence delirium

answer

Disorientation that occurs during anesthetic recovery as consciousness returns. May be characterized by vocalization, aggression, thrashing, and locomotor activity.

question

Endotracheal tube ET tube

answer

A flexible tube placed inside the trachea of an anesthetized patient and used to transfer anesthetic gases directly from the breathing circuit into the patient's trachea, bypassing the oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx.

question

Epidural anesthesia

answer

Regional anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic or analgesic into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord.

question

Epistaxis

answer

Nosebleed.

question

Eructate

answer

Eject gas from the stomach; burp. Used most commonly in reference to ruminants.

question

Esophageal stethoscope

answer

A monitoring device used to detect and amplify heart sounds via a catheter placed in the esophagus.

question

Eutectic mixture

answer

A mixture of two substances with a melting point that is lower than the individual melting points. In the case of lidocaine and prilocaine, which are both solids at room temperature, mixture of the two drugs results in an oil that has a melting point of 16° C.

question

Extra-label drug use

answer

The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label directions.

question

Fasciculation

answer

Involuntary muscle twitching.

question

Field anesthesia

answer

General anesthesia performed away from the veterinary hospital at a farm or stable. Used most commonly for short procedures (20 to 45 minutes) in large animal patients.

question

Flaccid

answer

Lacking any muscle tone.

question

Flowmeter

answer

A glass cylinder of graduated diameter that indicates carrier gas flow expressed in liters of gas per minute (L/min). Reduces the pressure of the gas in the intermediate-pressure line from about 50 psi (about 345 kPa) to 15 psi (about 100 kPa).

question

Fluanisone

answer

A sedative that is combined with the opioid fentanyl in the product Hypnorm. Used to provide chemical restraint and analgesia for minor procedures in laboratory animals.

question

Fresh gas inlet

answer

The point at which the carrier and anesthetic gases enter the breathing circuit.

question

Functional residual volume

answer

The amount of air left in the lungs after expiration.

question

Gastric dilatation-volvulus

answer

A dangerous gastrointestinal condition, occurring primarily in deep-chested large breed dogs, in which the stomach swells with air and twists on its long axis, leading to shock, loss of blood supply, and other serious consequences.

question

General anesthesia

answer

A reversible state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and loss of sensation throughout the entire body produced by administration of one or more anesthetic agents.

question

Homeostasis

answer

A constant state within the body created and maintained by normal physiologic processes.

question

Hypercarbia

answer

Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

question

Hypnosis

answer

A sleeplike state from which the patient can be aroused with sufficient stimulation.

question

Hypostatic congestion

answer

Pooling of blood in the dependent lung and tissues (those nearest the floor or table).

question

Hypoventilation

answer

Slow and/or shallow ventilation, resulting in decreased minute volume; the opposite of hyperventilation.

question

Hypoxemia

answer

Low blood oxygen level.

question

Hypoxia

answer

Low tissue oxygen level.

question

Icterus

answer

Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.

question

Idiopathic pain

answer

Pain of unknown or unidentifiable cause.

question

Ileus

answer

Intestinal obstruction caused by inhibition of bowel motility; also referred to as gastrointestinal stasis.

question

Infiltration

answer

Injection of local anesthetic into tissues, often in proximity to a nerve

question

Inflammatory pain

answer

Pain that occurs at the site of tissue injury due to the release of chemical mediators such as prostaglandin and histamine.

question

Infusion rate

answer

The rate at which fluids should be administered expressed in milliliters per unit time. Most often mL/hr.

question

Inotropy

answer

Force of heart muscle contraction.

question

Insufflation

answer

Provision of oxygen by placement of an oxygen supply tube inside an endotracheal tube, nasopharyngeal tube, or nostril.

question

Intermittent mandatory ventilation

answer

Positive pressure ventilation throughout the entire anesthetic period as the sole source of the patient's ventilatory needs.

question

Intraosseous

answer

In the bone marrow cavity. A route of administration sometimes used as an alternative to intravenous injection. Especially useful for very small patients (e.g., small exotic mammals and neonatal patients) in which venipuncture is difficult.

question

Intraperitoneal

answer

In the intraperitoneal space of the abdominal cavity. A route of administration used primarily in small laboratory mammals for some drugs and fluids.

question

Jackson-Rees circuit

answer

A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet at the patient end of the breathing tube and a reservoir bag at the opposite end. The fresh gas inlet enters the breathing tube at a 45- to 90-degree angle; Mapleson F circuit.

question

Lack circuit

answer

A non-rebreathing circuit with the fresh gas inlet, the overflow valve, and the reservoir bag located away from the patient at the opposite end of the breathing tube. Modified Mapleson A circuit.

question

Laryngoscope

answer

A device consisting of a handle, a blade, and a light source; used to increase visibility of the larynx during placement of an endotracheal tube.

question

Laryngospasm

answer

A reflexive closure of the glottis in response to contact with any object or substance.

question

Lethargic

answer

Depressed but able to be aroused with minimal difficulty. Level of consciousness The patient's responsiveness to stimuli. How easily the patient can be aroused. Often used to assess brain function.

question

Line block

answer

Injection of a continuous line of local anesthetic in the subcutaneous or subcuticular tissues immediately proximal to the target area.

question

Line pressure gauge

answer

A gauge that indicates the pressure in the intermediate-pressure gas line between the pressure-reducing valve and the flow meters.

question

Local anesthesia

answer

A loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic agent in proximity to the area of interest.

question

Locomotor

answer

Relating to movement from place to place.

question

Macrodrip

answer

A fluid administration set that delivers fluids at a rate of 10 or 15 drops per milliliter. Generally used for infusion rates equal to or more than 100 mL/hour.

question

Macroemulsion

answer

A type of emulsion (a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another with which it does not mix), in which the particles of one liquid are large enough to scatter light, causing the liquid to look cloudy.

question

Magill circuit

answer

A non-rebreathing circuit with an overflow valve at the patient end of the breathing tube. Both the fresh gas inlet and the reservoir bag are located away from the patient at the opposite end of the breathing tube; Mapleson A circuit.

question

Maladaptive pain

answer

Pain that is due to malfunction of or damage to the nervous system and that serves no useful function, but causes suffering and is often difficult to treat.

question

Manual ventilation

answer

Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by squeezing of the reservoir bag of the anesthetic machine. May be used to provide periodic or intermittent mandatory ventilation.

question

Mapleson circuit

answer

Any one of a number of non-rebreathing circuits as classified by WW Mapleson, in which the position of the fresh gas inlet, the reservoir bag, and the pressure-limiting valve varies.

question

Mapleson classification system

answer

A system developed by W.W. Mapleson that is used to classify non-rebreathing circuits based on the position of the fresh gas inlet, the reservoir bag and the pressure-limiting valve.

question

Mean arterial pressure MAP

answer

The average arterial blood pressure. It may be calculated using the following equation: MAP = Diastolic pressure + ? (Systolic pressure ? Diastolic pressure).

question

Mechanical ventilation

answer

Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by use of a mechanical ventilator. Usually used to provide intermittent mandatory ventilation.

question

Mediators

answer

Chemical substances released from damaged cells or inflammatory cells that cause a response (such as increasing the sensitivity of peripheral pain receptors).

question

Microdrip

answer

A fluid administration set that delivers fluids at a rate of 60 drops per milliliter. Generally used for infusion rates less than 100 mL/hour.

question

Microemulsion

answer

A type of emulsion (a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another with which it does not mix), in which the particles of the dispersed liquid are so small that they don't scatter light, resulting in a liquid that appears clear.

question

Minimum patient database

answer

A compilation of pertinent information from the patient history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Used to diagnose and manage a case.

question

Miosis

answer

Constriction of the pupil of the eye; opposite of mydriasis.

question

Modulation

answer

The third step in nociception, in which sensory nerve impulses are amplified or suppressed by other neurons.

question

Monitor

answer

A process of tracking physiologic and reflex responses to anesthetics for the purpose of keeping a patient safe and ensuring appropriate anesthetic depth.

question

Morbidity

answer

The incidence of disease.

question

Moribund

answer

Near death.

question

Mortality

answer

The death rate.

question

Motor neuron

answer

A neuron that conveys impulses from the brain to muscle fibers and is responsible for initiating and controlling voluntary movements.

question

Multimodal therapy

answer

Treatment of pain with analgesics that target two or more types of pain receptors.

question

Mydriasis

answer

Dilatation of the pupil of the eye; opposite of miosis.

question

Myoclonus

answer

Spontaneous muscle twitching.

question

Myopathy

answer

Muscle disease. In the context of anesthesia, this term refers to muscle damage caused by excessive pressure on dependent muscle tissue or insufficient blood flow to muscle tissue during the intraoperative period in large animals, particularly horses. Manifests during recovery as muscle hardness, pain, and weakness. Also known by the lay term "tying up.

question

Narcosis

answer

A drug-induced sleep from which the patient is not easily aroused and that is most often associated with the administration of narcotics.

question

Nerve block

answer

Loss of sensation in a particular anatomic site, produced by injection of local anesthetic in proximity to a nerve.

question

Neuroleptanalgesia

answer

A state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by the simultaneous administration of an opioid and a tranquilizer.

question

Neuromuscular blocker

answer

An adjunct used to relax or paralyze skeletal muscles as a part of balanced anesthesia.

question

Neuropathic pain

answer

Pain resulting from injury of a nerve.

question

Neuropathy

answer

Disease or injury of a peripheral nerve.

question

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

answer

The U.S. federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.

question

Nociception

answer

Detection by the nervous system of the potential for or actual tissue injury.

question

Non-rebreathing system

answer

An anesthetic machine fitted with a non-rebreathing circuit. In this system, little or no exhaled gases are returned to the patient but are instead removed from the circuit by use of appropriately high flow rates of carrier gas and evacuated by a scavenger connected to a pressure-limiting valve or other exit port. Used most commonly for patients under 2.5 to 3 kg in body weight.

question

Norman mask elbow

answer

A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet at the patient end of the breathing tube and a reservoir bag at the opposite end. The fresh gas inlet enters the breathing tube at a 45- to 90-degree angle, and the endotracheal tube connector is at right angles to the breathing tube; Mapleson F circuit.

question

Noxious

answer

Painful or physically harmful. Numeric rating scale A tool used to assess pain. The intensity of the pain is assigned to one of several levels that are identified by a number (e.g., no pain = 0; mild pain = 1; moderate pain = 2; severe pain = 3).

question

Nystagmus

answer

A rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of both eyes.

question

Obtunded

answer

Depressed and unable to be fully aroused.

question

Oncotic pressure

answer

Osmotic pressure provided by large-molecular-weight colloids such as albumin.

question

Opisthotonus

answer

A severe spasm in which the back arches and the feet and head flex dorsally. Has several causes including drug reactions and brain lesions.

question

Oscillometer

answer

A monitoring device used to measure systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure by detecting and analyzing pulsations of blood in the arteries of an extremity.

question

Osmolarity

answer

A measurement of the number of dissolved solute particles per unit water in body fluids. Usually expressed as osmoles or milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) of water.

question

Osmotic pressure

answer

The pressure required to prevent water flow through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

question

Oxygen flush valve

answer

A button or lever that rapidly delivers a large volume of pure oxygen (at a flow rate of 35 to 75 L/min) directly to the common gas outlet or breathing circuit of a rebreathing system, bypassing the anesthetic vaporizer and oxygen flow meters.

question

Oxygenation

answer

The physiologic process of supplying the lungs and blood with oxygen.

question

Pain

answer

An aversive sensory and emotional experience that elicits protective motor actions, results in learned avoidance, and may modify species-specific behavior.

question

Pain scale

answer

Any assessment tool used to rate the intensity of pain.

question

Paralysis

answer

Inability to move a particular muscle group or body part such as a limb because of loss of nerve function. May also involve a loss of sensation in the affected part.

question

Paresis

answer

Weakness of a body part caused by loss of nerve function. Partial paralysis.

question

Partial agonist

answer

A drug that binds to and partially stimulates tissue receptors.

question

Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA)

answer

Use of inhalant and injectable agents in combination to maintain anesthesia.

question

Partial pressure of oxygen PO2

answer

A measurement of the unbound O2 molecules dissolved in the plasma expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). PaO2 = PO2 in arterial blood; PvO2 = PO2 in venous blood. Pathologic pain Pain that is amplified and persistent. This type of pain is due to malfunction of or damage to the nervous system and is maladaptive because it serves no useful function, but causes suffering.

question

Passive Dosimeter

answer

A device used to detect waste anesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in the breathing zone of hospital personnel. After a defined exposure time (often 2 to 8 hours), the badge is recapped and returned for analysis. Results are given as a time-weighted average in parts per million.

question

Percent oxygen saturation SO2

answer

A measurement of the percentage of the total hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen molecules. SaO2 = SO2 in arterial blood; SvO2 = SO2 in venous blood; SpO2 = SO2 as measured by a pulse oximeter; StO2 = SO2 in the tissues.

question

Perception

answer

The final step of nociception, in which sensory impulses are transmitted to the brain, where they are processed and recognized.

question

Perioperative analgesia

answer

Pain control before and/or after surgery.

question

Peripheral hypersensitivity

answer

Increased sensitivity to a painful stimulus that occurs when the threshold of the peripheral pain receptors is lowered as a result of injury to peripheral tissues, thus increasing their sensitivity. Also known as primary hyperalgesia.

question

Petechiae

answer

Small or pinpoint purple discolorations of the skin or mucous membrane resulting from hemorrhage. Smaller than purpura.

question

Pharmacodynamics

answer

The effect that a drug has on the body. Drug action.

question

Pharmacokinetics

answer

The effect that the body has on a drug, including movement of a drug in the body.

question

Physical status classification

answer

A graded assessment of a patient's physical condition. Used to plan patient management prior to administering anesthetics and to gauge patient risk

question

Physiologic anemia

answer

A relative decrease in red blood cell (RBC) mass caused by an increase in plasma volume without a corresponding increase in the number of RBCs. Seen in pregnant patients.

question

Physiologic pain

answer

The protective sensation of pain that normally occurs when there is a possibility of or actual tissue injury. Physiologic pain is adaptive because it promotes survival by preventing injury and by promoting healing of the injured body part.

question

Pleural effusion

answer

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space).

question

Pneumomediastinum

answer

The presence of air in the space between the lungs that contains the heart and great vessels.

question

Pneumothorax

answer

The presence of air in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space) associated with collapse of the lungs. Pop-off Occlusion Valve An occlusion valve that temporarily prevents air escaping from the pop-off valve as long as a button is pressed. Used most commonly during manual ventilation. Pop-off valve Also known as the pressure relief valve, exhaust valve, adjustable pressure limiting (APL) valve, or overflow valve; this valve is the point of exit of anesthetic gases from the breathing circuit.

question

Porcine stress syndrome

answer

Also known as malignant hyperthermia. A hereditary, metabolic condition of swine caused by a mutation in one of the genes that controls calcium metabolism in muscle fibers. Occurs in affected swine in response to some anesthetic agents including inhalant agents. Signs include muscle rigidity, rapid rise in temperature, hypercapnia, hyperkalemia, and death.

question

Positive inotrope

answer

A drug that increases inotropy (the force of heart muscle contractions). Positive pressure ventilation PPV; Any procedure by which the anesthetist assists or controls the delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gas to the patient's lungs. Includes both manual and mechanical ventilation.

question

Preanesthetic medication

answer

An anesthetic agent or adjunct administered during the preanesthetic period to provide one or more of a variety of desired effects, including analgesia, sedation, and muscle relaxation.

question

Preemptive analgesia

answer

Provision of analgesia before tissue injury, including surgery.

question

Pressure manometer

answer

A gauge that indicates the pressure of the gases within the breathing circuit, and by extension the pressure in the animal's airways and lungs. Expressed in centimeters of water (cm H2O), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), or kilopascals (kPa).

question

Pressure-reducing valve

answer

A valve that reduces the pressure of a compressed gas to a constant safe operating pressure of 40 to 50 psi (275 to 345 kPa) regardless of pressure changes within the tank.

question

Pressure transducer

answer

An instrument designed to measure fluid pressure that converts the pressure wave form into an electrical signal.

question

Pulmonary contusion

answer

Bruising of lung tissue caused by blunt trauma.

question

Pulmonary thromboembolism

answer

The presence of one or more blood clot in the lungs.

question

Pulse oximeter

answer

A monitoring device used to estimate (1) the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (Spo2) by measuring subtle differences in light absorption, and (2) the pulse rate by detecting blood pulsations in the small arterioles.

question

Purpura Purple

answer

discolorations of the skin or mucous membrane caused by hemorrhage. Larger than petechiae.

question

Rebreathing system (Circle system)

answer

An anesthetic machine fitted with a rebreathing circuit. In this system, exhaled gases minus carbon dioxide are recirculated and rebreathed by the patient, along with variable amounts of fresh oxygen and anesthetic. Appropriate for most patients over 2.5 to 3 kg in body weight.

question

Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)

answer

The maximum concentration of any volatile gas anesthetic (in parts per million) to which employees should be exposed as recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or other agency.

question

RECOVER Initiative Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation.

answer

A comprehensive study designed to develop a draft set of evidence-based clinical guidelines for veterinary cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) based on consensus of specialists and scientific research.

question

Regional anesthesia

answer

A loss of sensation in a limited area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic or other agent in proximity to sensory nerves.

question

Regurgitation

answer

Flow of stomach contents into the esophagus and mouth unaccompanied by retching; as distinguished from vomiting, which is a forceful expulsion of stomach contents into the esophagus and mouth preceded by retching.

question

Regurgitus

answer

Regurgitated ruminal contents consisting of saliva and ingesta.

question

Reproductive status

answer

Whether or not the patient has been spayed or castrated. If intact, whether or not the patient is being used for breeding. In the case of female patients, whether pregnant or not.

question

Reservoir bag

answer

Also called a rebreathing bag. A rubber or plastic bag that serves as a flexible storage reservoir for expired and inspired gases. It also allows the anesthetist to observe respirations, confirm proper endotracheal tube placement, and ventilate for the patient. Respiratory minute volume RMV; The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs in a minute. The tidal volume multiplied by the respiratory rate.

question

Respirometer

answer

A monitoring device used to measure the tidal volume and respiratory minute volume.

question

Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

answer

The return of effective tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood after cardiopulmonary arrest and subsequent successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

question

Reversal agent

answer

A drug used to lessen or abolish the effects of anesthetic agents or adjuncts, and which is therefore used to "wake" the patient after sedation or anesthesia.

question

Ring block

answer

A type of line block that completely encircles an anatomic part, such as a digit or teat. Scavenging system The anesthetic machine system that disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gases outside of the building, so that inhalation by occupationally exposed individuals is minimized.

question

Scoliosis

answer

Lateral curvature of the spine. Seen in cattle that have had a paravertebral block.

question

Second gas effect

answer

An increase in the concentration of a gas in the alveoli resulting from the absorption of a second gas into the bloodstream.

question

Semiclosed rebreathing system

answer

A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is positioned partially open, and the flow of oxygen is relatively high, providing more volume than is necessary to meet the patient's metabolic needs.

question

Sensory neuron

answer

A neuron that conveys sensations (i.e., pain, heat, cold, and pressure) from the skin, muscles, and other peripheral tissues to the brain.

question

Sequestration

answer

Loss of blood or plasma into tissues or spaces within the body, resulting in a decreased circulating blood volume.

question

Signalment

answer

The species, breed, age, sex, and reproductive status of a patient.

question

Simple descriptive scale

answer

A tool used to assess pain by rating its severity (e.g., absent, mild, moderate, or severe).

question

Sloughing

answer

Separation of dead tissue from surrounding live tissue in a wound. Often used in reference to tissue death and loss secondary to drug-induced damage.

question

Solute

answer

An atom or molecule dissolved in body water.

question

Somatic analgesia

answer

Absence of pain of the skin, muscle, bone, and connective tissue.

question

Somatic pain

answer

Pain originating from the musculoskeletal or integumentary system. Subclassified as superficial (i.e., skin) and deep (i.e., joints, muscles, bones).

question

Sphygmomanometer

answer

A monitoring device consisting of a pressure gauge and cuff used to measure arterial blood pressure.

question

Splash block

answer

Local anesthesia produced by direct application of local anesthetic to a wound or open surgical site. Most often applied as a spray or with a soaked gauze sponge.

question

Standing chemical restraint

answer

A type of chemical restraint used in horses in which the patient is heavily sedated but remains standing throughout the procedure.

question

Status epilepticus

answer

Continuous seizures, or a series of seizures in rapid succession.

question

Stertor

answer

A heavy snoring sound during inspiration; often caused by partial upper airway obstruction. Seen in patients with laryngospasm, laryngeal edema, and in brachycephalic dogs.

question

Stridor

answer

Noisy breathing caused by turbulent air flow in the upper airways.

question

Stuporous

answer

In a sleeplike state. Can be aroused only with a painful stimulus.

question

Supraglottic Airway Device

answer

A device used to maintain an open airway in an anesthetized patient that connects with the opening of the glottis, but unlike an endotracheal tube, does not invade the tracheal lumen.

question

Surgical anesthesia

answer

A specific stage of general anesthesia in which there is a sufficient degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation to allow surgery to be performed without pain or movement.

question

Sympathetic blockade

answer

Loss of function of sympathetic nerves supplying the heart and blood vessels resulting from diffusion of local anesthetic into the thoracic spinal cord. Signs include bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, and hypotension. Blockade of the caudal sympathetic nerves results in less severe hypotension and tachycardia.

question

Syncope

answer

Fainting episodes caused by brain hypoxia.

question

Synergistic

answer

An interaction between two drugs in such a way that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.

question

Systolic blood pressure

answer

Arterial blood pressure during contraction of the ventricles

question

Tachyarrhythmia

answer

Any arrhythmia in which the heart rate is abnormally increased. Tachycardia Rapid heart rate; the opposite of bradycardia. Tachypnea Rapid respiratory rate.

question

Tank pressure gauge

answer

A device attached to the yoke of an anesthetic machine or the pressure regulator of an H tank. Indicates the pressure of gas remaining in a compressed gas cylinder measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopascals (kPa).

question

Therapeutic index TI

answer

A ratio of the toxic to the therapeutic dose of a drug, used to measure relative safety. A drug with a wide therapeutic index (much more of the drug is required to intoxicate a patient than is required to treat it) is relatively safer than a drug with a narrow therapeutic index (one for which the toxic and therapeutic doses are similar).

question

Thoracocentesis

answer

Surgical puncture of the pleural space with a needle or tube for the purpose of removing fluid or air.

question

Thrombocytopenia

answer

Low platelet count.

question

Tidal Volume (VT)

answer

The volume of a normal breath (approximately 10 to 15 mL/kg body weight).

question

Tilt table

answer

A specialized table used to restrain cattle, and occasionally horses, undergoing anesthetic procedures, by securing the patient to the table with ropes and straps and tilting the table to the desired angle.

question

Titration

answer

Administration of an anesthetic agent in small increments until the desired depth of anesthesia is reached, as opposed to administration of the entire calculated dose.

question

TKX

answer

A combination of Telazol, ketamine, and xylazine, widely used to produce heavy sedation to total intravenous anesthesia in pigs.

question

Topical anesthesia

answer

A loss of sensation of a localized area produced by administration of a local anesthetic directly to a body surface or to a surgical or traumatic wound.

question

Total injectable anesthesia

answer

Induction and maintenance of anesthesia by intramuscular injection of an anesthetic agent or combination of agents with no concurrent use of inhalant agents. A technique commonly employed in swine.

question

Total intravenous anesthesia

answer

Induction and maintenance of anesthesia by intravenous injection of ultra-short-acting anesthetics with no concurrent use of inhalant agents. Accomplished using repeat bolus injections or a constant rate infusion.

question

Tranquilization

answer

A drug-induced state of calm in which the patient is reluctant to move and is aware of but unconcerned about its surroundings.

question

Transduction

answer

The first step in nociception, in which noxious thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals called action potentials.

question

Transmission

answer

The second step in nociception, in which sensory impulses are conducted to the spinal cord.

question

Unidirectional valve

answer

The inspiratory valve or expiratory valve of a rebreathing circuit. Controls the direction of gas flow through a rebreathing circuit as the patient breathes.

question

Universal Control Arm Also known as a Bain Block

answer

A device that, when attached to a Bain coaxial circuit, provides a conventional pop-off valve and manometer, increasing the ease and accuracy with which manual ventilation can be provided.

question

Validate

answer

A process of evaluating the effectiveness and reliability of something such as a scale used to assess pain in animals.

question

Vaporizer-in-circuit VIC

answer

A vaporizer that is located in the breathing circuit. Nonprecision vaporizers are often positioned this way.

question

Vaporizer-out-of-circuit VOC

answer

A vaporizer in which carrier gas from the flow meters flows into the vaporizer before entering the breathing circuit. Precision vaporizers are positioned this way.

question

Vasodilation

answer

Dilation of the blood vessels; the opposite of vasoconstriction.

question

Ventilation

answer

The movement of gases into and out of the alveoli.

question

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch

answer

A lack of equality in the quantity of oxygen that reaches the alveoli per minute and the volume of blood that perfuses the alveoli per minute. Results in alveoli that are oxygenated but are not perfused and/or alveoli that are perfused but are atelectatic and not oxygenated.

question

Vesicants

answer

Drugs that damage tissues if injected perivascularly.

question

Visceral analgesia

answer

Absence of pain in the internal organs.

question

Visceral pain

answer

Pain originating from the internal organs.

question

Visual analog scale

answer

A tool used to assess pain that consists of a "ruler", the left end of which equates to no pain, and the right end to the worst pain imaginable for the specific disease or surgical procedure. The assessor places a mark (usually an X) on the ruler corresponding to the level of pain that the assessor feels the animal is experiencing.

question

Waste anesthetic gas (WAG)

answer

Any inhalation anesthetic (including isoflurane, other halogenated compounds, and nitrous oxide) that is breathed out by the patient or that escapes from the anesthetic machine.

question

Wasting

answer

A decrease in body mass, energy, or vigor often caused by disease.

Anesthesia – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards