Medical Term Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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Cyst-o
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Bladder
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Glomerul-o
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Glomerulus
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Nephr-o / Ren-o
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Kidney
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Pyel-o
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Renal pelvis
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Ureter-o
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Ureter
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Urethr-o
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Urethra
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Vesic-o
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Bladder
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Dips-o
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Thirst
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Kal-o
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Potassium
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Ket-o / Keton-o
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Ketones
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Natr-o
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Sodium
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Noct-o
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Night
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Olig-o
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Scant, few
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Poietin
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Substance that forms
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Function of Kidneys
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Filtration -Water, salts, sugar, urea, waste Secretion of hormones -Renin, erythropoietin, calciferol
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How the Kidneys Filter
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-Aorta--> renal arteries--> arterioles -Glomeruli filter and prevent blood cells and proteins from leaving the blood -Renal tubule: most of the H2O, sugar, Na+ and reabsorbed and enter bloodstream -Collecting tubule: contains urine (water, urea, creatine, salts, acids, medications)
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Cystitis
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UTI -More in women -E.coli most common etiological agent SYMPTOMS -Urgency, dysuria, suprapubic/low back pain, low-grade fever DIAGNOSIS -Urine culture: catheterized / suprapubic tap is the best TREAT -Antibiotics
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Glomerulonephritis (What is it?)
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Inflammation of the kidney glomerulus: most commonly infection -Most commonly streptococcal Damages renal glomerulus Most patients recover, some develop chronic condition -Patients will have hypertension, albuminuria, may develop renal failure and uremia 60% of cases in children 2-12 y/o -10% older than 40 y/o -Male:Female = 60:40
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Glomerulonephritis (Signs/Symptoms/Treatment)
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SIGNS/SYMPTOMS -Edema (pulmonary, peripheral, periorbital), dark urine, hypertension, tenderness in abdomen/back, urinalysis = hematuria, red cell casts, proteinuria TREATMENT -Outpatients (most), decrease salt until hypertension/edema clear, restrict protein, avoid high potassium, severe = renal dialysis/transplant
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Interstitial Nephritis
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Inflammation of renal interstitium -connective tissue between renal tubules -reaction to medication/connective tissue disorders SIGN/SYMPTOMS -Dysuria, marked frequency of small amounts of urine, urgency, tenderness of bladder base, fever, skin rash, eosinophils in blood/urine Usually women 20-50 -kidney biopsy for definite diagnosis -corticosteroids can help in treatment -urine culture is STERILE
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Nephrolithiasis
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Kidney stones -stones in urinary tract -calcium or uric acid -start proximally, move distally, get stuck -higher incidence in stone belt (Southeastern USA) -Male>female (3-4:1)
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Nephrolithiasis (Signs/symptoms)
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SIGNS/SYMPTOMS -renal colic (sudden onset, agonizing flank pain, cycling, radiation to abdomen/groin/labia) -tachycardia -diaphoresis -N/ w-or-w/o V -abdominal tenderness on deep palpation -Ileus -costovertebral angle tenderness (CVA tenderness) -hematuria -urinary frequency -chills, fever, pyuria (if infected)
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Nephrolithiasis (Treatment)
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Outpatient 80-90% Inpatient if -Intractable pain, nausea, vomiting -signs of infection -non-functioning kidney -stone larger than 6mm Pain control, Hydration (2-3L/day), Strain urine to recover stone Treatment with ESWL -Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy Cystoscopy with basket extraction
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Staghorn calculi
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Large stones spreading over a large part of the collecting system of the kidney
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Nephrotic syndrome
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Groups of symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine -Nephrosis -May be caused by glomerulonephritis/prior infection -may occur in patients with cancer High urine protein excretion Peripheral edema Hypoalbuminemia Hypercholesterolemia Ascites, anasarca, hypertension, pleural effusion, significant weight gain Treated with LASIX and ACE inhibitors to reduce proteinuria
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Polycystic kidneys (What is it?)
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Inherited disorder: developmental and growth of cysts in kidneys - In cortex and medulla -In 5-10% patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) Hereditary -1:400 -- 1:1000 Two types -Asymptomatic until adulthood (3rd/4th decade) -Acute renal failure in children/infants
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Polycystic kidneys (Signs/symptoms)
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-Hypertension -Hematuria, micro/macroscopic -Palpable kidneys -Hepatomegaly -Abdominal pain -Flank pain -Nocturia, dysuria, polyuria -1/2 progress to renal failure
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Pyelonephritis (What it is?)
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Kidney infection -Infection of pyelo-calyceal system -Renal pelvis and renal medulla -Localized flank/back pain, fever/chills/prostration -Bacteremia --> septic shock --> death -Can produce abscess -Leukocyte casts -Recurrent can cause scarring in the kidney --Most common in sexually active females
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Pyelonephritis (Sign/symptoms)
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-Fever (>38.5/chills -Unilateral/bilateral pain in lumbar region -Malaise/myalgia -Anorexia/ N/V / diarrhea -Frequency/urgency/suprapubic discomfort Can be diagnosed with -Renal sonogram -Contrast enhanced CT -Can treat as outpatient
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Renal Cell Carcinoma
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Hypernephroma -Cancerous tumor in adulthood -Most common is renal cell carcinoma -Male greater than female 2:1 -No physical findings to septic shock Risk factors -Smoking, obesity, diuretics, asbestos Symptoms -Hematuria -Commonly metastasizes to bone/lung Nephrectomy
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Renal Failure
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Failure of kidney to excrete urine -GFR highly affected -ESRD (End stage renal disease) Symptoms -Peripheral edema, skin pallor, eccymosis, oliguria, delirium, lethargy
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Pre/Post/Intrinsic Renal
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Prerenal -Inadequate perfusions, hypovolemia, CHF, cirrhosis, sepsis Postrenal -Outlet obstruction, ureteral obstruction, renal vein occlusion Intrinsic -Glomerulonephritis, ATN, drug toxicity, contrast nephropathy
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Renal Hypertension
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High blood pressure from kidney disease -Renovascular hypertension -Fibromuscular dysplasia Most common cause of secondary hypertension Essential hypertension: cause not known
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Wilm's Tumor
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Malignant kidney tumor in childhood -2nd most common tumor in childhood (most common is neuroblastoma) Treat with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy -Abdominal mass, hematuria, pain -Usually before age 5 2 year survival rate: 80% 5 year survival rate: 50%
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Bladder Cancer
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2nd most common genitourinary cancer in adults -most common is prostate cancer 2-3 times more common in men Cigg. smoking is associated with 35-65% Occupational exposure -Dye, textile, tires, rubber MOST COMMONLY PAINLESS GROSS HEMATURIA -Most commonly transitional cells -90% of bladder cancer is transitional cells
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Bladder Cancer (Sign/Symptoms)
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Hematuria -GROSS -Microscopic Irritative urinary symptoms -Pain, burning, frequency, incomplete emptying
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Bladder Cancer (Diagnosis/treatment)
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May include -Urine testing cytology -IV pyelogram -Cystoscopy -Biopsy -Transurethral resection Treatment -Intravesicular BCG infusions, chemotherapy, cystectomy, radiation
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Diabetes Insipidus
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Inadequate secretion (neurogenic) or resistance to (nephrogenic) ADH -tasteless urine -polyuria 2.5-6L daily -Polydipsia esp. cold/iced (makes up for fluid loss) Treat with -DDAVP (Demopressin acetate) -Nasal spray -removes symptoms does not cure disease
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Autoimmune inadequate secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization/resistance (Type 2) to insulin -Glycosuria -Polyuria (sugar raises osmotic pressure and causes water loss) -Hyperglycemia DM = 5-7% of population 8% of all legal blindness 2x increased risk for cardiovascular disease Leading cause of ESRD in US
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GFR
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Glomerular filtration rate -Normal: 90-120ml/min The BEST way to test for renal failure Stages (units = eGFR) 1: >90 2: 60-90 3: 30-60 4: 15-30 5: <15
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BUN
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Blood urea nitrogen -Test w/ creatine test to eval. kidney function -Monitor acute/chronic kidney dysfunction/failure Also part of a basic metabolic panel or complete metabolic panel (BMP or CMP) Measures urea level in blood
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BMP/CMP
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Basic/complete metabolic panel BMP -Glucose, BUN, creatinine, electrolytes CMP -Glucose, BUN, creatinine, electrolytes, LFTs (ALT [sgpt] AST [sgot] ALP)
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Creatinine clearance test
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Measures rate at which creatinine is cleared from body 2 parts -Immediate blood test -24 hour later TOTAL volume of urine tested (each urination collected) Evaluates kidney function Can evaluate GFR
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IVP
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Intravenous pyelogram -Also called excretory urogram -X-ray of kidneys/bladder Uses IODINE to contrast
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Many contrast kidney tests can cause
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TOXICITY -Thus, before you schedule a test see if other ways ESP. because don't want to make situation worse
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KUB
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder -flat plate of the abdomen This is a name for an X-RAY w/o contrast
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Renal Angiography
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X-ray study w/dye to look at renal arteries -small tube is placed into arterial system by means of a femoral catheter advancement -X-ray contrast is injected into arteries and X-rays are made -if found constricted, renal angioplasty can be done immediately
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Retrograde Pyelogram
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Cystoscopy performed to locate opening of ureter from bladder -contrast agent injected directly into the opening and x-ray performed: locate kidney stone / other abnormality -eliminates risk for allergic reaction to dye, but requires anesthesia.
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VCUG
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Voiding cystourethrogram -Test measures bladder function -Radiopaque dye is injected into catheter to fill bladder -X-rays performed after cath. taken out to determine is urine is leaving via. urethra or is backing up ureters.
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Vesicourethral reflux
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Urine floods back up the ureters from the bladder -treated with long term antibiotics (to prevent infection) -more common in children, tend to outgrow (development makes more room for urine)
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Radioisotope scan
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Image of kidney after injecting a radioactive substance into bloodstream -Isotope concentrates in kidney Determines -Size of blood vessels -Kidney function -Diagnoses obstruction
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Cystoscopy
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Telescope inserted into bladder via urethra -aids in diagnosis of lower urinary tract symptoms, could be part of treatment for condition IE bladder tumor 2 types of cystoscopes -Rigid: rigid scope, used with high intensity light and allows other instruments to be attached -Flexible: more common, fiberoptic instrument, can bend easily, maneuverable tip that can bend along curves of urethra
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ESWL
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Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy -used to break up kidney stones -sound waves used
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Renal angioplasty
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Repair of renal arteries -dilates the stenosis -done via balloon, then stent placed
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Renal biopsy
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Multiple ways -Ultrasound guided -CT scan -Trans-jugular: runs biopsy cath through neck vein
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Urinary catheterization
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Any tube put into tube system placed in body to drain and collect urine from the bladder -Most common is the Foley catheter -Suprapubic: placed through abdomen into bladder for urine drainage
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Glomerular Filtration
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Water, sugar, wastes, salts filtered out -proteins are kept in
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Tubular reabsorption
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Water, sugar, some salts reabsorbed
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Tubular secretion
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Acid, potassium, some drugs excreted (secreted)
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Whole unit in kidney called?
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Nephron
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Order of filtration?
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Blood-->Glomerulus-->Glomerular capsule-->renal tubule-->penal pelvis-->ureter-->bladder-->urethra-->urinary meatus
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Calyx
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Cup like collecting region of the renal pelvis
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Erythropoietin
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EPO -hormone secreted by kidneys to make more erythrocytes
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Glomerulus
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Tiny ball of capillaries
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Hilum
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Depression in organ where vessels enter/leave
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Meatus
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Opening/canal
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Renal pelvis
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Central collecting region in kidney
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Renin
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Hormone secreted by kidney -Causes vasodilation -Raises blood pressure
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Trigone
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Triangular area in urinary bladder
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Cali-o / Calic-o
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Calyx
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Meat-o
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Meatus
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Trigon-o
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Trigone
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Albumin-o
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Albumin
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Azot-o
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Nitrogen
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Hydronephrosis
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Kidneys filled with water due to stone blocking outpu
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Hydroureter
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Ureter filled with water because of stone in ureter
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Nephrostomy
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Small opening to outside of body from renal pelvis, used in hydronephrosis
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Ureteroileostomy
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Bladder removed -section of ileum removed and attached to ureters -that ureteroileo-section is attached to outside of body
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Uremia
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Illness associated with failing kidneys, due to toxic waste buildup in blood
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CAPD
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Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis -Dialysate is catheterized into peritoneum, allowed to filter through, and eventually removed by drainage -New dialysate is added and bag changed
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HD
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Hemodialysis -Blood is removed and filtered outside of the nody by a kidney machine
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Abrrv: ADH
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Antidiuretic hormone -also called vasopressin
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Abrrv: ARF
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Acute renal failure
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Abrrv: BILI
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Bilirubin
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Abrrv: BUN
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Blood urea nitrogen
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Abrrv: CAPD
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Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
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Abrrv: Cath
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Catheter
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Abrrv: CCPD
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Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (done during sleep)
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Abrrv: CKD
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Chronic kidney disease -Creatine/BUN levels rise -
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Abrrv: CRCL
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Creatinine clearance
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Abrrv: CRF
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Chronic renal failure
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Abrrv: C&S
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Culture and sensitivity testing -determines sensitivity of urine sample bacteria to different antibiotics
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Abrrv: ESWL
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Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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Abrrv: GFR
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Glomerular Filtration Rate
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Abrrv: HD
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Hemodialysis
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Abrrv: IC
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Interstitial cystitis -chronic inflammation of bladder wall -not caused by bacteria
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Abrrv: KUB
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Kidney, ureters, bladder (X-ray, no contrast)
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Abrrv: PD
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Peritoneal dialysis
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Abrrv: pH
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-log hydrogen Low = acidic = high level H High = basic = low level H
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Abrrv: PKD
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Polycystic kidney disease
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Abrrv: PKU
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Phenylketonuria
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Abrrv: PUL
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Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
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Abrrv: RP
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Retrograde pyelogram
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Abrrv: sp gr
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Specific gravity
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Abrrv: UA
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Urinalysis
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Abrrv: UTI
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Urinary tract infection
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Abrrv: VCUG
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Voiding cystourethrogram
