8-13 review – Flashcards
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| Temperature |
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| convert to kelvin |
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| charles law |
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| direct relationship between volume and temp. |
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| boyles law |
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| indirect relationship between press and vol |
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| gay-lussacs law |
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| direct relationship between press and temp |
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| combined gas law |
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| P1V1t2 = p2V2T1 |
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| Avogadros law |
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| V1N1 = V2N2 |
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| ideal gas law |
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| PV = nRT |
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| vapor pressure |
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| pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its solid or liquid phase |
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| vapor pressure of a substance |
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| directly related to its temp |
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| dalton's law of partial pressure |
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| Pt=P1 + P2 + P3 |
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| Solutions can be of many different combinations of pases |
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| miscible |
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| liquid dissolved in a liquid |
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| immiscible |
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| liquid not soluble in another liquid |
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| soluble |
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| able to dissolve |
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| insoluble |
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| does not dissolve |
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| dilute |
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| small amount of solute to solvent |
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| Solution process |
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| forces are broken in ionic substances and attracted by the _ and ends of water |
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| water |
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| universal solvent |
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| saturation |
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| when dissolution and crystallization are in equilibrium. No mote solute will dissolve, unsaturated: more solute can be added, Supersaturated: amount of solute exceeds the limit. |
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| Electrolytes |
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| solutions which conducts electricity |
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| Non electrolytes |
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| solution which do not conduct electricity |
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| Solubility effected by |
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| agitation, inc temp, and inc. surface area |
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| molarity |
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| moles of solute divided by liters of solution |
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| colligative properties |
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| depends on number of dissolved particles |
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| acids |
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| contain a dissociated hydrogen, react with metals, have a pH below 7, turns blue litmus paper red, and don't react with phenolphthalein |
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| bases |
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| contain a dissociated hydroxide, slittpery, bitter, does not react with metals, turn red litmus paper blue, pH greater than 7, turns pink with phenolphthalein. |
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| Lewis acid |
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| Electron pair acceptor |
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| Lewis base |
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| an electron pair donor |
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| Bronsted-lowry acids |
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| proton donors form a conjugate base |
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| brosted-lowry bases |
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| proton acceptors which form a conjugate base. |
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| binary acids |
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| begins with hdyro- root of nonmetal and end in ic. |
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| titration |
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| technique used to determine an unknown pH of an acid or base with a known concentration on an acid or base. |
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| thermochemistry |
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| energy involved in chemical reaction |
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| exothermic |
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| releases heat, endothermic: heat is absorbed |
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| energy is stored |
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| in chemical bonds. bonds are broken to release energy. |
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| entropy |
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| measure of disorder |
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| spontaneity |
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| a reaction will proceed without any outside inebriation, a reaction will proceed by itself (fast or slow) |
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| Enthalpy |
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| heat flow into and out of a system |
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| joule |
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| SI unit for energy |
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| Calorie |
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| quantity of heat needed to raise the tmp of 1g of water 1 degree |
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| Heat capacity |
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| amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the sample by 1 degree |
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| specific heat |
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| it is the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of substance by 1 degree |
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| calorimeters |
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| insulated device used to measure the heat transfer in the chemical process, the temperature changed a precise amount of water surrounding the system is measured |
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| rates of reation |
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| a speed at which reaction takes place, reaction rates directly related to increases in temperature, surface area and concentration |
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| pressure |
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| Only affects gases. More molecules of gas )look at coefficients) produce more pressure, the more pressure on the system, the more collisions |
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| Activation energy |
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| minimum amount of energy required for a successful collision |
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| collision provides |
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| opportunity and energy for reactions to occur: most are unsuccessful |
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| Catalyst: |
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| increases reaction rate by lowering the activation energy; but the catalyst is not part of the product. ex: enzyme |
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| Inhibitor |
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| decreases the rate of reaction |
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| equilibrium systems |
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| dynamic and reversible. forward and reverse reactions continue after equilibrium is attained |
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| Oxidation numbers |
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| derived from group number |
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| oxygen |
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| -2 |
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| H |
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| +1 |
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| polyatomic ions |
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| equal to their oxidation numbers which means the oxidation numbers combined equaled the overall oxidation number |
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| Oxidation and reduction |
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| occur together |
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| reducing agent |
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| is the compound with contains the oxidized element |
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| oxidizing agent |
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| compound that contains the reduced element |
