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involves distinguishing one illness from another

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diagnosis

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refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

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etiology

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is a forecast about the probable course of an illness

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prognosis

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is marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat - chronic, high-level anxiety, not distinct source - worry about worrying - 5% - women 2: men 1

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generalized anxiety disorder

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involves a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger (spiders) - 10% - women 2: men 1

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specific phobia

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is characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

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panic disorder

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which is a fear of going out to public places

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agoraphobia

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is marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) - 2-3% - equal in men and women

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event examples; Nightmares, flashbacks, emotional numbness, sleeplessness, hyper-vigilance, irritability, anxiety, anger, problems w/social relations

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posttraumatic stress disorder

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indicted the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

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concordance rate

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are a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

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dissociative disorders

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is a sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting... often following a traumatic event but without and any clear brain injury

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dissociative amnesia

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loss of memory for one's entire life and loss of personal identity (all of a sudden)

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Dissociative Fugue

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involves a disruptions of identity marked by the experience of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities (multiple personality disorder)

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dissociative identity disorder

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people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure - Lasts without remission for at least 2 weeks - Unipolar & tends to be episodic - 13-16% - Women 2: Men 1 - tends to be episodic (comes and go)

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major depressive disorder

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- Less severe form of major depressive disorder, but long-lasting (at least 2 years) - Chronic; unipolar

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dysthymia

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a diminished ability to experience pleasure

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anhedonia

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is marked by the experience of both depressed and manic periods - Etiology: familial, serotonin imbalance - 1% of population - Seen equally in males & females - highest incidence with suicide in manic state

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bipolar disorder

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* marked by when a person cant distinguish from what is real from what is not real - positive symptoms: things that are added in ppl w/schiz. delusions (fixed false beliefs), hallucinations (sensory distortion = sense of crawling under skin, smelling dead), disorganized thinking/speech - negative symptoms: things that are lacking in ppl w/schiz. Flat/inappropriate affect, Social withdrawal, Inability to initiate activity, Poor grooming

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schizophrenia

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- Etiology: genetic link, excess dopamine; risk increase if use marijuana/other drugs - Onset Age 18-25 in men, 25-30 in women 1% of population * doesn't occur until age 20 or so * deterioration of grey/white matter in brain

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etiology of schizophrenia

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are false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality

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delusions

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are sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input

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hallucinations

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is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally over involved attitudes toward the patient

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expressed emotion

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are a class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

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personality disorders

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is marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior (sociopath, lack of conscious) ex) Egocentric, deceitful, manipulative, convinced of their own superiority, impulsive, lacks remorse or guilt, never admit to wrongdoing

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antisocial personality disorder

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is marked by instability in social relationships, self-image, and emotional functioning ex) Unstable & intense swings of emotion, anger, depression, frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, dichotomous-like thinking, self-harm

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borderline personality disorder

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is marked by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a sense of entitlement, and an excessive need for attention and admiration

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narcissistic personality disorder

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people with these disorders have intense, unstable emotions and distorted self-images. For people with histrionic personality disorder, their self-esteem depends on the approval of others and does not arise from a true feeling of self-worth. They have an overwhelming desire to be noticed, and often behave dramatically or inappropriately to get attention.

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histrionic personality disorder

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are severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight

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eating disorders

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involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and use of dangerous measures to lose weight

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anorexia nervosa

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involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating, followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise

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bulimia nervosa

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involves distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging, fasting, and excessive exercise seen in bulimia

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binge-eating disorder

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specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems

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clinical psychologists/counseling psychologists

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are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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psychiatrists

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talk therapy, clients discuss their problems 1) Psychoanalysis 2) Group therapy 3) Client-centered therapy

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insight therapies

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(Freud) emphasizes recovery of unconscious conflicts and motives - free association - dream analysis - interpretation (attempt to explain significance of clients thoughts and behaviors)

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psychoanalysis

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clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible

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free association

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the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

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dream analysis

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refers to largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy

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resistance

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occurs when clients start relating to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationship in their lives

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transference

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(Rogers) provides a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a large role in determining the pace and direction of therapy - unconditional positive regard for client (therapist should show complete genuine nonjudgmental acceptance) - motivational interviewing (open ended questions helps clients envision a better future and achieve it without telling them what to fix)

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client-centered therapy

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is the simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group

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group therapy

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involve the application of the principles of learning and conditioning to direct efforts to change clients' maladaptive behaviors 1) Aversion therapy 2) Systematic Desensitization 3) Cognitive-behavioral therapy

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behavior therapies

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Unwanted behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus ex) antabuse; gives instant hangover, drink it when distressing thought and then feel horrible due to drink ex) rubberband; distressing thought = snap rubber band on wrist

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aversion therapy

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Used to treat phobias - A new relaxation response is substituted for an old fear response STEPS: Anxiety hierarchy of fearful events Client trained in relaxation Client exposed to feared event Client uses relaxation while exposed Client moves up hierarchy of events

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systemic desensitization

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uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders

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cognitive therapy

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Use verbal interventions & behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking. Cognitive component: Identifying Thought Patterns, People focus on insignificant (-) events rather than (+) Behavioral component: Thoughts influence feelings & behaviors, If we can change thought patterns, we can feel & act better

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cognitive-behavioral treatments

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clients are confronted with situations they fear so they learn that these situations are really harmless

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exposure therapies

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is a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping

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social skills training

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are physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders 1) Medication 2) ECT

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biomedical therapies

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reduce tension, apprehension, and nervousness

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anti anxiety drugs

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are used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions

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antipsychotic drugs

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is a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet

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tardive dyskinesia

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gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression

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antidepressant drugs

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are drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

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mood stabilizers

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is a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

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electroconvulsive therapy

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in the practice of therapy involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system

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eclecticism

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1) deviance 2) maladaptiveness (harmful dysfunction; cutting) 3) personal distress

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3 elements of abnormality

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means we can treat mental illness like a broken leg. Go to doctor, find diagnosis. Reduce mental illness stigma: diagnosis, etiology (cause of disorder), prognosis (forecast about the probably course of a disorder) *proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

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medical model of abnormality

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big book of psychological disorders (541 disorders)

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DSM

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- The treatments for mental illness are at least as successful as the treatments for physical illnesses such as heart disease 1st episode of schizophrenia: 60% Major depression: 65-70% Bipolar: 80%

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success rates for treating mental illness

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15% of the population seeks Tx Variety of reasons Depression & Anxiety most common More women than men

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Who tends to seek treatment, and for what?

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a condition in which you show psychological stress in physical ways. The condition was so named to describe a health problem that starts as a mental or emotional crisis — a scary or stressful incident of some kind — and converts to a physical problem.

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Conversion disorder

Chapters 14+15 – Flashcards

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