Theories of Counseling Quiz 1 – Flashcards
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what is the self actualizing tendency?
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1.Roger's belief that an individual is born to grow. We are considered "agents" meaning that we acknowledge that we have choice, responsibility, possibility, etc. We can trust this growing process. When humans are given this choice, they will go the way they need to go
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what is an example of self actualizing tendency?
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study on infants and diet- overtime the child ate a well balanced diet when given the choice of foods.
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what is genuineness (congruence)?
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1.part of the therapeutic triad 2.not faking or pretending- i am who i am 3.accepting (unconditional positive regard) 4."a profound interest" 5.desire to know more about a client's world- e.g. "tell me more"
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what is an example of genuineness?
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1.Roger's meta statements in session with Gloria- "i sure wish i could give you an answer about what you feel", or his invitations for repair (corrections)- Gloria said, "no, i don't think that's what im feeling at all"
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what is the ideal self (concept)?
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1.the emergent self- self concept- formed from discrepancies between the ideal and actual self 2.definition- the client's understanding of himself or herself
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what is an example of self concept?
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Karen- has low self esteem in relation to being a good wife (insight into the concept of Karen's self)
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what are two aspects of the self?
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1.ideal self- e.g. karen wants to be a better wife 2.actual self- karen sees herself as a bad wife
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how is the discrepancy between the ideal and actual self decreased?
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1. move toward the ideal 2. re-evaluate the client's concept of their actual self. They may need to begin to take responsibility and attend to the nurturing of the emergent self
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what are the conditions of worth?
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1.impact the self concept and the emergent self 2.look for these in one's experiencing and feelings- are they able to express these (one might not be in touch with these because of previous ways they have been conditioned)- e.g. "no one in the family gets mad except for dad"
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what is the goal of therapy in relation to the conditions of worth?
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1.help the client experience what he or she is experiencing and feeling what he or she is feeling. The self comes alive if we can express these
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what is unconditional positive regard?
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1."a profound interest" 2.know more about a person's world 3.good phrase to acknowledge this- "tell me more" 4.acceptance does not mean agreement with the client's actions, but we suspend judgment 5.if we don't like a client, it might be our own issues we need to work through
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what is the internal frame of reference?
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the way in which one interprets experiences and creates meaning through these experiences
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what is an example of unconditional positive regard?
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1..Roger's "not and expert" language 2.when he withholds direct responses of advice giving allowing the client to reformulate the problem
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what is empathy?
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1.understanding what it's like to live in a client's skin 2.not just understanding their problem, but understanding the impact that it has on him or her
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what is an example of empathy?
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1.reformulating the problem 2.when roger's acknowledges, "yeah that is a tough decision" in the session with Gloria
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what is phenomenology?
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1.experiencing the world through our senses- step into a person's shoes and see how they experience the world 2.Roger's argues the person is the expert in their own experience 3.who you are is more important than what you do/ the person is more important than the problem
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what is the fully functioning individual?
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another way to say a self actualized individual
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what is the locus of evaluation?
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1.An evaluation of the self (internal vs. external) 2.internal- place evaluation of self on how you feel about yourself 3.external- rely on others to provide feedback about the self
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what is the organismic valuing process?
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1.the client comes to value himself or herself 2.open to experience 3.take responsibility for life choices 4.learn to live in and be alive in the present 5.people grow at the rate that they can- if they arent growing faster it is because they can't for some reason
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what is the one basic tendency of the human organism according to Rogers?
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1.self actualization- we are born to grow 2.we are capable to grow toward that which will make us healthy 3.growth requires the right conditions from the therapist and in the client
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what three qualities must therapists possess to provide an environment for self-directed growth in clients?
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1.genuineness (congruence) 2.empathy- identify where the client is, where they want to be, and how to get there 3.unconditional positive regard 4.these traits are more important than the character of a therapist- these are more important than techniques
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describe the process of person centered therapy. how does it begin? continue? terminate?
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1. precontemplation stage- no intention of change in the future. The therapist assumes the role of a nurturing parent at this stage 2. contemplation stage- aware of problem- considering overcoming it. Therapist assumes role of a socratic teacher encouraging the client to achieve own insight 3. Preparation Stage- take action immediately, small behavioral changes. Therapist is an experienced coach 4. Action Stage- taking steps to solve the problem. Therapist is a consultant 5. Maintenance Stage- work to keep what has been gained and prevent relapse. Therapist is a consultant- the client is becoming autonomous
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Describe the therapist's role and relationship to the client?
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1.therapist's attitude more important than techniques- because of this, the client can explore what has not been previously explored 2.be present and help client focus on current experience be genuine, empathic, and show unconditional pos. regard 3.equality- clients begin to see their value and that they have the capacity to grow 4.no specific roles established by the therapist- the client has the capacity to create these and find own answers
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describe the person-centered understanding of health and psychopathology. What qualities characterize a self-actualizing person?
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1.openness to experience 2.trust themselves 3.internal source of evaluation 4.willingness to continue to grow
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what are the goals of person centered therapy?
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1.focus on the client, NOT the problem 2.client achieve independence 3.grow toward self-actualization
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describe some techniques used in person centered therapy.
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1.doesn't use techniques- focus on being present with the person and gaining awareness of their perceptions and feelings 2. immediacy- address what is going on with the client and therapist in their current relationship, or what the client is experiencing at the moment 3. Emotion Focused Therapy- become aware of emotions that the client experiences
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what is the role/function of diagnosis and testing in person-centered therapy?
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1.the best source of knowledge is from the client himself or herself 2. what matters is the client's self assessment rather than the tests that the therapist uses
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What are some ways the Christian faith can be integrated with person-centered theory/therapy?
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1. can't separate who you are from what you do 2. Communicates care/understanding through summarization and mirroring 3. connection of grace/acceptance- if we ask ourselves what grace feels like, it's acceptance 4. "parakletic" nature- one who comes alongside of 5. deep respect for clients provides conditions for growth, which provide what is necessary to reach the fully functioning individual 6. Focuses on goodness of humans, which does not allow for dehumanization of clients (an aspect of respect) 7. imitates agape love 8. allows for an emphasis on freedom and choice 9. self awareness- provides for the spiritual dimension to be incorporated. The depth of search determines the level of spirituality. Allows for maturity in Christ. 10. reaching ideal self- we are made in the image of God and this is a continual process of achieving this.
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What are the dangers of person centered therapy in relation to a Christian perspective?
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1.doesn't appreciate the tragic side of humans 2.therapeutic techniques are generalized to all other relationships 3. theory of self actualization vs. caring for others. It leaves God and others out of it and focuses on the self. 4. if i'm not self actualizing, i'm not doing what i was created to do 5. if it is an obligation, then it becomes something that must be done- e.g. if a spouse is no longer helping you self actualize then you have a moral obligation to get rid of them 6. emphasizes a perfect human therapist- humans cant ever measure up to God, or provide true agape love 7. over confidence in the self- we are held accountable for our actions 8. Meaning of life is not found in uncertainty, rather, living in accordance with God's will.
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What is Logotherapy?
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1. Viktor Frankl's theory 2. therapy through meaning 3. lived in a concentration camp and this theory was formed out of his belief that there must be some reason to live. What made a person want to live before the camp? 4. 3 ways to create meaning (active deeds (job, loving others), enduring suffering (mostly our attitude), experiencing a spiritual reality- for us this would be God.)
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what is inauthentic?
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1.when a person does not accept freedom and responsibility to create his or her own destiny. 2.Authenticity implies that we have the courage to be who we are.
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What is the difference in existence vs. essence?
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1.existence- asks, "why is there something instead of nothing"? 2. essence- "what is the foundational essence of a human"? e.g. are we basically good or evil?
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what is "becoming"?
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takes courage to be choices determine who we become constant struggle- want to grow toward maturity we realize that this is a painful process. (struggle between security of dependence and joys of painful growth)
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what is "being in the world"?
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1.. our ability to reflect on life events and attribute meaning to these events. 2. therapist must enter the client's subjective world without ways of interfering with the experiential understanding
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what is alienation?
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..
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what is normal anxiety?
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1. an appropriate response to an event that is faced by a person 2. does not have to be repressed- can be used as a motivator for change 3. present at all times in response to the inevitability of our own death- does NOT need to be eliminated
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what is neurotic anxiety?
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1. anxiety that is out of proportion to the event 2. out of awareness 3. immobilizes a person
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what is responsibility in existential therapy?
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we are free to choose how to shape our destinies. With freedom comes responsibility for our lives, actions, failures, etc.
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Summarize Kierkegaard's existential psychology. What is the central task of life? What are the polarities of human existence? How do humans respond to these?
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1., philosopher who wrote about anxiety 2. believed that anxiety helps us create a self 3. we must have angst or we will go through life as sleepwalkers 4. "sickness unto death" comes out of not being true to ourselves 5. we need a leap of faith in making choices 6. focus on creating ourselves rather that discovering who we are
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What is the central tendency in humans, according to Frankl?
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will to meaning
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what are the core assumptions of existential therapy? What is the basic nature of the human condition according to existentialists?
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1. respects the person 2. balance between recognizing limits and tragedies and realizing the possibilities in life 3. current focus is on one's experience of being alone and facing anxiety and isolation (in the end we are alone) 4. we continually re-create ourselves through projects: 1) self awareness- the greater our awareness, the greater the possibilities 2) freedom and responsibility to create our destiny 3) capacity of good and evil 5. anxiety is the core of human existence- the thought of nothingness creates anxiety- facing mortality creates anxiery 6. the goal of therapy is to manage anxiety about death but not to get rid of it
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What is the role of anxiety in existential thought? The role of death?
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1. we are anxious about the inevitability of our death. We must create meaning in the present. This motivates us 2. Therapy focuses on whether or not the person is doing what they value 3. death serves as an evaluation of how the present life is being lived 4. when we accept death, we realize that we have choices, actions matter, and we begin to accept responsibility
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Name the core goals of existential therapy? What does it mean to live authentically?
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1.. help clients to become more present in themselves and others 2. identify what keeps them from living in the present 3. challenge clients to assume responsibility for present lives 4. live life to the fullest 5. living authentically means that we have the courage to be who we are and assume responsibility and realize our freedom
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what is the therapist's role and relationship to the client?
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1. understand the world of the client 2. help the client to come up with new options and accept responsibility 3. if a client blames others, help him or her to see how he/she contributes to the situation 4. be authentic with clients 5. remove road blocks
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describe the therapeutic process/phases of existential therapy.
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1. Initial phase- identify and clarify assumptions of world 2. middle phase- examine the source of authority and their value system- realize what kind of life they think is worthy of living 3. final phase- help clients put what they have learned into action and discover strengths.
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What is the role of techniques in existential therapy?
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1. may use some, but not necessary to 2. strive to understand the client's view of his or her world 3. don't prefer diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis
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How is secular existentialism different from Kierkegaardian existentialism?
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1.. secular emphasizes that life's events are based on cause and effect, but there is not a main purpose in life 2. kierkegaard would claim that life's event are through cause and effect, but there is a main purpose 3. anxiety helps us learn the valor of things- e.g. the death of a loved one allows a person to understand the valor and purpose in that person's life
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What are some ways existential theory is similar to/different from Roger's theory?
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1. Both have deep respect for client and use aspects of the therapeutic triad 2. emphasis on therapeutic relationship 3. doesnt emphasize techniques 4. person centered- to understand the client's experience; existential- find meaning in life 5. person centered- clients grow toward self actualization; existentialism- clients grow to find meaning 6. both focus on present, but existential look more into the future to see what is blocking fully living in the present 7. both seek for the client to be aware and alive in the present 8. focus on the client finding answers 9. the client has the capacity toward growth and meaning
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what are some ways Existential Therapy can be integrated with Christian faith?
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1.deep respect for client 2. deals with existential issues such as death, freedom, meaninglessness, and isolation, but does not provide biblical answers 3. individual has freedom and choice to define himself/herself 4. concept of becoming- toward God 5. acknowledges existential vacuum- to integrate into a Christian perspective one would say there is no meaning without God 6. reminds us to deal deeply with emptiness and meaninglessness- a christian approach would deal with sin and despair too. Causes the person to see God and what it truly means to "be" 7. logotherapy acknowledges religious values in finding meaning 8. mimics agape love
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What are some dangers in integrating Existential therapy with Christian faith?
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1. agape love and the therapeutic relationship cannot fully resemble God. 2. too much emphasis on therapeutic relationship. Therapist may mislead client in helping him/her find meaning 3.too much emphasis on self and not God- only God has answers 4.unbiblical to core existential values of freedom, meaninglessness, isolation, and death 5. God and eternal life are the answer to death and mortality 6. only God can fill existential vacuum 7.becoming should be focused toward God 8. values constructed by the self are not God's values 9. emphasis is on experience and objective values over religion and God's truths
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What is the phenomenological perspective?
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1. individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing environments 2. emphasizes awareness, choice, and responsibility 3. phenomenological because it focuses on the client's PERCEPTION of reality, and existential because the client is constantly becoming, remaking, and rediscovering himself or herself. 4. phenomenological inquiry- what is occurring now- e.g. "How are you attempting to withdraw at this moment?"
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what are the figure-ground perceptions?
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1. gestalt therapy focuses on thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body's, memories, and dreams 2. figure- most salient at the moment 3. ground- aspects out of awareness (found in gestures, tones, nonverbal's) 4. ground is referred to as "attending to the obvious"
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what is the figure-formation process?
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some part of the ground (background) emerges to become a focal point in one's life (the figure)
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what is an impasse?
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1. the stuck point 2. the client cannot get external support and the ways that have previously worked are no longer working 3. therapist helps a client to experience fully "being stuck" without saving them or making them frustrated
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what is contact?
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interaction with others and the environment in a way that allows the client to maintain a sense of self and individuality
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what is resistance/avoidance?
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1. a way of coping usually due to awareness- can become dysfunctional 2. often called "contact boundary phenomena"
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what are the 5 kinds of resistance/avoidance (contact boundary phenomena)?
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1. introjection- accept the beliefs of others without making them congruent with who we are 2. projection- disown certain aspects of ourself by blaming it on others or the environment. We blame because it is not congruent with our self-image. Often these people feel like victims 3. retroflection- turning back on ourselves what we would like to do to someone else, or doing to ourselves what we would like for someone to do to us (e.g. self mutilation, depression, psychosomatic complaints) 4. deflection- distracting in order to maintain a sustained sense of contact (e.g. overuse of humor) 5. confluence- blurring differentiation between the self and environment
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what are polarities/dichotomies?
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1. a split in which a person experiences or sees opposing forces 2. e.g weak/strong; dependent/independent
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what is unfinished business?
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1. might be manifested in unexpressed feelings such as resentment, rage, pain, hatred, anxiety, guilt, etc. 2. interferes with present awareness 3. tend to result in physical sensations or problems
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what is talking about vs. experiencing?
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1. many clients talk about feelings rather than experiencing them in the here and now 2. aim is for clients to become aware of present experience 3. e.g. stan was asked to tell the dream as if it were happening at the present moment 4. Josephine talks about sadness, etc and the therapist gauges anxiety and comes up with further interventions
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what is the here and now?
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1. fully appreciate what is in the present moment 2. focus on past is a way to avoid the present 3. phenomenological inquiry- therapists ask how and what questions to help a person realize what is happening now, but rarely ask why questions- also involves suspending any preconceived notions or assumptions (e.g. "what are you doing to withdraw at the moment?"
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what is the I-thou/it-thou dialogue?
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1. i- refers to the agent; it- if the other becomes an object. (look at the rest on email)
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what is the view of the human in Gestalt? What causes pathology? What helps it get better?
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1. reintegration of parts of self that have been disowned 2. clients have capacity toward a meaningful existence 3. the more we work toward something that we are not, the more we stay the same (paradoxical theory of change) 4. field theory- must be seen in the context of environment 5. clients move toward awareness, assume ownership of experience, develop skills to satisfy needs without disrespecting others, become aware of senses, accept responsibility, give help and ask for help
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what are the main goals of Gestalt therapy? Describe the process of gestalt therapy.
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1. aim for awareness and contact with environment- consists of internal and external worlds 2. reown parts of self that have been disowned 3. 6 methodological parts (continuum of experience,here and now, paradoxical theory of change, the experiment- way for client to reach awareness, authentic encounter, process oriented diagnosis) 4. stay with awareness and unfinished business will emerge
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what is the therapist's role and relationship to the client?
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1. attention to body language- represents feelings of unawareness 2. alert to gaps and incongruencies in nonverbals and communication 3. view clients as experts 4. value self discovery and that clients can find blocks in awareness 5. dont force change- use i/thou dialogue and here and now framework 6. direct toward self awareness instead of goals 7. clients role- discovery, accommodation (realize they have a choice), and assimilation (how to influence environment) 8. person of therapist is more important than techniques
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describe some techniques used in Gestalt therapy. what is the function of techniques in gestalt therapy?
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1. it talk- clients say i to assume responsibility 2. you talk- change to i to take blame off others 3. questions change to statements 4. change language that denies power- e.g. saying i cant and changing it to i wont asserts power 5. listen to a clients metaphors- help them translate these 6. listen to language that uncovers a story 7. person of therapist is more important than techniques 8. exercises- used to achieve a goal 9. experiments- used to heighten awareness 10. empty chair technique- role playing 11. making the rounds- purpose is confrontation 12. reversal exercise- do the very thing they are afraid of 13. rehearsal exercise- share what is rehearsed silently 14. stay with the feeling 15. exaggeration exercise 16. dream work- experience as if happening now
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describe the paradoxical theory of change. Describe the 5 layers of neurosis.
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1. phony layer- interaction with others is fake or inauthentic- e.g. being nice in order to get something 2. phobic layer- avoid or deny emotional pain- e.g not admitting that a relationship has ended 3.impasse layer- feels stuck and afraid to change- e.g. no longer loving a spouse but staying in a relationship 4. implosive layer- aware of one's real self and experiences, but does not do much about them 5. explosive layer- more authentic and real without pretense and experiences feelings fully
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describe ways in which people resist authentic living
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1. introjection- taking others beliefs without seeing if they are congruent with who we are 2. projection- disowning parts of our self and placing it on others 3. retroflection- turning back on ourselves what we want to do to others or what we want them to do to us 4. deflection- distraction where it is difficult to maintain a sense of contact 5. confluence- blurring differentiation between self and environment
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what are some ways Gestalt therapy and Christian faith can be integrated?
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1. emphasis on being real and authentic 2. confronting and overcoming self 3. taking responsibility for one's self and growth- affirms seeking truth in order to be set free and take responsibility for one's choices and behaviors 4. focus on present experience in the moment
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what are some dangers in the integration of Gestalt?
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1. focuses on the here and now too much- doesn't give hope for a biblical future 2. emphasis on awareness negates the biblical perception of focusing on the transformed self. 3. we are set free by knowing truth not ourselves 4. positive view of man- disregards the nature of the fallen man 5. emphasis on self can lead to self worship- (e.g. in a marriage if a spouse no longer helps the other person self actualize then a divorce is ok)
