question

the cell cycle

answer

5.1

question

interphases & mitosis

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cell cycle is split into two sections

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g1, s phase, g2, mitosis

answer

4 stages

question

prophase pro-metaphase metaphase anaphase telophase

answer

mitosis 5 stages

question

when the cell membrane actually splits

answer

cytokinesis

question

G1 S-phase G2

answer

interphase

question

wrap around cell membrane and "pinch" it in half

answer

microtubules -

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increases in size, replicates organelles, G1 check point (makes sure it is getting big enough to divide, signals other cells to see if division is necessary), where cells spend most of there time

answer

G1

question

DNA replication

answer

S phase (synthesis)

question

more growth, G2 check point (make sure that DNA is undamaged, checking size, checking that the need for cell division is still there, is everything there in order to divide) in animal cells the centrioles replicate

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G2

question

M check point (makes sure chromosomes are properly attached)- happens in the middle of mitosis, mitosis is the division of the nucleus and its content

answer

mitosis

question

same in every cell

answer

s phase, g1 and m phase take 12 hours

question

cells are still carrying out all metabolic functions but don't divide(ex. brain cells, heart cells)

answer

G sub 0

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too little =cant contain all the organelles necessary to carry on there life processes too big = too big for things to diffuse around in effectively and efficiently

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cell size is limited

question

s-phase (synthesis)

answer

During which stage of the cell cycle is the DNA copied?

question

M-phases, S-phase, G2

answer

Which stages of the cell cycle generally require about the same amount of time in all human cells?

question

ratio of cell surface area to volume,too little =cant contain all the organelles necessary to carry on there life processes too big = too big for things to diffuse around in effectively and efficiently

answer

What limits the maximum size of a cell

question

in side of G1 somewhere because it would have to enter the cycle somewhere

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Suppose you were to draw a diagram representing the cycle of a neuron. Explain where and how you would represent G0

question

the cell would be one oversized cell with two nuclei and double every thing else, the microtubule belt wouldn't have been formed

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Suppose you treat cells with chemicals that block cytokinesis. describe what you think the cells would look like.

question

the cell division rate of the algae living in the sunny, nutrient-rich pond would have a higher rate then that of the algae living in the shady, nutrient-poor conditions. You could test that theory by creating two environments; one with good conations as the ones stated in the question, and one with bad conditions, as the ones stated in the question. Then introduce the same type of algae to both conditions and simply observe which one has a higher division rate.

answer

Predict how the rate of cell division would differ between single-celled algae living in a sunny, nutrient-rich pond verse algae living in a shady, nutrient-poor pond. How could you test your prediction?

question

mitosis and cytokinesis

answer

5.2

question

DNA and proteins condense, chromatin condenses into chromatids

answer

prophase

question

nuclear envelope breaks down, the centrioles move to opposite side of the cell microtubules(spindle fibers) form and attach to chromosomes at the centromere(on the kinetochore disk)spindle fibers start aligning the chromosomes

answer

pro-metaphase

question

the spindle fibers move chromosomes the middle of the cell and lines them up on the cell's equator, spindle fibers that don't attach to the chromosomes keep building microtubules and elongate cell= non-kinetochore spindle fibers that attach to chromosomes = kinetochore

answer

metaphase

question

chromatids are separate at centromere now called chromosome, pulls two chromatids apart, you are in anaphase until they are moved to opposite sides of the cell

answer

anaphase

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chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membranes form, spindle fibers break down, nucleolus forms

answer

telophase

question

color

answer

croma-

question

one long continuous thread of DNA that consist of numerous genes along with regulatory information

answer

chromosome

question

protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps, DNA packing

answer

histone

question

loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase, somewhat twisted

answer

chromatin

question

one half of a duplicated chromosome (each leg of a chromosome)

answer

chromatid

question

region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis

answer

centromere

question

repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes, keep the end of chromosomes from attaching to each other, involved in how long the cell lives

answer

telomere

question

p - arm

answer

the area above the centromere

question

q- arm

answer

area below the centromere

question

when your a fetus it rebuilds telomere, when your born genes for makes telomerase turns off, in cancer cells it turns back on

answer

telomerase

question

answer

draw what a chromosome looks like during metaphase. identify the chromatids and the centromere.

question

because the DNA is copied in synthesis and when they separate each cell gets the same exact DNA

answer

briefly explain why the daughter cells resulting from mitosis are genetically identical to each other and to the original cell.

question

prophase is when the chromosomes coil up and telophase is when they uncoil

answer

how do prophase and telophase differ?

question

spindle fibers, how the DNA is coiled(prokaryotic=circle shaped DNA, eukaryotic =X), membrane bound organelles

answer

using a light microscope, you observe a cell that has no nucleus. What features would you look for to determine whether it is a eukaryotic cell undergoing mitosis or a prokaryotic cell?

question

if the histones are not properly binding the DNA then the DNA will not be able to condense into chromosomes, which effects protein synthesis in the sense of speeding it up because it would make it easier for the enzymes to get to the DNA to cause transcription to take place

answer

for a cell to make proteins, enzymes must access its genes. When histones are modified with acetyl groups (-COCH3), their positive charge is neutralized, so they wrap DNA less tightly. How might this affect the rate of protein synthesis?

question

regulation of the cell cycle

answer

5.3

question

physical signals -cell-cell contact , in a eukaryotic cell that is behaving correctly when it touches another cell it stops dividing -cells need a surface to grow on (control) chemical signals - growth factors (growth hormone) - shuts off in girl 13-14, guys early 20s

answer

in eukaryotic cells there are both internal and external controls

question

move phosphate groups from one cell to another (phosphorylate) when you phosphorylate things they become higher energy

answer

kinases

question

create and destroys things rapidly

answer

cyclins

question

programmed cell death, external or internal signal tells the cell its time to die and the cell self destructs, the first thing that happens if the nucleus shrinks and disintegrates, cell becomes damaged, lysosomes rupture and spill digestive enzymes , immune system send phagocytic cell to eat the damaged cell, phagocytize

answer

apoptosis

question

cancerous

answer

technically any group of cells that are dividing uncontrollably is

question

encapsulated not invading other cells, stay in clusters, can be easily removed

answer

benign cancer

question

bad cancer, cells that metastasize break off and spread to other areas and grow there

answer

malignant caner

question

a hormone that stimulates growth and division of cells

answer

describe what a growth factor is and how it influences the cell cycle.

question

they don't follow the rules of cell to cell contact they divide uncontrollably they grow without growth factor they form tumors they can metastasize they don't contribute to any functions

answer

explain how cancer cells differ from healthy cells

question

benign tumors remain clustered, don't affect the surrounding tissues or cells malignant tumors can metastasize

answer

how do benign and malignant tumors differ?

question

no, because if the cell cycle is normal it would go against the direct definition of a cancerous cell which divides uncontrollably and doesn't follow any rules or doesn't need a growth factor

answer

suppose chromosomes in a single cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. if the damaged genes do not affect the cell cycle regulation, do you think the cell will become cancerous? explain.

question

because if spindle fibers are unable to form then mitosis couldn't happened and the cell couldn't divide

answer

some anticancer drugs prevent microtubules from forming spindle fibers. Why do you think these drugs might be effective treatment for cancer?

question

asexual reproduction

answer

5.4

question

about the exact same as mitosis

answer

binary fission

question

offspring are identical prokaryotes only option - have a circular DNA takes 4 hours for cells to divide

answer

asexual reproduction

question

numbers(exponential growth) no variation no struggle of finding a mate more efficient keep genes out ex. plants(budding), bacteria(binary fission) if your healthy, offspring should be healthy if your well adapted, offspring are well adapted

answer

advantages

question

no genetic diversity don't handle big changes in environment well (less adaptable) if there is a problem with the parent cell then there will be a problem with the offspring

answer

disadvantages

question

very costly attracting a mate mother has to labor over offspring advantage genetic diversity

answer

sexual reproduction

question

ex. hydra, yeast offspring grows off parent cells

answer

budding

question

ex. starfish parent cell breaks off and each piece becomes a new organism

answer

fragmentation

question

mitosis occurs exclusively in eukaryotic cells. prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a process called binary fission

answer

explain how mitosis differs from binary fission

question

each piece would become a new flat worm not kill it(fragmentation)

answer

briefly explain why cutting a flat worm into pieces wouldn't kill it.

question

sexual reproduction - allows for change in DNA of an organism, which leads to a stronger species asexual reproduction - ensures the species will carry on - no struggle of finding a mate

answer

how does an organism benefit by being able to reproduce both sexually and asexually

question

the dish that stops growing is the one that was treated with the chemical that blocks DNA replication

answer

yeasts are growing in two dishes. you treat one dish with a chemical that blocks DNA replication but you forget to label it. How can you identify the treated dish?

question

an environmental change that causes the larger but unadaptable species to die off

answer

two populations live in the same habit and complete for food. the first group is larger and multiplies through asexual reproduction; the second group reproduces sexually. What could happen to cause the second group to outnumber the first?

question

multicellular life

answer

5.5

question

a bunch of similar cells performing a similar function= tissue, a bunch of different types of tissues preforming complimentary functions= organ, a number of organs preforming related services

answer

multicellular

question

we can specialize our cells, reason why we got so big in single celled organism that one cell does everything

answer

benefit to being multi cellular

question

embryonic stem cells- all of the cells of an embryo,each cell has the potential to become anything =totipotent pluripotent stem cells - can grow into any cell except for totipotent stem cells, can grow into almost anything multipotent stem cells can grow only into cells of a closely related cell family

answer

stem cell classifications

question

they divide and renew themselves for a long period of time remain undifferentiated in form can differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types

answer

uniqueness's of stem cells

question

found everywhere in body, not as flexible as embryonic stem cells, partially differentiated, non controversial disadvantages not easy to find not easy to grow

answer

adult stem cells

question

the cells can communicate to each other and "tell" each other what needs to be done so that they can maintain the body's temperature, PH level, etc.

answer

how does communication between cells help maintain homeostasis

question

it's important to the development of multicellular organisms because if there was no cell differentiation, how could muscle and nerve cells form? so basically, cell differentiation is important because it decides whether a cell is a muscle cell, or a nerve cell, and what structure and function it preforms in a multicellular organism

answer

why is cell differentiation an important part of the development of a multicellular organism?

question

1. they divide and renew for long periods of time 2. they remain undifferentiated in form 3. they differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types

answer

what are the defining characteristics of stem cells?

question

a bunch of similar cells performing a similar function= tissue, a bunch of different types of tissues preforming complimentary functions= organ, a number of organs preforming related functions

answer

describe how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are related.

question

it determines how the stem cell will differentiate

answer

what role does the location of a cell in a developing embryo play in cell differentiation?

question

this is a matter of opinion, of course, but I believe the most important factor to be considered in whether stem-cell research should be legally and federally funded is the potential for curing some of our most baffling diseases

answer

explain which factor you think is most important in deciding whether stem research should be legal and government-funded

question

DNA and proteins condense, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrosomes move to opposite sides of the and spindle fibers start forming

answer

1.prophase

question

nuclear envelope breaks down, the centrioles move to opposite side of the cell microtubules(spindle fibers) form and attach to chromosomes at the centromere(on the kinetochore disk)spindle fibers start aligning the chromosomes

answer

2.pro-metaphase

question

the spindle fibers move chromosomes the middle of the cell and lines them up on the cell's equator, spindle fibers that don't attach to the chromosomes keep building microtubules and elongate cell= non-kinetochore spindle fibers that attach to chromosomes = kinetochore

answer

3.metaphase

question

chromatids are separate at centromere now called chromosome, pulls two chromatids apart, you are in anaphase until they are moved to opposite sides of the cell

answer

4.anaphase

question

chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membranes form, spindle fibers break down, nucleolus forms, chromosomes begin uncoiling and forming back into chromatin

answer

5.telophase

question

when the cell membrane actually splits

answer

6.cytokinesis

question

the "waist" of the chromosome that looks pinched, the point at which the spindle fibers attach to the chromatin

answer

7.centromere

question

a repeating nucleotide at the ends of the chromatin, that keep genes from "fraying"

answer

8.telomere

question

telophase is the end of mitosis the telomere is at the end of the chromatid

answer

9.the prefix telo- means "distant, far, or end." How does this meaning relate to the words telophase and telomere?

question

G1-increases in size, replicates organelles, G1 check point (makes sure it is getting big enough to divide, signals other cells to see if division is necessary), where cells spend most of there time S-phase- DNA replication G2-more growth, G2 check point (make sure that DNA is undamaged, checking size, checking that the need for cell division is still there, is everything there in order to divide) in animal cells the centrioles replicate M-phase-M check point (makes sure chromosomes are properly attached)- happens in the middle of mitosis, mitosis is the division of the nucleus and its content, chromosomes are separated and distributed to the two new cells

answer

11.the cell cycle has four main stages-G1, s, G2, and M. What occurs in the cell during each stage?

question

the DNA strands wrap around the histones, which helps the DNA from getting tangled = DNA packing

answer

14.you know that a chromosome is a very long, continuous strand of DNA. how do proteins help condense chromosomes?

question

mitosis is the process of making double of everything in the cell(DNA, organelles, size, nuclei cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm

answer

16.how does the process of cytokinesis differ from the process of mitosis?

question

the presence of a growth factor is going to increase cyclin levels because growth factor is a hormone that makes the cell want to divide

answer

17.increased levels of cyclin help trigger a cell to divide. Do you think a growth factor would increase or decrease cyclin levels? explain.

question

both result in two genetically equal cells binary fission happens in prokaryotic cells mitosis happens in eukaryotic cells

answer

19.list one similarity and one difference between binary fission and mitosis.

question

asexual reproduction, mitosis is happening in the roots to make them grow

answer

20.you pull a leaf from a plant and place it in a cup of water. After a week, roots start to grow from the leaf. what type of reproduction has occurred, and what role does mitosis play in it?

question

1. they divide and renew for long periods of time 2. they remain undifferentiated in form 3. they differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types

answer

22.list three characteristics of all stem cells

question

benefits- huge yield it going to be faster to propagate risks- no genetic diversity so if a virus comes around everything will die wouldn't be able to grow in other palaces price would go down because there are so many

answer

25.a scientist wants to use asexually reproducing vegetables to increase crop yields. he plans to distribute budding potatoes and teach farmers how to separate them into new plants. what are some potential benefits and risks that could result form this situation?

question

because by mutating they can adapt to there environment better

answer

26.the rates of DNA mutations in bacteria are know to increase when they are under stressed environmental conditions. why do you think this is important for an organism the reproduces asexually?

question

48, because the DNA multiplies in S phase

answer

27.suppose an organism usually has 24 chromosomes in its nucleus. how many chromatids would it have just are the S phase of the cell cycle?

question

interphase, because that's where cells spend most of there time

answer

29.in what stage of the cell cycle are most of these cells? explain.

question

by looking how degraded the telomere is, longer=younger shorter= older, new cells are smaller, nucleus takes up more space in cell=younger

answer

30.how can you visually distinguish between newly formed cells and older cells?

question

c, the compound killed the treated cells

answer

1.scientist researching anticancer drugs treat a cell culture with a compound. following treatment, they notice that the culture stopped growing. untreated cells from the same culture, however, have continued to grow. these results indicate that the compound blocks the normal cell cycle. what else could have caused these results?

question

b, it carries the code from which each type expresses specific genes.

answer

2.which describes the role of DNA in cell differentiation?

question

b, outer layer

answer

3.one environmental factor that plays a key role in cell differentiation in multicellular organisms is the location of the developing cell with respect to other cells. in human development, from which cell layer in the emryo will a nerve cell develop?

question

c, 6 each

answer

4.in the diagram above, cell A is undergoing mitosis. if cell A has 6 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will cells B and C have?

question

c, organs

answer

5.the figure above represents some levels of organization in multicellular organisms. which term fits in the box marked "X"?

question

d, both types of cells have the same DNA, but each cell uses only part of the DNA message

answer

6 .unlike stem cells, most body cells cannot form different types of cells. for example, skin cells can only make skin cells, and nerve cells can only make nerve cells. which statement best explains why skin cells will never become nerve cells?

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