Speech Analysis Procedure – Flashcards
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Formal tests
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Standardized tests
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What is the purpose
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1. Identify whether a speech disorder exists relative to a child's chronological age 2. Determine the need for intervention
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Speech analysis
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Provide detailed information regarding target selection and intervention methods
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Independent analysis
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A description of a child's sound system independently of an adult's system 1. less than 50 words 2. phonetic inventory 3. syllable structure 4. distribution
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Relational analysis
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Describe a child's sound system relative to the adult system
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Just the child production
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Independent analysis
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Syllable structure
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list of syllable types and frequency count (CVC, VC, CVCV)
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Phonetic inventory
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consonant inventory (if they produce the consonant; not how many times)
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Distribution of sounds
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initial, medial, final position
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Relational analysis
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more than 50 words - compare child speech to adult speech - phonological process analysis - SODA (substitution, omission, distortion, addition) - PCC
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phonological process analysis
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determine type of processes and frequency of occurrence
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when is the phonological process analysis appropriate?
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- poor to moderately poor intelligibility - many substitution and deletions - inconsistent errors - errors affect classes of sounds
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How do you determine if process really exist
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4 times and 2 different words
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SODA
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Substitution, Omission, Distortion, Addition
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Substitution
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/bed/---[ded]
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Omission
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/bed/--[be]
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What is the most frequent position for omission in a word
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Final position: ______#
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Percentage consonants correct (PCC)
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Informal test that - use spontaneous sample - exclude unintelligible/ questionable utterances - exclude vowels (no shwar) - include other postvocalic /r/ - don't count more than 2 instances of the same word - do not count the addition of consonants in front of vowel
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How to find the percent of consonants correct
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# correct consonants divided by the total # of consonants intended X 100
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What are the Scores zones for a PCC test
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100-85% excellent 85- 65% mild- moderate 65-50% moderate- severe <50% severe
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What is the point of a relational analysis test?
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use to judge intelligibility and measure progress
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What does the acronym SSD stand for
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Speech sound disorder
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What are the types of approach for children with speech sound disorders?
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Phonetic (articulatory motor) approach Phonological (cognitive- linguistic) approach
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Phonetic approach
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Speech errors as an individual's inability to produce the complex motor required for the articulation of speech sounds - problems exists based on individual sounds
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What is the goal of the phonetic approach
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goal of speech therapy is to identify and treat individual sounds that is not correctly pronounced
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What are considered speech errors?
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Speech errors as a lack of phonemic knowledge and phonological systems
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What problems do speech errors cause
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problems with whole class, positions, and grouping of sound, not an individual sound
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Focus of speech errors is
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phonological reorganization
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What is the goal of speech therapy with phonological approach
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the goal of speech therapy is to identify deficient patterns of sound and to treat several examplars to generalize
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what are some different phonological approach?
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-minimal or multiple pair approach -phonological process approach
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Phonological reorganization is facilitated by
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- confrontation of the child's system with the adult system through the use of contrastive word pairs - communication-centered, meaningful intervention activities - focused practice to stabilize new contrast
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True/ False Can you combine the phonetic and phonological approaches?
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true
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T/F The two types of speech analysis are dependent and independent
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False
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What are the two types of speech analysis?
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Independent and relational analysis
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T/F The purpose of speech analysis is to identify candidacy for speech treatment
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False
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What is the purpose of speech analysis?
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Provide detailed information regarding target selection and intervention methods
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T/F Independent analysis is used on children who have less than 30 words
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False
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How many words does an independent analysis need
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less than 50 words
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How many words do children need for a relational analysis
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more than 50 words
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What is an independent analysis?
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Description of a child's sound system independently of an adult system
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What is involved in an independent analysis?
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-Phonetic (consonant) inventory -Syllable Structure -Distribution of sounds
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What is a relationship analysis?
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describe a child's sound system relative to the adult system
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What is involved in a relationship analysis?
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-phonological process analysis -SODA (substitution, omission, distortion, addition) - PCC (Percentage Consonants Correct)
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T/F PCC stands for percent of consonants correct and is a relational analysis
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True
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T/F Phonological process analysis is an independent analysis
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False
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How do you determine is a phonological process really exist?
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4 mistakes in 2 different words
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When is phonological process analysis appropriate?
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-Poor to moderately poor intelligibility -Many substitutions and deletions -Inconsistent errors -Errors affect classes of sounds
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T/F Relational analysis compares a child's speech with an adults' (target) speech
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True
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The S in SODA stands for
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Substitution
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What is an example of substitution?
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/bɛd/ --> [dɛd]
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What position is substitution most frequently seen?
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in word initial position #________
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What does the O in SODA stand for
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Omission
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What is an example of Omission?
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/bɛd/---> [bɛ]
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What position is omission most frequently seen?
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in word final ______#
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T/F For calculating PCC, the examiner shouldn't exclude unintelligible utterances
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False
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T/F For calculating PCC, do not count more than 2 instances of any word?
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True
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Percent of Consonants Correct needs to include and exclude what?
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- use spontaneous sample -exclude unintelligible/questionable utterances -exclude vowels (no schwa) -include other postvocalic /r/ -don't count more than 2 instances of the same word (e.g., [bi, bi, bi] for bee) -do not count the addition of consonants in front of vowels (e.g., hit for it)
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What is the equation for finding the PCC?
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# of consonants correct/ # of consonants total X 100
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What is the percent for normal PCC?
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85-100%
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What are the scores for mild-moderate PCC?
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65-85%
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What are the scores for moderate-severe PCC?
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50-65%
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What are the scores for severe PCC?
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<50%
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What are the PCC used for?
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use to judge intelligibility, measure progress
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T/F SODA stands for the four different types of speech errors addressed during analysis including omission, deletion, substitution, and addition
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False
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T/F If PCC of a child's production shows 86%, it remains within normal development
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True
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What are the two types of intervention approaches for children with SSD?
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Phonological approach and phonetic approach
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T/F Phonological approach and morphological approaches are the two types of intervention for speech sound disorders
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False
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What is another name for the phonetic approach?
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Motor or traditional approach
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What is another name for the phonological approach?
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Cognitive- Linguistic approach
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T/F Phonetic or motor approach is also called traditional approach
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True
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What is the problem that exists in the phonetic approach?
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problems exist based on individual sounds
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The phonetic approach focuses on an __________ inability to produce the ______ ______ required for the articulation of speech sounds
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individual's; complex motor
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T/F SLP should choose either phonetic or phonological approach, but shouldn't combine both approaches?
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False
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What is the goal of therapy in a phonetic approach?
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to identify and treat individual sounds that is not correctly pronounced
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What are some intervention approaches involved in the phonetic approach?
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-traditional approach -phonetic placement -shaping -imitation/modeling -facilitating contexts
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T/F Drill is the most effective intervention style
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False
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In the Phonological approach speech errors as a lack of ___________ __________ and ___________ _________
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phoneme knowledge; phonological systems
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What does the problem affect in the phonological approach?
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whole classes, positions, and grouping of sounds, not individual sounds
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What is the focus of phonological approaches?
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phonological reorganizations
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What is the goal of therapy for the phonological identify?
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to identify deficient patterns of sound and to treat several exemplars to generalize
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What are two types of phonological approaches?
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-minimal pair approach -multiple pair approach -phonological process approach
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T/F Using a phonological approach, a SLP works on individual phoneme, rather than whole class or grouping of sounds
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False
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T/F The goal of speech therapy using phonetic approach is to identify deficient patterns of sound
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False
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T/F Nonsense words cannot be used in speech therapy
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False
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T/F Gestures is an example of tactile cues
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False
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T/F Using metaphor, bilabial sounds can be called biting sounds
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False
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T/F Response generation occurs, when a child produces a target sound in another word that is not practiced in therapy sessions
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False
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T/F The phonetic approach is a motor approach to speech intervention
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True
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T/F A phonetic approach is used to address sound pattern disorders
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False
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T/F The motor approach targets should be initiated at the word level
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False
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T/F The motor approach involves extensive practice to achieve automatically
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True
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T/F The motor approach focuses on motor and perceptual skills
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True
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T/F Early developing, stimulable, and frequency of occurrence should be considered as factors for selecting target sounds
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True
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T/F The motor approach may start in isolation and gradually move to word and phrases/sentences level.
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True
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T/F When the SLP uses a sound that the client can already produce, he/she uses phonetic placement technique
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False
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T/F The phonetic approach may be used for a client with errors due to structural anomalies/organic disorders
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True
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What are the types of changes
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Destabilization, innovation, stabilization, and generalization
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What is destabilization?
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disruption of the original error patterns
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What is innovation?
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introduction of a new system of sound contras
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What is stabilization?
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new contrasts resolve into a stable pattern of production
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What is Generalization?
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Transfer to new sounds
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What are the 3 types of goal attack strategies?
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-Vertical -Horizontal - Cycling
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What is the vertical goal attack strategy?
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One or two goals are trained to some performance criterion before proceeding to another target
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What is the horizontal gaol attack strategy?
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Multiple goals in each session
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What is the cycling goal attack strategy?
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works on multiple goals on a cyclical fashion; one or two goal are addressed for a single session; the following session, another goal is targeted
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T/F Child has to reach a certain mastery level to move on to next goal using the goal attack strategy
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False
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What is drill?
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repeating words, naming pictures (citation tasks)
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What is drill play?
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same tasks, but used with game boards, play activities
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What is the most successful strategy used?
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Drill play
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what is structural play?
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training stimuli are presented as play activities
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What are practice units?
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-phoneme -nonsense syllable -word -phrase -sentence
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What are the different types of cues?
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-auditory -visual -tactile
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What are examples of auditory cues?
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speech model
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What are examples of visual cues?
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-signs/gesture -use of mirror -diagrams -figures -letters
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What are examples of tactile cues?
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-clinician physically manipulates the place of articulation -to elicit /s/, running finger down the child's arm during production of /s/
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Hissing of the snake
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[s] sound
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lip sounds
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bilabial
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biting sounds
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labio-dental
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sound friends
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consonant clusters
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nose sounds
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nasal sounds
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What are the benefits of having individual sessions?
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may achieve outcomes faster
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What are the benefits of having group sessions?
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may be more cost-effective and provides opportunity for peer models
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What are the three assessments?
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baseline, on-going, and post
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What happens in baseline assessment?
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before treatment: How many times does a child delete final consonants?
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What happens in On-going assessment
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you take these percentage and data each session
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What are treatment targets?
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knowing when to change treatment targets
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When is it time to change treatment targets
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use accuracy criterion (75% accuracy
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Stimulus generalization
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learned responses evoked in new context (child correctly produces /t/ in "tea" when modeled, then spontaneously in another word not practiced)
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Response generalization
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responses carry over to target not addressed (e.g., teach /z/, and /s/ begins to improve)
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Are standardized tests good for generalization probes?
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No
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What kind of probes do you use in generalization probes?
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unreinforced
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What is the assumption when doing the motor approach?
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Speech disorders are peripheral production difficulty that may be related to auditory discrimination problem
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What does speech sound error mean?
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individual error on a number of single sounds
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Why do you need to present a lot of examples using the motor approach?
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repetitive practive at increasingly complex motor and linguistic levels until the target articulatory gesture becomes automatic
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What is the goal of the traditional motor approach?
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teach positioning and movement of the articulators
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What are the target selection factors for children?
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early developing, sitmulable, frequency of occurrence, most likely to interfere with intelligibility
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What are the 4 basic techniques for motor approach?
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imitating/modeling facilitating context phonetic placement shaping
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What type of training does the motor approach combine
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perceptual training and production training
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What is ear training
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perceptual training
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What is identification?
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tell me if the sound is correctly produced
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what is discrimination?
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tell me if these are the same or different
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What is auditory bombardment?
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an exercise in which children hear a target sound several times in a short period of time
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Where does production training start?
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in isolation and gradually progresses through levels which become more and more complex both meteorically and linguistically
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What are the phases of production training in order
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isolation, non sense syllable, word, phrase, sentence, conversation
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What does imitation/modeling therapy consist of?
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use auditory, visual and tactile cues "watch me and do as i do"
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What does the facilitating contexts do
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looks for key words (at least one phonetic context where sound is produced correctly)
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What is phonetic placement
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When the client is unable to imitate a target sound, SLP cues or instructs client where to place articulators
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What is shaping
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Use a sound that the client can already produce regardless of speech errors
