question

what is the public health crisis in the US? what is a health consequence? (think about how long children will live)

answer

-obesity -health consequences are so severe that medical experts have warned that our children could be on track to live shorter lives than their parents

question

US has dubious distinction of being among the_nations on Earth

answer

fattest

question

obesogenic (what it is, 3 characteristics, definition)

answer

-characterized by environments that promote increased food intake, nonhealthful foods, and physical inactivity -refers to conditions that lead people to become excessively fat

question

obesity (compare to healthy levels)

answer

body weight that is more than 20% above recommended levels for health

question

overweight (compare to obesity, compare to healthy levels)

answer

-less extreme than obesity but still damaging -body weight more than 10% above healthy levels

question

how is obesity progressing in US? how this applies to children vs adults?

answer

-increasing levels of obesity -rate of increase in obesity began to slow between 1999 and 2008 for many populations, but current rates are still extremely high -obesity has tripled among children and doubled among adults in recent decades

question

body mass index that indicates obesity

answer

-body mass index of 30 or higher, or about 30 pounds overweight for a person 5 feet 4 inches tall

question

percentages of US adults with obesity or overweight? (overall, men, women)

answer

-more than 68% of US adults overall -72.3% men -64.1% women

question

percentages of men vs women classified as obese

answer

32% of men 35.5% of women

question

obesity has increased risk for_(2 examples)

answer

-heart diseases -diabetes -other health complications associated with obesity

question

research points to higher obesity risk for what population for adults? most notably who? what percentage?

answer

-higher obesity risks among adults of different ethnicities, most notably African American women, who have been found to have rates of overweight/obesity as high as 80%

question

what populations have high obesity risks for children?(2)

answer

-similar racial disparities (ethnicity) exists for both children and adolescents, particularly among Native American/Alaskan Natives and Hispanic populations

question

obesity rates have_for both sexes, all ages, all racial/ethnic groups, all educational levels, and all smoking levels

answer

-increased and remain high

question

while_is the leading cause of preventable death in America, _is second and gaining ground

answer

-smoking -obesity

question

obesity and inactivity increase the risk from three of our leading killers:_ (diseases), and disability from_.

answer

-heart disease, cancer, strokes -disability from arthirtiis another aliments

question

what is another major obesity-associated problem? (disease)

answer

diabetes

question

what are other diseases associated with obesity?

answer

-gallstones -sleep apnea -osteoarthritis -several cancers

question

Besides health consequences, what is another concern regarding obesity in US?

answer

-financial costs -the estimated annual cost of obesity in the US exceeds $147 billion in medical expenses and lost productivity

question

other problems associated with obesity? (besides financial and health)

answer

-social isolation -diminished quality of life -discrimination against overweight individuals -disability of mobility and activities of daily living

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: mental health (1)

answer

-increased rates of depression and anxiety disorders

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: immune system (2)

answer

-tendency toward more infectious diseases -reduced wound healing

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: cardiovascular system (2)

answer

-high blood pressure -higher triglyceride levels and decreased HDL levels, both factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: heart (1)

answer

-dramatically increased risk for all forms of heart disease

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: endocrine system

answer

-a weight gain of 11-18 pounds doubles a person's risk of type 2 diabetes

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: respiratory system

answer

-increased risk of sleep apnea and asthma

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: digestive system

answer

-increased risks for colon, gallbladder, and kidney cancers -increased risk of gallbladder disease

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: reproductive system (4)

answer

-higher rates of sexual dysfunction -increased risk for prostate, endometrial, and uterine cancer -increased risk of breast cancer in women -in pregnant women, increased risks of fetal and maternal death, labor and delivery complications; and birth defects

question

List the potential negative health effects of overweight and obesity in: bones and joints (2)

answer

-for every 2-pound increase in weight, the risk of arthritis increases 9%-13% -Increased risk of osteoarthritis especially in weight-bearing joints, such as knees and hips

question

how obesity is found worldwide? (include population numbers)

answer

-US is not alone. During the past 20 years, the world's population has grown progressively heavier -globally there are more than 1.5 billion overweight adults, and 500 million of them are obese -of these at least 200 million men and nearly 300 million women are obese -155 million of children worldwide are overweight or obese -of increasing concern is that over 43 million of the world's children under the age of 5 were overweight in 2010 *for graph of overweight and obesity in each country see page 241*

question

childhood obesity is associated with higher chance of_(3)in adulthood

answer

-obesity -disability -premature death

question

problems that children that suffer of obesity have (6)

answer

-breathing difficulties -increased risk of fractures -hypertension -early markers of cardiovascular disease -more diabetes -more likely to suffer stigma and bullying in schools (affect self-esteem, feelings of social acceptance, and emotional healthy, affecting personal identity and fostering mistrust and fear of others; experience more stress and negative health outcomes long term )

question

Since 1980, obesity rates have risen_or more in some areas of North America, the United Kingdom, eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, Australasia, and China

answer

three-fold (3 times)

question

what part of worlds are showing faster rising rates of obesity? (in general)

answer

Many developing regions of the world are demonstrating even faster rising rates of obesity

question

globesity

answer

the problem of obesity around the globe

question

factors contributing to overweight and obesity (6) what affect about your eating habits? (3)

answer

-diet and exercise are clearly two major contributors -genetics and physiology -environment you live in, eat in, exercise in, and play and work in has significant influence on what you eat, how much you eat, and when you ear -lifestyle

question

are some people born to be fat? (body factors)

answer

-genes, hormones, and other aspects of a person's physiology seem to influence whether you become fat or thin

question

exact role of genes in one's predisposition toward obesity remains_

answer

in question

question

children whose parents are obese _

answer

also tends to be overweight

question

how family affects if you are going to be fat or no? why?

answer

-a family history of obesity increases one's chances of being becoming obese -but, that is due to their learned eating and exercise behaviors, environmental cues, genes, or a combination of these factors ?

question

supporting information of genetic basis for obesity in adopted individuals

answer

-researchers found that adopted individuals tend to be similar in weight to their biological parents and that identical twins are twice as likely to weigh the same as are fraternal twins, even if they are raised separately

question

meta-analyses of twin studies indicate_(which factor is stronger?)

answer

although genetics seem to play a role in body composition, the environment plays a substantial role in one's obesity-prone future

question

genes could influence _(what processes in body) (5)

answer

-setting metabolic rates -influencing how the body balances calories and energy -causing us to crave certain foods -effect may be in clusters: influencing the regulation of food intake through action in CNS, as well as influencing fat cell synthesis and functioning

question

If genetic factors are found to play a role in a tendency to obesity, are you doomed to a lifelong battle with weight?

answer

-probably not -even if obesity does run in your family, a healthy lifestyle can override "obesity" genes -you may need to exercise more to beat this

question

name of gene that has effect on obesity

answer

FTO gene

question

the thrifty gene theory was identified as one potential genetic basis for obesity by observational studies of what tribes?

answer

-certain Indian and African tribtes -they noticed a higher body fat and obesity levels in some of these tribes than general population

question

explain how thrifty gene theory explains these observations

answer

-because their ancestors struggled through centuries of famine, members of the tribes appear to have survived by adapting metabolically to periods of famine with slowed metabolism, storing fat for the proverbial "rainy day" -over time, ancestors may have passed on a genetic,hormonal, or metabolic predisposition toward fat storage that makes losing fat more difficult -In short, it was though that people may have been genetically programmed to burn fewer calories

question

what factors affect my weight? (3, which are often connected to who?)

answer

many factors help determine weight and body type, including hereditary and genetic makeup, environment, and learned eating patterns, which are often connected to family habits

question

there is growing consensus that only _% of childhood obesity cases are caused by a _(genetic reason) and that the common forms of childhood obesity seems to result form_

answer

2-5% -defect that impairs function in a gene -predisposition that primarily favors obesogenic behaviors in an obesogenic environment

question

several aspects of your _(body factor) help determine whether you _

answer

-metabolism -gain, maintain, or lose weight

question

Each of us has an innate energy-burning capacity that hums along even when we are in the deepest sleep. This is called)

answer

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

question

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

answer

-the rate of energy expenditure by a body at complete rest in neutral environment -minimum rate at which the body uses energy when at complete rest in a neutrally temperate environment -The rate at which your body consume food energy to sustain basic functions

question

what activities depend on basal metabolic rate (BMR)? what activities are not occurring?

answer

-activities such as digestion are not ocurring, and the body is simply working to maintain basic vital functions

question

to measure basal metabolic rate (BMR), what is the state of a person?

answer

the person would be awake, but all major stimuli, including stressors to the sympathetic nervous system, would be at rest -usually, the best time to measure BMR is after 8 hours of sleep and after a 12-hour fast

question

a basal metabolic rate (BMR) for the average, healthy adult is_per day

answer

between 1200 and 1800 calories per day

question

a more practical way of assessing your energy expenditure levels is_

answer

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

question

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

answer

-the energy expenditure of teh body under BMR conditions plus other daily sedentary activities

question

examples of activities included in resting metabolic rate (RMR)

answer

-food digestion -sitting -studying -standing

question

exercise metabolic rate (EMR)

answer

the energy expenditure that occurs during exercise

question

activities included in exercise metabolic rate (EMR)

answer

-light daily activities: walking, climbing stairs, and mowing the lawn

question

how BMR varies with age? (explain at body level)

answer

-the younger you are, the higher your BMR will be, partly because cells undergo rapid subdivision during periods of growth, an activity that consumes a good deal of energy -After age 30, a person's BMR slows down by about 1 to 2% a year

question

when BMR is the highest depending on age and what is happening to body? (3)

answer

-BMR is highest during infancy, puberty, pregnancy, when bodily changes are most rapid

question

what contribute to weight-gain of many middle-aged people? (include BMR in discussion) (4)

answer

-slower BMR -coupled with less activity -shifting priorities (family and career are more important than fitness) -loss in muscle mass

question

what happens in brain when we want to eat? (hunger)

answer

hypothalamus (the part of the brain that regulates appetite) closely monitors levels of certain nutrients in the blood -when these levels fall, the brain signal us to eat

question

explain how brain system regulating appetite works in obese vs thin people? how this concept is called?

answer

-the monitoring system in obese people does not work properly, and cues to eat are more frequent and intense than they are in people of normal weight -another theory is that thin people send more effective messages to the hypothalamus -this concept is called adaptive thermogenesis

question

adaptive thermogenesis

answer

-theoretical mechanism by which the brain regulates metabolic activity according to caloric intake

question

explain how brain of thin people works with adaptive thermogenesis

answer

-thin people can consume large amounts of food without gaining weight because the appetitie center of their brains speeds up metabolic activity to compensate for the increased consumption

question

what is the tehroy focused on BRM?

answer

set point theory

question

set point theory

answer

theory that a form of internal thermostat controls our weight and fights to maintain this weight around a narrowly set range

question

explain how set point theory explains how we do not loose weight when we go on drastic starvation diet o fast?

answer

-our bodies slow down our BMR to conserve energy -the set point theory suggest that our own bodies sabotage our weight loss efforts by holding on to calories as a form of protection

question

the set points can be _ (change or not change and how?)

answer

-changed -however, these changes may take time to be permanent

question

best methods to sustain weight loss? (3)

answer

-healthy diet -steady weight loss -exercise

question

why don't most diets succeed? (how calorie-cutting diets work, what you lack that results in return of weight, how this kind of diet is called, how can affect your body)

answer

-just about any calorie-cutting diet can produce weight loss in the short term, often through water-weight loss. -However, without improved nutrition and sustained exercise and activity, lost weight will return and the overall dieting process will have failed -this is a yo-yo dieting or weight cycling -such pattern disrupts the body's metabolism and makes future weight loss more difficult and permanent changes even harder to maintain

question

yo-yo diet

answer

-cycles in which people diet and regain weight -in which people repeatedly gain weight and then starve themselves to lose it all quickly

question

explain why yo-yo diets happen (include BMR in explanation)

answer

when dieters resume eating after their weight loss, their BMR is set lower, marking it almost certain that they will regain the pounds that they lost

question

after repeated cycles of dieting and regaining weight (yo-yo diets), these people find it increasingly_

answer

hard to lose weight and increasingly easy to regain it, so they become heavier and heavier

question

what hormones are involved in hormonal influences on weight? (2)

answer

-ghrelin -leptin

question

obese people may be more likely than thin people to satisfy their appetite and eat for reasons _

answer

other than nutrition

question

most authorities agree that less than 2% of obese population have _problem an can trace their weight problems to a _imbalance . however, an increasing number of researchers believe_

answer

-thyroid -metabolic or hormone imbalance -that there is more to the thyroid-obesity interaction than we currently know and that more research is necessary to determine best practice in the area

question

while hormones may have an impact on a person's ability to _(3), the problem with overconsumption may be related more to _and to_than it is to appetite or hunger

answer

-lose weight, control appetite, and sense fullness -satiety and to environmental cues

question

satiety (what it is and when occurs)

answer

-the feeling of fullness or satisfaction at the end of a meal -because met nutritional needs

question

one hormone that researchers suspect may influence satiety and play a role in our ability to keep weight off is _

answer

ghrelin

question

ghrelin (referred as_, produced by what organ?, role in what, how changes with a meal, type of hormone, involved in what processes (7))

answer

-referred as hunger hormone -produced by stomach -hormone plays a role in appetite stimulation by raising before a meal and falling drastically shortly afterwards -important growth hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of appetite and food intake control, gastrointestinal motility, gastric acid secretion, endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions, glucose and lipid metabolism and cardiovascular and immunological processes

question

leptin (rol, produced by who, how works)

answer

-appetite regulator in mammals -produced by fat cells -its levels in blood increase as fat tissue increases -serves as satiety signal, telling the brain when you are full

question

when levels of leptin in the blood rise, appetite levels_

answer

drop

question

how obese people may be dysfunctional regarding leptin?

answer

-they have adequate levels of leptin and leptin receptors, the receptors do not seem to work properly

question

the fact that obese people have high levels of leptin and still appetite is not suppressed, it may be simply _

answer

that environmental cues are stronger than our hunger pangs

question

how predisposition to fatness may be related to fat cells?

answer

-obese people may have excessive numbers of fat cells (200 billion)

question

having obesity due to too many fat cells is called_

answer

hyperplasia

question

hyperplasia

answer

a condition characterized by an excessive number of fat cells

question

when hyperplasia appears and why? (stage of life)

answer

-usually appears in early childhood and perhaps, due to mother's dietary habits, even prior birth -the most critical periods for the development of hyperplasia seem to be the last 2 to 3 months of fetal development, the first year of life, and between the ages of 9 and 13

question

according to hyperplasia theory, how a person may be able to lose weight?

answer

-according to hyperplasia theory, the number of fat cells remains constant, but their size decreases when the weight is lost -number of fat cells in body does not increase appreciably during adulthood. however, the ability of each of these to swell (hypertrophy) and shrink does carry over into adulthood -people who add large numbers of fat cells to their bodies in childhood may be able to lose weight by decreasing the size of each cell in adulthood, but the total number of cells will remain the same

question

hypertrophy

answer

the act of swelling or increasing in size, as with cells

question

in the hyperplasia theory, weight gain may be tied to both_

answer

-number of fat cells in the body -capacity of individual cells to enlarge

question

environmental factors (in present time)

answer

-21st century conveniences, environmental factors have come to play a large role in weight maintenance -automobiles, remove controls, desk jobs, and long sessions on the internet all cause us to sit more and move less, and this lack of physical activity causes a decrease in energy expenditure

question

there are what kind of foods in the market more than ever? examples

answer

high-calorie, low-nutrient-density foods ex: high fat, high-sugar foods

question

what is the long list of environmental factors that prompt us to eat what we should not eat and eat too much? (7)

answer

-advertising is designed to increase energy intake: ads promote high-calorie foods at a low price and market super-sized portions -prepackaged, high-fat meals; fast food; and sugar-laden soft drinks are widespread. high-calorie coffee lattes and energy drinks add to daily caloric intake -the number of working women has grown, leading to less home cooking and greater consumption of restaurant meals, fast foods, and convenience foods. As society eats out more, higher-calorie, high-fat foods become the norm, and increased weight is the result -bottle-feeding infants may increase energy intake relative to breast-feeding -misleading food labels confuse consumers about portion and serving sizes -fast-food restaurants, cafes, vending machines, and quick-stop markets are everywhere, offering easy access to high-calorie foods and beverages -larger dishes, cups, and serving utensils inflate serving sizes and lead to increased calorie and fat intake

question

what is one of the environmental factors contributing to obesity in US?

answer

the easy availability of high-calorie foods, such as those found in vending machines

question

how serving portions have been modified throughout time?

answer

they have become significantly larger that those of past decades

question

strategies to not over eat when you dine out

answer

-order the smallest size available. eat less and enjoy what you eat -take your time, and let your fullness indicator have a chance to kick in while there is still time to quit -dip your food in dressings, gravies, and sauces on the side. -order an appetizer as you main meal -split your main entree with a friend, and order a side salad for each of you. alternatively, eat only half your dinner and take the rest home for another day -avoid buffets and all-you-can-eat establishments

question

why obesity is starting at very young ages in today days?

answer

-children love junk food. However, today's youth tend to eat larger portions and, from their earliest years, exercise less than any previous generation -due to: video games, TV, cell phones, and Internet -children are subject to same environmental, social, and cultural factors that influence obesity in their elders

question

what characteristics in during gestation and lactation in mother are strong predictors of obesity in children? (3)

answer

-maternal undernutrition, obesity, and diabetes during gestation and lactation are strong predictors of obesity in children

question

research shows that _(2) seem to be intricately interwoven with _factors in increasing risk to young people

answer

-ethnicity and race -environmental factors

question

how eating can be part of some people? (psychosocial factor)

answer

-eating tends to be a focal point of people's lives -it has become a social ritual associated with companionship. celebration, and enjoyment

question

comfort food refers to how eating can_. (psychosocial factor)

answer

how eating can make you feel good when other things in life are not going well

question

what people are often key influences in our eating behaviors? explain. (psychosocial factor)

answer

-friends and loved ones -overweight and obese people are likely to socialize with obese and overweight people who socialize around food (foodies)

question

how socioeconomic factors influence obesity or having healthy weight?

answer

-when economic times are tough, people tend to eat more inexpensive, high-calorie processed foods -unsafe neighborhoods and poor infrastructure make it difficult for less-affluent people to exercise

question

more educated you are, the _(2) are likely to be

answer

body mass index and overall obesity profile

question

obesity stigma (other name, what it is, examples)

answer

-weight bias -refers to negative weight-related attitudes toward an overweight or obese individual ex: negative stereotyping, social rejection, prejudice, bullying and physical aggression

question

why weight bias exists?

answer

-because of pervasive societal beliefs that shame will motivate people to diet and lose weight -our culture values thinness and perpetuates the message that obesity is mark of weak-willed person, blaming the victim rather than addressing environmental and social conditions that increase our risk of obesity

question

weight discrimination (how related to weight bias and what it is)

answer

-extension of weight bias in society -unequal, unfair treatment of people because of weight (at job, health care, scholarships and awards, rent houses)

question

Although heredity, metabolism, and environment all have an impact on weight management, the increasingly high rate of overweight and obesity in the past decades is largely due to _

answer

the way we live our lives (lifestyle factors)

question

what are lifestyle of Americans today?

answer

-eating more and moving less than ever bore, and becoming overfat as a result

question

of all the factors affecting obesity, perhaps the most critical is the relationship between _(2)

answer

-activity level and calorie intake

question

obesity rates are rising, but are not more people exercising than ever before? explain why this happens

answer

-americans overestimate their daily exercise level and intensity. a very small amount of Americans are actually obtaining this amount of exercise

question

only _(fraction) of US adults aged 18 and over never engage in _

answer

-1/3 -any leisure time activity (no physical activity) -inactivity is higher

question

who is most inactive? (women vs men, ethnicity with highest)

answer

-inactivity is higher in women than men (35.2% vs 29.7%) -highest among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanic adults

question

children's obesity rates more than _

answer

doubled

question

strategies to make exercise and eating healthy fun

answer

-cook and eat with friends. share the responsibility for making the meal while you spend time with people you like -experiment with new foods -invite an international student over dinner and cook together -vary your exercise routine (small changes can breathe life into an old routine) -try something new

question

ideal weight is assessed of variables such as_(3)

answer

-body structure -height -fat distribution

question

what was used traditionally to know if someone is in their ideal weight, overweight, or obese category? why misleading?

answer

-techniques such as height-weight charts -do not take into consideration the body composition or fat distribution

question

body composition

answer

person's ratio of fat to lean muscle

question

more accurate measures of evaluationg healthy weight and disease risk focus on a person's_(3)

answer

-percentage of body fat -how fat is distributed in his or her body -BMI

question

how fat is good for you and essential for healthy body functioning?

answer

-regulates body temperature -cushions and insulates organs and tissues -it is the body's main source of stored energy

question

body fat is composed of two types (list them and explain them)

answer

-essential fat: is that fat necessary for maintenance of life and reproductive functions -storage fat: the nonessential fat that many of us try to shed, makes up the remainder of our fat reserves

question

overweight (body weight compared to healthy levels, BMI, what it is)

answer

-having a body weight more than 10% above healthy recommended levels -in an adult, having a BMI of 25 to 29 -is increased body weight due to excess fat that exceeds healthy recommendations

question

obesity (body weight compared to healthy levels, BMI, what it is)

answer

-a body weight more than 20% above healthy recommended levels -in an adult, a BMI of 30 or more -body weight that greatly exceeds health recommendations

question

morbidly obese people are _% or more above their ideal weight

answer

100%

question

most experts agree that men's bodies should contain between _% total body fat, and women should be within the range of _%

answer

-8%-20% -20%-30%

question

men vs women percentages that are considered overweight (% overweight)

answer

-men who exceed 22% -women who exceed 35% *Body fat percentage norms for men and women by age are in table 8.1 page 248*

question

underweight (weight percentage with respect to recommended levels, BMI, what it is)

answer

-having a body weight more than 10% below healthy recommended levels -in an adult, having a BMI below 18.5 -percentage of body fat below which a person is considered underweight, and health is compromised

question

body weight percentages for men and women that is considered underweight

answer

-in men, this lower limit is approx 3%-7% of total body weight -in women, this is approx 8%-15%

question

extremely low body fat (underweight) can cause a host of problems:

answer

-hair loss -visual disturbances -skin problems -tendency to fracture bones easily -digestive system disturbances -heart irregularities -gastrointestinal problems -difficulties in maintaining body temperature -amenorrhea (in women)

question

Body Mass Index (BMI) (what uses (2) to asses what)

answer

-a number calculated from a person's weight and height that is used to assess risk for possible present or future health problems -description of body weight relative to height, numbers that are highly correlated with your total body fat

question

BMI is not _specific, and it does not directly measure _, but it provides a more accurate measure of _than _alone

answer

-sex specific -directly measure percentage of body fat -overweight and obesity -than weight alone

question

how calculate BMI?

answer

calculate your BMI now by dividing your weight in kilograms by height in meters squared BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m^2)

question

what are the classifications of BMI? include BMI ranges and what they mean (BMI levels)

answer

-underweight: less than BMI 18.5 -Healthy weight: BMI 18.5-24.9, the range of lowest statistical health risk -overweight: BMI 25-29.9, potentially significant health risks -obese: BMI 30-39.9 -morbidity obese: BMI 40 to 49.9 -super obese: BMI of 50 or higher

question

morbidity obese (body weight percentage with respect to healthy levels, BMI)

answer

-having a body weight 100% or more above healthy recommended levels -in an adult, having a BMI of 40 or more

question

explain limitations of BMI (3)

answer

-base metabolism index levels do not account for the fact that muscle weighs more than fat and thus a well-muscled person could weigh enoug to be classified as obese according to his or her BMI -nor are bone mass and water weigh considered i BMI calculations -for people who are under 5 feet tall, are highly muscled, or who are older and have little muscle mass, BMI levels can be inaccurate

question

how labels of BMI are changed for youth and why?

answer

although labels obese and morbidity obese have been used for years for adults, there is growing concern that such labels increase bias and stigma against youth -BMI ranges above a normal weight for children and teens are often labeled differently, as "at risk of overweight" and "overweight," to avoid the sense of shame such words may cause

question

how BMI is different for youth? (2)

answer

-BMI ranges for children and teens are defined so that they take into account normal differences in body fat between boys and girls and the differences in body fat that occur at various ages

question

How can I tell if I am overweight or overfat? (include specific measures (4))

answer

-observing the way you look and how your clothes fit can give you a general idea of whether you weigh more or less than in the past -But for evaluating your weight and body fat levels in terms of potential health risks, it is best to use more scientific measures, such as BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, or a technician-administered body composition test

question

where men vs postmenopausal women vs premenopausal women store their fat?

answer

-men and postmenopausal women tend to store fat in the upper regions of the body, particularly in the abdominal area -Premenopausal women usually store fat in the lower regions of their bodies, particularly hips, buttocks, and thighs.

question

what location fat is considered more threatening to health overall than fat in other regions of the body?

answer

abdominal fat

question

_measurement is increasingly recognized as a useful tool in assessing abdominal fat, which is considered more threatening to health overall than fat in other regions of the body

answer

waist circumference

question

as waist circumference increases, there is a greater risk for _(what diseases) (3)

answer

-diabetes -cardiovascular diseases -stroke

question

waist circumferences of men vs women that are particularly indicative of greater health risk

answer

-a waistline greater than 40 inches (1-2 cm) in men and 35 inches (88 cm) in women may be particularly indicative of greater health risk

question

if a person is less than _feet tall or has a BMI of _or above, waist circumference standards used for the general population might not apply

answer

-5 feet tall -BMI 35 or above

question

waist-to-hip ratio (how calculated)

answer

-waist circumference divided by hip circumference

question

a high ratio of waist-to-hip ratio indicates increased _due to_ . include values for men vs women

answer

-health risk due to unhealthy fat distribution -a waist-to-hip ratio greater than 1 in men and 0.8 in women indicates increased health risks

question

waist-to-hip ratio measures _(in general terms)

answer

measures regional fat distribution

question

low-tech way that you assess your body fat levels are too high.

answer

-is simply to look in the mirror or consider how your clothes fit now compared with how they fit the last season you wore them

question

to get more precise percentage of body fat you will need the help of _

answer

skilled professional and must be practiced in a lab or clinical setting *varios body compostion assessment methods are found in figure 8.5 page 251* these include: underwater (hydrostatic) weighing, skinfolds, biochemical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bod pod

question

failure is often related to thinking about losing weight in terms of _rather than carefully analyzing individual risks for _and adjusting _

answer

-short-term "dieting" -individual risks for obesity and adjusting long-term eating behaviors

question

problems with low-calorie diets (3)

answer

-produce only temporary losses and may actually lead to disordered binge eating or related problems -physiologically harmful for the sense of failure we experience each time we do not meet our goal

question

before you can change a behavior, such as unhealthy eating habits, you must first determine what _. what you can do to do so?

answer

causes or triggers it (use a chart to do so and keep track of eating patterns) *for specific triggers and ways to avoid the triggers see page 252 figure 8.6*

question

typical dietary triggers that trigger you to eat are_

answer

-patterns and problems (like stress)

question

once you evaluated your behaviors and determined your triggers, what is the next step?

answer

-you can begin to devise a plan for improved eating

question

what health professionals can provide reliable information to have a good plan to eat healthy? (4)

answer

-registered dietitians (RDs) -some physicians (not all doctors have strong background in nutrition) -health educators -exercise physiologists with nutritional training

question

tips for sensible snacking (healthy snacking)

answer

-keep healthy munchies around -keep "crunchies" on hand: apples, pears, green or red pepper sticks, popcorn, snap peas, and celery all are good choices -choose natural beverages (water, juice, hot tea, coffee (black), soup broths) -Eat nuts instead of candy -if you must have a piece of chocolate, keep it small and dark (dark chocolate has more antioxidants) -avoid high-calorie energy bars: eat these only if you are exercising hard and do not have an opportunity to eat a regular meal

question

beware of people who call themselves _(2) because there is no formal credential for those titles

answer

-nutritionists -nutritional life coaches

question

what kind of diets are likely to fail?

answer

-any diet that requires radical behavior changes or sets up artificial dietary programs through pre-packaged products that do not teach you how to eat healthfully is likely to fail -diets that assure fast weight loss

question

the most successful diet plan allow you to _

answer

make food choices in real-world settings and do not ask you to sacrifice everything you enjoy

question

for information regarding diet books

answer

see page 253 table 8.2

question

calorie

answer

is a unit of measure that indicates the amount of energy gained from food or expended through activity

question

each time you consume _calories more than your body needs to maintain weight, you gain a pound of storage fat. conversely, each time your body expends an extra _calories, you lose a pound of fat

answer

3,500 (for both )

question

to determine how something affects you (eat extra or spend more calories) use_. explain it

answer

-energy balance -divide 3500 calories by calories/day and will get days that will make you win or loose a pound

question

who will burn more calories, a fat or a thin person?

answer

if you weigh more, you will burn more calories moving your body through the same exercise routine than someone who is thinner

question

explain concept of energy balance

answer

-if you consume more calories than you burn, you gain weight -If you burn more than you consume, you loose weight -If both are equal, your weight will not change (energy expenditure-energy intake)

question

exercise can increase _rate, which will help you increase caloreis

answer

metabolic rate

question

which tissue is more metabolically active: lean (muscle) tissue or fat tissue?

answer

any increase in exercise levels can have impact on total calorie expenditure because lean (muscle) tissue is more metabolically active than fat tissue

question

energy spent on physical activity is the energy used to _(2)

answer

-move the body's muscles (greater metabolic rate when large muscle groups are used) -speed up heartbeat and respiration rate

question

the number of calories spent depends on 3 factors:

answer

1. the number and proportion of muscles used 2. the amount of weight moved 3. the length of time the activity takes

question

how important is exercise to weight management?

answer

-participating in daily physical activity is key to managing your weight -go for a jog on your own for some quiet time, or join a soccer game for social, fast-moving fun, but get out there and move

question

what factors can affect a person's ability to loose weight? (4)

answer

-depression -stress -culture -available foods

question

to reach and maintain the weight at which you will be healthy and feel your best, you must develop a program of _

answer

-exercise and healthy eating behaviors that will work for you now and over the long term -plan to loose weight in long term vs short term

question

_calories equal approx 1 pound of body fat

answer

3,500 calories

question

what must be used in cases of obesity that are not responsive to traditional dietary strategies? when should be maintained?

answer

-medically supervised, powered formulas with daily values of 400 to 700 calories plus vitamin and mineral supplements may be given to patients. Such very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) should never be undertaken without strict medical supervision

question

very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs)

answer

diets with a daily caloric values of 400 to 700 calories

question

problems with very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) (2)

answer

-these severe diets do not teach healthy eating, and persons who manage to lose weight on them may experience significant weight regain -more important, fasting, starvation diets, and others forms of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) have been shown to cause significant health risks and can, in fact, be deadly

question

diseases resulted with any form of severe caloric restriction undergone in very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs)

answer

-blood sugar imbalance -cold intolerance -constipation -decreased BMR -dehydration -diarrhea -emotional problems -fatigue -headaches -heart irregularities -kidney infections and failure -loss of lean body tissue -weakness -potential for coma and death

question

one particular dangerous potential complication of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs)or starvation diets is _

answer

ketoacidosis

question

explain ow ketoacidosis happens and how relates to fasting and starvation

answer

-after a prolonged period of inadequate carbohydrate or food intake, the body will have depleted its immediate energy stores and will begin metabolizing fat stores through ketogenesis in order to supply the brain and the nervous system with an alternative fuel known as ketones -ketogenesis is one of the body's normal processes for metabolizing fat and may help provide energy to the brain during times of fasting, low carbohydrate intake, or vigorous exercise. However, ketones may also suppress appetite and cause dehydration at a time when a person should feel hungry and seek out food. The condition of having increased levels of ketones in the body is ketosis. if enough ketones accumulate in the blood, it may lead to ketoacidosis, in which the blood becomes more acidic

question

individuals suffering of what diseases are at risk of developing ketoacidotic symptoms as damage to body tissues begins?

answer

-untreated type 1 diabetes -anorexia nervosa -bulimia nervosa

question

if fasting continues, the body will turn to its last resort of energy, which is _

answer

-protein by breaking down muscle and organ tissue to stay alive

question

within _days after the typical adult begins a complete fast, the body will have depleted its energy stores, and death may occur

answer

10 days

question

How are drug treatments to loose weight? what they contain? are they effective?

answer

-US food and drug administration (FDA) approval is not required for over-the-counter "diet aids" or weight-loss supplements, and many manufacturers simply feed off people's desperation -most of these supplements contain stimulants, such as caffeine, or diuretics, and their effectiveness in promoting weight loss has been largely untested and unproved by any scientific studies -the only thing users lose is money

question

virtually, all persons who used diet pills in review studies _once they stopped taking them

answer

gained their weight

question

FDA approved diet pills have historically been available only by _

answer

only by prescription

question

what was the first over-the-counter weight loss pill?

answer

-a half strength version of the prescription drug orlistat (brand name Xenical), marketed as Alli

question

what he prescription drug orlistat (brand name Xenical), marketed as Alli did? (think about an enzyme side effects?)

answer

-this drug inhibits action of lipase, an enzyme that helps the body to digest fats, causing about 30% of fats consumed to pass through the digestive system undigested, leading to reduced overall caloric intake -side effects of orlistat included: gas with watery fecal discharge, oily stools and spotting, frequent, often unexpected, bowel movements; and possible deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins

question

in 2012, other weight loss drugs approved by FDA? (2)

answer

-Belvig -Qsymia

question

diet pills have been shown to be most effective when used as part of _

answer

-comprehensive lifestyle change, including diet and exercise

question

what is the challange of developing a weig?ht loss drug

answer

the challenge is to develop an effective drug that can be used over time without adverse effects or abuse

question

a classic example of supposedly safe drugs that were later found to have dangerous side effects is _. what was chemical composition? when this drugs were recalled (caused what)?

answer

-fen phen (a combined drug made up of fenfluramine and phentermine, 2 drugs that had individual FDA approval, but were not approved in combination) -the drugs were recalled when they were found to cause severe pulmonary hypertension and lasting heart valve damage.

question

Metabolife, a drug that _(what it did to body) using the herbal supplement _had warnings issued against it when it was suspected of causing_

answer

Metabolife, a drug that increased metabolism and energy using the herbal supplement Ephedra had warnings issued against it when it was suspected of causing over 100 deaths and 800 heart attacks

question

a similar over-the-counter natural product, _, was pulled in 2009 when there were over _reported cases of serious _

answer

-Hydroxycut -23 reported cases of serious liver damage and one reported death

question

another diet drug that has recently gained great deal of attention is _. explain it

answer

-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) -a hormone produced by placenta during pregnancy that, in prescription form, is also a federally approved treatment for some female fertility problems -recently, hCG has become known as a crash-diet miracle drug -some individuals tout using it while undertaking extremely low-calories diets. they claim to benefit from fat-burning and hunger-suppressant qualities. -it has not been approved by FDA for weight loss -reserch show that hCG is no more effective for weight loss than cutting calories -all hCG prescription labels and advertising must clearly state it does not reset metabolism, decrease hunger, or reduce the discomfort associated with a low-calorie diet -data does not support hCG is causing the weight loss; any weight loss is due to the extremely low-calorie, potentially dangerous diet that goes along with the typical hCG regimen -severe caloric restrictions in any starvation diet such as this one can cause electrolyte imbalances, muscle wasting, digestive irregularities, gallstone formation, cardiac irregularities, liver and kidney failure, skin problems, lowered immunity, and a host of other problems -hCG products have been the focus of increased FDA and Federal Trade Commission warnings for some companies and outright hCG homeopathic prodcut bans for others -do not fall for fradulent claims

question

other currently available diet drugs and supplements that you should view with caution include: (2) what they do to body? side effects?

answer

-sibutramine (Meridia)= (prescription-only medication) suppresses appetite by inhibiting uptake of serotonin in brain. It works best with reduced-calorie diet and exercise, but side effects include dry mouth, headache, constipation, insomnia, and high blood pressure. Although research has shown positive effects on blood glucose control, the FDA issued warnings about use of Meridia for people who have hypertension or heart disease -Hoodia gordonii= African cactus-plant is a purported appetite suppressant. No convincing evidence has been shown for or against it; to date, it is not FDA approved and has not been tested in clinical trials. Supplements containing Hoodia gordonii have become popular in recent years, and there are many off-market brands produced, including some that contain more unproven ingredients such as bitter orange and other stimulants -Herbal weight-loss aids: Products containing Ephedra can cause rapid heart rate, tremors, seizures, insomnia, headaches, and raised blood pressure, all without significant effects on long-term control. St. John's wort and other alternative medicines reported to enhance serotonin, suppress appetite, and reduce the side effects of depression have not been shown to be effective in weight loss, either

question

what strategies to make your weight management program succeed consists of in general terms?

answer

-the key to successful weight management is finding a sustainable way to control what you eat and to make exercise a priority

question

strategies to make your weight management program succeed (3 main categories)

answer

-make a plan -change your habits -incorporate exercise

question

explain steps of strategies to make your weight management program succeed, what to do first? (before making a plan)

answer

first: -write down the positive things your diet and exercise behaviors. then write down the things that need changing. for each big change you need to make, list 3 or 4 small things you could change right now -Ask yourself why you want to make this change right now. what are your ultimate goals? plan non-food rewards for meeting your goals each week. -what campus or community resources are available where you could go for help? could any friends or family members help you? -keep a food and exercise log for 2 to 3 days. note the good things you are doing, the things that need improvement, and the triggers you need to address -talk

question

explain "make a plan" main step of strategies to make your weight management program succeed

answer

-set realistic short- and long-term goals -establish a plan. whet are the diet and exercise changes you can make this week? once you do 1 week, plot a course for 2 weeks, and so on -look for balance. Remember it is calories taken in and burned over time that make the difference

question

explain "change your habits" main step of strategies to make your weight management program succeed

answer

-be adventurous. expand your usual meals and snacks to enjoy a wider variety of options -do not constantly deprive yourself or set unrealistic guidelines. if you blow it and overconsume, get right on track. Cut yourself some slack and remember that you are in this for the long run -Notice whether you are hungry before starting a meal. eat slowly, noting when you start to feel full, and STOP before you are full -eat breakfast, especially low-fat foods with whole grains and proteins. this will prevent you from being too hungry and overeating at lunch -keep healthful snacks on hand for when you get hungry

question

explain "incorporate exercise" main step of strategies to make your weight management program succeed

answer

-be active and slowly increase your time, speed, distance, or resistance levels -vary your physical activity. find activities that you really love and try things you have not tried before -find an exercise partner to help you stay motivated -make it a fun break. go for a walk in a place that interests you. tune in to your surroundings to take your mid off of your seating and heavy breathing

question

conclusion of diet pills to loose weight?

answer

so fat there is no miracle pill to replace good diet and lots of exercise when it comes to losing weight

question

what are the two major categories of weight-loss surgeries

answer

-restrictive surgeries -malabsorption surgeries

question

restrictive surgeries (2 examples and what do)

answer

-such as gastric banding or lap banding -limit food intake

question

malabsorption surgeries

answer

-such as gastric bypass -decrease the absorption of food into the body

question

to select surgery, what a physician will consider? (5)

answer

-consider that operation's benefits and risks -patient's BMI -eating behaviors -obesity-related health conditions -previous operations

question

some health advocates have proposed that obesity be classified as_, which could potentially affect a physician's decision on recommending surgery

answer

disability

question

why some people believe obesity must be considered a disability?

answer

-obesity should be considered a disability that legally entitles individuals to certain health benefits and other accommodations

question

why some people believe obesity should not be labeled as disability?

answer

-other people believe that labeling obesity as a disability would add to its stigma and create more problems than it would solve

question

what act defines obesity? (law) how defines disability?

answer

-the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) -defines disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of [an] individual

question

what characteristic of a person with obesity would be considered with disability by the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

answer

-body mass indexes (BMIs) over 40 or be at least 100 pounds overweight -also have an underlying disorder that caused the obesity

question

what is done in gastric binding and other restrictive surgeries? why this is done?

answer

-the surgeon uses an inflatable band to partition off part of the stomach -the wrap is wrapped around the part of the stomach and is pulled tight, like a belt, laving only a small opening between the two parts of the stomach -the upper part of the stomach is smaller, so the person feels full more quickly, and food digestion slows so that the person also feels full longer

question

what is done in gastric bypass (malabsorption surgery)

answer

-gastric bypass is designed to drastically decrease the amount of food a person can eat and absorb

question

how are results of gastric bypass? what are the risks?

answer

-results are fast and dramatic -risks: blood clots in legs, a leak in a staple line in the stomach, pneumonia, infection, and death -dumping syndrome: involuntary vomiting or defecation -because the stomach pouch that remains after surgery is only the size of a lime, the person can drink only a few tablespoons of liquid and consume only a very small amount of food at a time. for this reason, other possible side effects include nausea, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and dehydration -other risks: potential for excess bleeding, ulcers, hernia, and the typical risks from anesthesia -these risks must be considered against the risks of obesity

question

duodenal switch procedure (what kind of surgeries involve, what happens, what disease is prevented that malabsorption surgeries have and why)

answer

-combines elements of restrictive and malabsorption surgeries -the patient receives a partial gastrectomy to reduce the size of the stomach whole maintaining normal stomach function. -pyloric valve remains intact, which helps prevent dumping syndrome

question

aftercare for gastric surgery patients often includes_

answer

counseling to help them cope with the urge to eat after the ability to eat normal portions has been removed

question

what is ironic about gastric surgeries regarding after the surgery?

answer

-ironically, even after undergoing surgery, people must learn to eat healthy foods and exercise. otherwise, they can continue to gain weight, even returning to their original weight

question

unexpected, exciting results from gastric surgeries (think about a disease)

answer

-even prior to weight loss, patients have shown complete remission of type 2 diabetes in the majority of cases, with drastic reduction in blood glucose levels in others -free of type 2 diabetes after surgery

question

unlike restrictive and malabsorption surgeries, which faciliate overall weight loss, what surgery is different to them? what type of surgery is?

answer

-liposuction -it is considered a cosmetic surgery rather than weight-loss surgery

question

liposuction (what it involves, type of surgery, used for what)

answer

-is a surgical procedure in which fat cells are removed from specific areas of the body -cosmetic surgery used for spot reducing and body contouring

question

risks of liposuction

answer

-infections -severe scarring -death

question

in many cases, why people require multiple liposuction surgeries?

answer

-people who have liposuction regain fat in those areas or require multiple surgeries to repair lumpy, irregular surfaces from which the fat was removed

question

when trying go gain weight, what you must do first?

answer

-determine why you cannot gain weight

question

why older adults loose appetite?

answer

-among older adults, the sens e of taste and smell decline, which makes food taste different and less pleasurable to eat -dental problems may make eating more difficult

question

problems associated, due to extreme energy burning sports and exercise routines, to caloric and nutritional deficiencies? (6)

answer

-weight loss -immune system problems and organ dysfunction -weakness, which leads to falls and fractures -slower recover from diseases

question

What BMI values men vs women want?

answer

men want a BMI between 21-23, while women's is ideally 22-24.

question

you want to lose weight gradually but consistently, how many pounds a week is good?

answer

you want to lose weight gradually but consistently, shedding 1-2 pounds a week.

question

easy to follow tips to have a successful weight loss plan

answer

easy-to-follow tips. First of all, eat preventively, when you're hungry but not starving, so that you don't eat too fast and too much. Secondly, eat consciously and slowly. Let your brain catch up with your stomach, which takes about 20 minutes. Never eat standing up, and try not to eat without thinking while you're watching television. Take your time and enjoy your meal.

question

If we weigh 15% more than our ideal, we are considered to be a) overweight or b) obese.

answer

The answer is a - overweight. Once our weight exceeds our ideal by 20%, we are considered to be obese.

question

The fraction of Americans who are either overweight or obese is nearly a) 1/3 or b) 2/3.

answer

The answer is b - 2/3. Estimates are that 34% of Americans are overweight and another 31% are obese.

question

True or false: It is possible to be at your ideal weight but still be "fat" by body composition standards.

answer

The answer is true. Weight alone doesn't guarantee that we are not carrying more body fat than is healthy.

question

The relationship between a person's height and weight is called his/her a) body composition or b) body mass index.

answer

The answer is b - body mass index (BMI). Men want a BMI of 21-23 and women, 22-24.

question

A man is considered to be obese if his body fat is greater than a) 30 percent or b) 20 percent.

answer

The answer is b - 20%. A woman, on the other hand, would not be considered to be obese unless her body fat was greater than 30%.

question

While too much body fat may be unhealthy we need a certain amount to a) insulate the body, cushion organs, and maintain body functions or b) provide energy on a daily basis.

answer

The answer is a. Body fat serves several functions, including: Insulating the body; cushioning vital organs; and maintaining body functions.

question

Is it true or false that men and women tend to store body fat in different parts of their bodies?

answer

The answer is true. Men and postmenopausal women store it around their waistlines while younger women tend to carry more of it in their hips and thighs.

question

Hydrostatic weighing is a method of determining a) weight or b) body fat.

answer

The answer is b - body fat. It is one technique used for this purpose along with skinfold measures, bioelectrical impedance analysis and total body electrical conductivity.

question

Who is more likely to be overweight, a) men or b) women?

answer

The answer is b - women, particularly those among minorities.

question

Obesity probably a) does or b) does not have a genetic component.

answer

The answer is a - it probably does. Eighty percent of children with two obese parents are themselves obese and studies of identical twins reveal that when separated and raised in different families, eating very different diets, they still tend to grow up weighing about the same.

question

The inborn physiological response to nutritional needs is defined as a) hunger or b) appetite.

answer

The answer is a - hunger. Appetite is considered to be a learned response to food with emotional overtones.

question

According to setpoint theory, if you gain extra weight it will be relatively a) easy or b) difficult to lose it.

answer

The answer is a. Setpoint theory suggests that the body is preprogrammed to defend a particular weight. If we exceed it, we will lose the extra pounds readily if we go back to our normal eating patterns, but if we drop below it, we are likely to regain until we reach our setpoint weight.

question

The amount of energy we burn when our bodies are completely at rest is called our a) basal or b) resting metabolic rate.

answer

The answer is a - our basal metabolic rate. These are the calories we burn simply to stay alive, and these account for approximately 65% of all calories we use. Our resting metabolic rate actually refers to the additional 25% of calories spent in sedentary activities.

question

Who is more disadvantaged socially and economically by obesity, a) men or b) women?

answer

The answer is b - women, who are 20% less likely to marry and tend to earn far less during their lifetimes than their obese male counterparts.

question

Is it true or false that two people who eat the same number of calories daily will burn the same number?

answer

The answer is false. The number we burn depends primarily on our basal metabolic rates, which in turn are determined by factors like our weight, age, sex, and height.

question

Essential body fat makes up approximately a) 3-7% or b)15% percent of total body weight for men?

answer

The answer is A - 3-7%. Women, on the other hand, do have a 15% essential body fat level.

question

Jenny binge eats and then secretly vomits, which are symptoms of a) anorexia or b) bulimia nervosa.

answer

The answer is B - bulimia.

question

Tim is concerned only with his appearance and spends far more time exercising than he does relating to family or friends, demonstrating a) social physique anxiety or b) obesity anxiety.

answer

The answer is A - social physique anxiety.

question

The Atkins diet is an example of an a) very low carbohydrate diet or b) a fat-restricted diet.

answer

The answer is A - very low carbohydrate diet.

question

A food's glycemic index tells a) how much sugar that food contains or b) how quickly its foods are released into the bloodstream.

answer

The answer is B.

question

A person at risk of Type II diabetes will want to eat foods with an a) low or b) high glycemic load.

answer

The answer is A - low.

question

Building muscle mass a) increases or b) decreases the rate at which one burns calories.

answer

The answer is A - increases.

question

Nicotine a) raises or b) lowers the body's metabolic rate.

answer

The answer is A. It increases the metabolic rate.

question

The feeling of fullness or satisfaction at the end of a meal is called a) appetite plateau or b) satiety.

answer

The answer is B - satiety.

question

Children today are markedly a) more or b) less at risk of obesity than in past generations.

answer

The answer is A.

question

Many dieters find that eventually they cannot seem to lose more weight, no matter what they do, illustrating the concept of a)set point or b) plateau.

answer

The answer is B - plateau.

question

One reason children today are more overweight than in the past is their tendency to a) eat home-cooked meals or b) spend more time on their computers and videogames than in physical play.

answer

The answer is B.

question

A person who is 40% above his ideal weight is said to be a) mildly or b) moderately obese.

answer

The answer is A - mildly.

question

A woman's menstrual cycle may cease if her body fat is a) too high or b) too low.

answer

The answer is B - too low.

question

One whose BMI is between 25-30 is characterized as being a) overweight or b) obese.

answer

The answer is A - overweight.

question

At what age does a person's metabolic rate start to decline?

answer

around age 30

question

To loose weight have _

answer

negative caloric balance

question

To gain weight have_

answer

positive caloric balance

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