APK Quiz 3 – Flashcards
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Research findings indicate that exercise is associated with
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a. increases in energy and alertness b. increases in feeling of well-being
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Research from Germany on the "runner's high" has recently revealed
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a. endorphins were produced by the brain during running
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Which of the following statements was a conclusion derived from the National Institute of Mental Health workshop on physical activity and mental health?
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a. Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health. c. Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety.
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Research investigating the relationship between exercise and quality of life has revealed that
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a. older adults who exercise report greater life satisfaction and physical health b. physically active individuals report more stamina and positive attitudes about work
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According to research studies, the "runner's high" is experienced by approximately what percentage of runners?
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e. Results are inconsistent.
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The relationship between exercise and hardiness has recently been investigated. A hardy personality style is characterized by
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a. a sense of personal control over external events b. a sense of commitment and purpose in daily life c. the flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes in life
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The feelings characterizing the "runner's high" are similar to the concept of
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b. flow
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Which of the following conditions is generally not related to positive changes in mood?
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e. interpersonal competition
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Various research studies have indicated that regular physical activity is associated with
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a. positive mental health c. reduced probability of hypertension and coronary heart disease
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Aerobic exercise refers to physical activity that
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c. increases pulmonary and cardiovascular fitness
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The primary measure of mood in sport and exercise is the
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a. Profile of Mood States b. Positive Affect-Negative Affect Scale c. mood alteration scale d. affective checklist e. Cognitive-Affective Profile
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Exercise is related to increased quality of life as measured by
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a. increased feelings of enjoyment b. decreased feelings of stress
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Some new research on the relationship between exercise and psychological well-being among HIV-1 populations showed that
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b. both aerobic and weight-training exercise produced positive psychological benefits
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Studies have investigated the relationship between exercise and multiple sclerosis (MS). Results indicated that exercise produced
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a. less pain and fatigue c. higher levels of energy and vigor
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If exercise is used as an adjunct to traditional psychotherapy, then which of the following statements is true?
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b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and individually tailored program of exercise should be employed.
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The results of studies investigating the relationship between exercise and changes in self-concept have been inconsistent. The main reason for this is that
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a. self-concept is a multidimensional construct b. there were not enough subjects in the studies c. self-concept cannot be measured through paper-and-pencil tests
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The "runner's high" has been described as
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a. complete joy in the run b. a very alert mind c. freedom from worry and guilt d. all of these
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According to Ismail and Young's study on the effects of a fitness program on middle-aged men, exercise
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a. improves fitness levels b. increases self-confidence
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A negative addiction to exercise can result in
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b. strains on interpersonal relationships c. decrease in work productivity
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The term "positive addiction to exercise" was coined by
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a. Gould b. Burke c. Morgan d. Glasser e. Bahrke
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If a person feels withdrawal symptoms after 24 to 36 hours without exercise, then the individual is considered
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a. positively addicted to exercise b. negatively addicted to exercise c. neurotic d. psychotic
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Which of the following psychological explanations has NOT been advanced to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and psychological well-being?
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a. enhanced feelings of control b. "time-out" c. positive changes in personality d. positive social interactions
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Which illness or disease is predicted to be the second-leading cause of death after heart disease by 2020?
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a. anxiety neurosis b. depression c. skin cancer d. abdominal cancer
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The effect of exercise on cancer indicates
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a. exercise can cause breast cancer to disappear b. exercise can be beneficial for breast cancer patients c. exercise can be beneficial to non-breast cancer patients d. b and c
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A recent study has shown that acute exercise can improve cognitive functioning in the form of working memory for people
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a. for whom English is a second language b. who are low in working memory c. under the age of 30
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Research has revealed that for children and adolescents, increased exercise is related to higher levels of
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a. perceived competence b. depression c. anxiety
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Research with middle-aged women (likely to have experienced menopause) has demonstrated that exercise can help improve which psychological attribute?
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a. self-confidence b. self-esteem c. self-awareness
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Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has been shown to improve ____________ in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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a. mood b. cognitive functioning c. self-esteem d. optimism
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Which of the following is NOT a dimension of well-being?
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a. self-acceptance b. autonomy c. trustworthiness d. personal growth
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Cardiac rehabilitation studies indicate that, for people with coronary heart disease, exercise can
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a. reduce anxiety b. reduce depression c. increase quality of life d. all of these
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The premise of the health belief model is that individuals will engage in preventive health behaviors depending on the individual's perception of the
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a. severity of past illnesses b. time available to exercise c. social support network d. exercise history e. perceived behavioral control
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The two major categories of processes used by individuals for behavior change are
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a. cognitive and physiological *b. cognitive and behavioral c. social and physiological d. behavioral and social
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in the transtheoretical model?
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a. contemplation b. precontemplation c. action and reaction d. preparation e. action
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The key elements in social cognitive theory are that the environment affects behavior and behavior affects the environment. This is known as
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a. reciprocal control b. reciprocal interception c. self-efficacy d. reciprocal determinism
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According to the Surgeon General's report, people exercising for ____ at a time had the best adherence rates.
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*a. 20 to 30 minutes b. 30 to 60 minutes c. 30 to 40 minutes d. 15 to 45 minutes e. 30 to 45 minutes
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In terms of affecting adherence, which of the following is true?
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a. Overweight people are more likely to adhere to exercise programs. b. People with documented heart disease are less likely to adhere to exercise programs. c. The higher the cost of the exercise program, the lower the adherence.
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Reasons for attrition from exercise programs can be classified as
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a. internal and controllable b. external and controllable
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Which of the following will have a positive effect on adherence to a new exercise program?
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a. previous participation in supervised exercise programs b. participation in intercollegiate sports c. age of the participant
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
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a. Exercise of moderate or short duration does not increase appetite. b. Regular exercise can produce substantial decreases in weight over time. c. An estimated 10% of American adults are overweight.
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Exercise can be beneficial in which of the following ways?
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a. weight control b. building self-esteem c. reducing the risk of hypertension *d. all of these
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The theory of planned behavior extends the theory of reasoned action by including the factor of
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a. perceived ability b. perceived behavioral control c. exercise history d. previous participation in varsity sport
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Studies on social support as a strategy to help adherence have indicated that
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a. social support, compared to a lack of it in control groups, produces increases in adherence b. social support does not increase adherence c. social support works only with support from spouses and family d. social support works only with support from close friends
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In a research study, exercise adherence in a walking program was maximized when participants were called _______ to prompt them to walk.
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a. once a week b. once a month c. once every other week d. every day
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Research by Williams (2007; 2008) has indicated that to increase adherence, obese people should be encouraged to
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a. choose self-paced activities that produce positive effects b. exercise whenever they choose c. exercise 3 days a week for 30 minutes each time
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Which of the following is NOT a guideline for setting up an exercise program to enhance adherence?
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a. Exercise alone. b. Make the exercise enjoyable. c. Reinforce early success.
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Two ways to increase intrinsic motivation for exercise are to focus on one's self and have what type of orientation?
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a. product b. outcome c. process d. performance
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According to research on association and dissociation strategies and adherence,
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a. dissociation produces better attendance than association does b. association produces better attendance than dissociation does
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According to research on goal setting and adherence,
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a. flexible goals are better than rigid goals b. time-based goals are better than distance-based goals c. short-term goals (weekly) are better than long-term goals (six weeks) *d. a and c
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Based on research findings, which of the following statements is true?
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a. Attendance contracts and lotteries are successful in improving adherence rates. b. Individual feedback produces more adherence than group feedback. c. Self-reward decreases adherence rates. d. a and b
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Which of the following is NOT an approach used in enhancing exercise adherence?
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a. social support b. decision making c. behavior modification d. goal setting e. association
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According to American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, exercise should be
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a. performed three or four days a week b. performed for 45 minutes to 1 hour per exercise bout c. performed at 50% to 80% of maximal heart rate *d. a and c
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To prevent a relapse in physical activity, it is suggested that a person
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a. use positive self-talk and imagery strategies b. replace "wants" with "shoulds" c. expect and plan for lapses d. a and c
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As a person moves through the stages of changes, reasons for exercise become more
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a. external b. internal c. hypothetical d. behavioral
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In order to facilitate adherence to mental training, it is suggested that
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a. mental skills be integrated into existing routines b. enjoyment of mental training be emphasized c. the perceived costs (such as time) of mental training be increased d. a and b
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A recent study by Netz and colleagues (2008) focusing on age and gender differences in adherence found
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a. males gave more internal reasons (for instance, lack of self-discipline) for not exercising than females b. young adults gave more reasons for not exercising than older adults c. older adults had more internal barriers to not exercising than younger adults
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Self-determination theory has made a large impact on exercise adherence because it
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a. views intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on a continuum b. incorporates harmonious passion into its definition c. incorporates obsessive compassion into its definition d. views self-efficacy along a continuum
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According to the transtheoretical model, how long does one have to be continuously exercising to avoid worrying about a relapse to an earlier stage?
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a. 10 years b. 1 year c. 3 years d. 6 months e. none of these
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Which of the following was found to be a determinant of exercise behavior in youth?
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a. social support b. positive body image c. access to facilities d. all of these
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Recent research has indicated that process goals (as compared to outcome goals) produced an increase in
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a. adherence rates b. intrinsic motivation c. optimism d. a and b
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Based on research by Petitpas and Danish, which of the following is a psychological reaction associated with injury?
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a. identity loss b. lack of confidence c. fear and anxiety d. all of these
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Which of the following has research shown to be predictive of athletic injury?
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a. personality b. self-esteem c. life stress d. independence e. self-concept
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Which of the following is a potential explanation for the relationship between stress and injury?
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a. Stress disrupts an athlete's attention by causing a decline in peripheral vision. b. Stress causes muscle tension, which disrupts coordination. c. Stress causes an increase in an athlete's peripheral vision. d. a and b
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Which type of attitude have consultants identified as being related to injury?
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a. Act tough and always give 110%. b. If you are injured, you are worthless. c. Pressure is a privilege. d. a and b
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A study by Gould and colleagues (1997) concluded the greatest sources of stress for individuals rehabilitating from injury were
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a. psychological and physical b. psychological and social c. physical and social d. physical and emotional
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Which of the following is a typical reaction to injury?
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a. Injury is viewed as a disaster. b. Injury is viewed as a way to get a break from tedious practice. c. Injury is viewed as a socially acceptable reason for not playing. d. all of these
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Which is the first stage of the grief reaction response?
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a. anger b. acceptance and reorganization c. rationalization d. depression e. denial
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Which of the following factors influences the stress response, which in turn influences the probability of injury?
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a. coping resources b. personality c. ability level d. a and b
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Which of the following is a guideline for providing social support for injury recovery?
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a. Need is greatest when the rehabilitation process is fastest. b. Family and friends provide information support, whereas coaches provide emotional support. c. Social support that athletes need varies across the rehabilitation phases.
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According to Cupal and Brewer's (2001) study on effects of imagery and relaxation on recovery from injury, relaxation plus imagery versus a control or placebo control condition produced
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a. less reinjury anxiety b. greater knee strength c. no change in pain d. a and b
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Which of the following has NOT been identified as a sign of potential problematic adjustment to athletic injury?
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a. rapid mood swings b. withdrawal from significant others c. high levels of anxiety d. feelings of anger and confusion
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In interviews with fast- and slow-healing athletes, Ievleva and Orlick found that fast healers used more
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a. goal setting b. positive self-talk c. relaxation d. a and b
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Which of the following is NOT one of the procedures used in the rehabilitation process?
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a. educating individuals relative to the injury and recovery process b. fostering social support c. being overly optimistic d. building rapport with the injured individual
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According to Hardy and Crace, social support may take the form of
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a. emotional support b. informational support c. qualitative support d. a and b
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Building rapport with an injured athlete can be accomplished by
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a. being there b. showing empathy c. being overly optimistic d. all of these e. a and b
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Research by Perna and colleagues has shown that high levels of stress can affect the physiology of injury recovery by
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a. causing a disturbance in sleep b. interfering with the removal of damaged tissue c. interfering with the body's healing process d. all of these
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The stress-injury model explains physical injuries but may also be used to explain
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a. physical performance b. physical illness c. physical fitness d. burnout e. overtraining
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Which of the following is part of the three-part definition of injury?
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a. Injury needs mental attention during participation. b. Injury involves a loss of function that can affect performance. c. A decision process of whether or not to play occurs before and during participation. d. all of these
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Returning to play after injury includes many psychological challenges except for
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a. uncertainty of meeting expectations of others b. anxiety over reinjury c. diminished physical self-efficacy d. concerns over performing at preinjury levels e. decreased motivation to play
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Which of the following is a predictor of adherence to sport injury rehabilitation?
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a. personal attributes (for instance, tough mindedness) b. environmental characteristics (such as social support) c. adherence interventions (for example, reinforcement or goal setting) d. all of these
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Increased burnout among athletes in recent years is due to which of the following factors?
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a. increased pressure from coaches b. year-round training and competition c. increased pressure from teammates
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According to the latest research on overtraining, if the source of the stressor is psychological, then the recovery strategy should focus on
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a. nutrition b. thought management strategies c. active rest d. rest e. hydration
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of burnout?
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a. lack of caring b. elevated resting heart rate c. sleep disturbances d. physical and mental exhaustion e. increased anxiety
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Which of the following is NOT a component of Smith's model of burnout?
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a. situational demands b. cognitive appraisal of demands c. cognitive responses d. physiological responses
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According to the new model of overtraining developed by Kentta and Hassmen, overtraining can lead to
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a. improved performance b. no change in performance c. impaired performance d. all of these
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The difference between overtraining and periodized training depends largely on individual differences and
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a. personality differences b. capabilities c. mood states d. perfectionism
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Overtraining refers to a training cycle of approximately
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a. a few days to a few weeks b. a few weeks to two months c. a few days to one year d. a few days to six months
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of overtraining?
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a. apathy b. sleep disturbances c. mood changes d. deteriorating relationships
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Raedeke argues that burnout can be studied within a sport commitment approach. In essence, many athletes feel burned out but nevertheless continue to participate in their sport because of
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a. social pressure from others b. perceived lack of control over the situation c. too much self-identity tied up with their sport d. all of these
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Which of the following is a helpful treatment for burnout?
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a. Take relaxation breaks. b. Keep a positive outlook. c. Keep playing through the feeling; it'll go away eventually. d. a and b
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According to the research on burnout among athletic trainers and officials,
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a. both athletic trainers and officials feel that role conflict is related to burnout b. time demands are related to burnout for officials c. fear of negative evaluation is related to burnout for athletic trainers
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The motivational map of youth tennis players suffering burnout that Gould and colleagues developed underscores the importance of _____________ in determining burnout.
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a. individual differences b. training methods c. goal orientations d. group interactions
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In a series of studies involving competitive youth tennis players, Gould and colleagues found that burnout involved
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a. logistical concerns b. social and interpersonal concerns c. physical concerns d. all of these
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Compared to Silva's model of burnout and Smith's model of burnout, Coakley's model is more ___________ in orientation.
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a. physiological b. psychological c. cognitive d. sociological
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According to Silva's model of burnout, the key component to producing burnout is
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a. the potential negative stress of too much training b. increased pressure to win c. lack of feelings of personal accomplishment d. increased isolation
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of burnout?
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a. depersonalization *b. cognitive dissociation c. decreased feelings of personal accomplishment d. isolation e. emotional and physical exhaustion
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According to the research on gender and coaches' burnout,
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a. males have higher burnout rates than females b. females have higher burnout rates than males c. no conclusive gender differences have been found d. males have higher rates than females only in individual sports
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Which of the following is related to overtraining?
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a. volume of physical training b. intensity of physical training c. psychological and social stress d. all of these
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Recent research (Lundkvist et al., 2012) suggests that coaches are particularly susceptible to burnout if they
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a. had difficulties handling the pressure and performance demands of elite sport b. lacked the skills to facilitate recovery c. had a perfectionistic personality d. a and b
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Graduate assistant student athletic trainers are prone to burnout because of
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a. time needed to fulfill academic and clinical duties b. perfectionistic attitudes c. athletes who consistently ask to be treated for different injuries d. coaches who ask them to be with their teams for practices and games
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In the case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn?
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a. how to be rough and tough without getting thrown out of the game b. how to control his aggression c. how to deal with aggressive teammates d. how to deal with aggressive coaches
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Which of the following is NOT among the criteria for judging aggression?
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a. Aggression involves intent. b. Aggression involves harm or injury. c. Aggression must be directed toward a human being.
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"Good aggression" (playing within the rules with high intensity) is known in sport psychology as
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a. assertive behavior b. aggression with purpose c. aggression with emotion d. intentional aggression
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A linebacker intends to hurt and injure any receiver who catches a ball over the middle. This is an example of
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a. instrumental aggression b. reactive aggression c. assertive behavior d. judgmental aggression
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Most aggression in sport falls into which of the following categories?
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a. instrumental aggression b. reactive aggression c. judgmental aggression d. intentional aggression
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Individuals have an innate predisposition to be aggressive, which builds up and eventually must be expressed. This represents the major premise of which theory?
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a. social learning theory b. frustration-aggression theory c. revised frustration-aggression theory d. instinct theory
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The general aggression model proposes that when aggression occurs, it will be
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a. reactive versus instrumental b. thought out versus impulsive c. reactive versus hostile d. internal versus external
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Smith's research concerning violence in hockey showed that
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a. many coaches, parents, and teammates accept and reinforce the modeling of aggressive acts b. violence is modeled by young amateur hockey players c. aggressive play is discouraged by coaches and parents d. a and b
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According to research, which of the following statements concerning spectator aggression is true?
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a. Males exhibit higher levels of aggression than females. b. Working-class individuals are more often involved in aggressive spectator actions. c. Small-scale, on-the-field aggressive acts serve as triggers for crowd aggression. d. all of these
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The research examining the relationship between aggression and performance supports which conclusion?
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a. Aggression facilitates performance. b. Aggression is detrimental to performance. c. Aggression sometimes facilitates performance and sometimes does not. d. Aggression facilitates performance only in team-sport athletes.
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In which of the following situations is aggression likely to occur?
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a. when participants are winning b. when participants are embarrassed c. when participants perceive they are the recipients of poor officiating d. b and c
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Bandura's research showed that children who saw adult models commit violent acts repeated those acts more than children who were not exposed to such aggressive models. This supports which theory of aggression?
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c. social learning theory
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According to more recent research by Anderson and Bushman, aggression ranging from instrumental to reactive should be viewed
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a. as a circle b. along a continuum c. as either reactive or instrumental d. as an inverted-U
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The study by Gee and Lee (2007) investigating aggressive play and hockey found that
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a. North American players exhibited more aggressive acts (incurring penalties) than did European players b. European players displayed more aggressive acts than did American players c. aggressive acts increased as the records of the two teams became more dissimilar d. aggressive acts have decreased in the NHL over the last 10 years
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An athlete who does the right thing when faced with a moral dilemma possesses what virtue?
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a. integrity b. fairness c. compassion d. morality
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The highest level (level 5) of moral reasoning is characterized by
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a. following external rules and regulations b. treating others as you would like to be treated c. taking into account what is best for all involved d. external control
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Which of the following definitions does Martens think captures the meaning of good sporting behavior?
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a. Treat others as you would want them to treat you. b. There is no universally accepted definition of good sporting behavior. c. Act in a fair and equitable manner. d. Play by the rules.
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Geibenk and McKenzie studied the use of social learning in a physical education setting, finding that
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a. the use of modeling and reinforcement reduced the bad sporting behaviors of fifth-grade boys b. the use of social comparison reduced bad sporting behaviors of high school wrestlers c. the use of modeling was not effective in reducing bad sporting behaviors of high school football players d. the use of rewards was effective in increasing good sporting behaviors in female elite gymnasts
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Which of the following is NOT part of social learning?
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a. modeling b. reinforcement c. social comparison d. attributions
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The social learning approach to good sporting behavior and moral development is best summarized by the work of
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a. Dan Kirschenbaum b. Albert Bandura c. Kevin Burke d. Joan Duda
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Character development is most facilitated by building a
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a. task-oriented climate b. ego-oriented climate c. competitive climate d. high-performance climate
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The decision process whereby the rightness or wrongness of a course of action is determined is the definition of
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a. moral development b. moral behavior c. moral learning d. moral reasoning
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The definition of good sporting behavior put forth by Shields and Bredemeier emphasizes which of these statements?
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a. Ethical standards will take precedence over strategic gain when these are in conflict. b. Treat others as you would like them to treat you. c. Have respect for other players, coaches, and officials. d. Appropriate moral development is different for different ages.
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In a study investigating moral development in elementary school children and the Fair Play for Kids activities, it was found that
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a. moral development was higher for the Fair Play group than in the control condition only in physical education classes b. there were no differences between the control and Fair Play groups c. both Fair Play groups had higher moral development than the control group
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In a summary of 20 years of research on moral development, Bredemeier and Shields found that
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a. athletes have higher levels of moral development than nonathletes b. males have higher levels of moral reasoning than females c. athletes' game reasoning differs from reasoning used in everyday life
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According to Shields and Bredemeier, morality in sport includes
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a. fair play b. character c. good sporting behavior d. all of these
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The process of experience and growth by which an individual develops the capacity to morally reason is the definition of
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a. moral behavior b. moral reasoning c. moral development d. moral learning
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Which of the following is among the strategies for developing resiliency in youth?
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a. Focus on individual strengths rather than weaknesses. b. Encourage independence c. Be sensitive to individuality and cultural differences d. All of the above
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Which of the following is NOT one of the levels in Hellison's levels of responsibility model?
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a. self-direction b. self-appraisal c. self-control d. caring e. involvement
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Some physical educators have developed programs to enhance resiliency in at-risk youth. The attributes displayed by resilient youths include which of the following?
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a. autonomy b. social competence c. perfectionism d. a and b
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It has been proposed that sport participation can serve as an alternative to gang behavior by providing
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a. increased physical skill development b. exposure to positive role models c. increased self-esteem d. b and c
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Physical education expert Eric Larson thinks that extracurricular activities can have a positive influence on youth development because
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a. sport is extrinsically motivating b. sport efforts are directed toward a goal over time c. sport requires youth to experience setbacks and overcome challenges d. b and c
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According to the structural-developmental approach, moral reasoning depends in large part on the
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a. emotional development of the individual b. physical development of the individual c. cognitive development of the individual d. psychological development of the individual
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Consider an athlete who takes illegal performance-enhancing drugs and argues her actions are okay because everyone does it. At what stage of moral development is she?
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a. external control b. eye for an eye c. treat others as you want them to treat you d. following external rules
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
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a. Good sporting behavior should be defined in very general terms. b. Rationales explaining your definition of good sporting behavior should be regularly conveyed to participants. c. Role taking should be especially emphasized around ages 7 and 8.
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When conveying rationales for good sporting behavior, coaches should emphasize
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a. why a behavior is considered good or bad b. the intent of actions c. role taking d. all of these
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Which of the following is NOT one of the moral action stages hypothesized by Miller and colleagues (1997)?
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a. making a choice to act morally b. deciding the best course of moral action c. implementing a moral response d. reviewing history of moral choices
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The social-psychological approach to studying morality in sport emphasizes that
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a. both personal and situational factors help determine good sporting behavior b. social factors are the key to developing good sporting behavior c. group dynamics are a factor in developing good sporting behavior d. situational factors play a role in developing good sporting behavior
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Which of the following is among the types of hazing?
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a. physical b. psychological c. alcohol related d. All of the above
