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Psychotherapy

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a specialized process in which a trained professional uses psychological methods to help a person with psychological problems. -People enter therapy in order to rid themselves of an abnormal behavior or to improve their daily living (personal growth)

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Psychoanalysis: (freud)

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the root of all psychological problems are unconscious conflicts(not practiced anymore) 1. Free Association 2. Dream Analysis

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1. Free Association:

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talk about whatever comes to mind (uncensored)

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2. Dream Analysis:

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"royal road to the unconscious"

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Psychodynamic Therapy:

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Modern day Freudian therapy: explores the "deeper" reasons for a client's problems (childhood issues, unconscious processes)

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Transference

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client transfers emotions from inner life (usually feelings towards parents) onto the therapist -speaking to therapist as they were your parents. (transferring feelings onto therapist)

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content

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the problem

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process

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the relationship you form with the therapist

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Resistance

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any unconscious attempt to subvert the therapy process. -any type of resistance to the therapy process, not talking, lying, not showing up, etc

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Client-Centered Therapy: (humanistic therapy)

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Carl Rogers: emphasizes the relationship between therapist and client (warmth, empathy) - client leads the conversation - talk about what the client wants to talk about

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Unconditional Positive Regard:

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therapist must always respect and like the client (build client's self-esteem) -Rogers and Gloria -real women with real issues, she saw three very famous therapists with the same problem. - saw how each therapist handled it differently. carl rogers reflecting back to her.

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Behavior Therapy

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helping clients unlearn self-defeating behaviors (classical and operant conditioning) -work to change behaviors

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Behavioral treatment for phobias: Systematic Desensitization

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a complex procedure involving progressive relaxation and graded exposure to phobic stimuli

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1.Progressive Relaxation:

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learning to deeply relax the muscles of the body

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2. Graduated Exposure

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exposing mildly fearful stimuli and then gradually exposing more and more fearful stimuli -Spiders!

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Flooding

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confronting the client with high levels of fearful stimuli until the fear response is extinguished -feathers

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Skills Training

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teach skills (such as social skills) that someone may be lacking

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Role Playing

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a therapeutic technique in which the therapist and client act out different scenarios that might be problematic to the client

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Cognitive Therapy

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teaches individuals new cognitions (thoughts), adaptive beliefs, expectations, and ways of thinking in order to eliminate abnormal emotions and behavior

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Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

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Albert Ellis: challenge a person's unrealistic thoughts or irrational beliefs

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Catastrophize:

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when a person blows things out of proportion

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Overgeneralize:

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when a person thinks in all or nothing terms

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cognitive therapy

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-Cognitive therapy has been shown to work well with a variety of anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and major depression -A combination of medication and cognitive therapy is the most effective treatment for depression

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Family Systems Therapy

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emphasizes an understanding of the roles of each family member and how the family functions as a system (this method is usually conducted with all members of the family, but it can be practiced individually)

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Drug Therapy

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the most widely used medical treatment for psychological disorders 1. Antidepressants 2. Tranquilizers 3. Antipsychotic drugs

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Antidepressants:

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mood elevators, but also used for a variety of other disorders, elevates levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.

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Tranquilizers

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(anti-anxiety): to treat mild anxiety, not to be used for long time periods

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Antipsychotic drugs

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used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, inhibits dopamine, reduces delusions, hallucinations, thought disorganization.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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-People are "shocked" which produces a convulsive brain seizure -In the 1930s the seizures were violent (sometimes resulting in broken bones), but today anesthesia and muscle relaxants make the procedure more humane -Is used with severely depressed or psychotic individuals -No one is sure exactly why it works, but it is suspected that it alters brain neurotransmitters -used to be done incorrectly but now done more humanly

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Psychosurgery (NOT done anymore!):

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-Prefrontal Lobotomy: surgically cutting the neural fibers that connect the frontal lobes with the limbic system (1940s-50s) -This was thought to prevent disturbing thoughts and perceptions from reaching the brain and prevent emotional outbursts -These don't work and caused serious side effects (loss of intellectual functioning and seizures)

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Mr. Phillips has recently begun to express feelings of hostility and resentment toward his therapist, who is consistently friendly, caring, and helpful. A psychoanalyst would most likely consider Mr. Phillips's hostility to be an example of

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transference.

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Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that

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there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia

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Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. His therapeutic approach best illustrates

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cognitive therapy.

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Client-centered therapists are most likely to

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restate and seek further clarification of what clients say during the course of therapy.

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Wilma is extremely agitated because she hears voices that tell her to sexually seduce the male nurses in her hospital ward. Wilma is most clearly suffering from

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hallucinations.

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Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic o

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exposure therapies.

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Delusions of persecution are most common among those with ________ schizophrenia

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paranoid

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Systematic desensitization involves the use of

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progressive relaxation.

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A useful feature of group therapy is that it

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encourages clients to improve their communication skills

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Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of

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schizophrenia.

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