5. Exam 2 Questions – Flashcards
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Which of the three parts of the vertebrate brain has expanded greatly among the mammals?
a. forebrain
b. midbrain
c. hindbrain
answer
forebrain
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The Y-5 cusp pattern of the lower molar teeth is highly distinctive among primates. It is a shared, derived characteristic of which group?
a. all apes and humans (hominoids)
b. all Old World monkeys (cercopithecoids)
c. all higher primates (anthropoids)
answer
all apes and humans (hominoids)
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In the dental formula—2.1.2.3—the number of each of the four types of mammal teeth in one quadrant of the mouth is indicated. The 1st position in the dental formula (in this example the number '2'), refers to which of the four tooth types?
a. incisors
b. canine
c. premolars
d. molars
answer
incisors
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Due to continental drift and the separation of Africa from South America, the Old World monkeys and New World monkeys have been genetically separated for at least __________ years, yet are remarkably similar in overall appearance.
a. 250 million
b. 5-7 million
c. 100,000
d. 35-40 million
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35-40 million
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The possession of similar characteristics acquired separately in related species is referred to as _____________
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parallel evolution
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The term small-bodied hominoids or lesser apes refers to which primates?
a. humans
b. lemurs and lorises
c. bonobos
d. gibbons
answer
gibbons
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Cranial capacity of Ventura College students, if measured, would average about __________ cm^3
a. 500
b. 750
c. 1,000
d. 1,350
e. 1,700
answer
1,350
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Molecular dating based on changes in blood proteins and DNA suggests that the divergence of the human lineage from the chimp/bonobo lineage took place some __________ years ago
a. 2-3 million
b. 250,000
c. 5-7 million
d. 65 million
answer
5-7 million
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Which of the geologic time segments listed is the largest, and contains within it the other two?
a. Epoch
b. Period
c. Era
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Era
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features: wet noses, some claws, double uterus...
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strepsirhines (lower primates)
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features: trichromatic color vision, dry noses, 32 teeth...
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Old World higher primates (catarrhines)
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features: bipedalism, no baculum, 'fat lips'...
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only humans
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features: postorbital bar, prehensile hands...
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all primates
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features: Y-5 lower molars, no tails, mobile shoulder...
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all hominoids
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Many hominin species have been discovered by paleoanthropologists, the oldest going back 5-6 million years. At the present time, how many species of living hominins are there ?
a. 1
b. dozens
c. more than 200
d. there are no living hominins there
answer
1
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Right-handedness is a species-wide trait among humans today. It arose, it is felt, as the result of the demand for more precise and delicate hand control. Right-handedness among humans is controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain and is also felt to be connected the emergence of:
a. big-game hunting
b. spoken language
c. burial of the dead
d. lightly pigmented skin
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spoken language
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What is the LEAST common type of mating group among primates, including humans?
a. polygyny
b. polyandry
c. monogamy
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polyandry
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The earliest vertebrates, jawless fish, go back in the fossil record almost 500 million years.
T/F
answer
T
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Which Era saw the adaptive radiation of mammals and has been termed the Age of Mammals?
a. Paleozoic
b. Mesozoic
c. Cenozoic
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Cenozoic
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Jane Goodall has gained world-wide notoriety through her work with the mountain gorilla
T/F
answer
F
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There are no New World primates
T/F
answer
F
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There are no New World apes?
T/F
answer
T
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Which of the following living mammals is genetically and taxonomically closest to the Primates? [Our text would call them sister groups or sister orders]
a. whales and dolphins
b. tree shrews and colugos
c. wolves and bears
answer
tree shrews and colugos
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Human brains are __________ times larger than the brains of the great apes
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five
answer
three
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The earliest fossils of true primates, sometimes referred to as euprimates, are found in the early Eocene epoch. These fossils date back some __________ million years
a. 50-55
b. 500-525
c. 245-250
d. 5-7
answer
50-55
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Humans are not the only hominoids that exhibit long-lasting pair-bonding (monogamy). Which of the apes also form long-lasting monogamous pair-bonds?
a. gorillas
b. gibbons
c. bonobos
d. orangutans
e. chimps
answer
gibbons
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Many early Miocene 'dental apes' had monkey-like quadrupedal locomotion with the spine horizontal to the ground. This contrasts with later Miocene 'suspensory apes' whose spine was uprights, facilitating hanging from branches and brachiation. Locomotion with the spine vertical is termed:
a. orthograde
b. pronograde
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orthograde
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One recurring explanation (hypothesis) for infanticide by males to the offspring of incoming females in some primate groups is that:
a. infanticide increases the killer male's reproductive success
b. infanticide is a form of population control among such primates
c. infanticide increases the social status of the killer male in the dominance hierarchy
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infanticide increases the killer male's reproductive success
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Which of the following is NOT a strepsirhine or 'lower' primate?
a. loris
b. gibbon
c. lemur
d. bush baby
answer
gibbon
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Larger testicles among hominoids (apes) is correlated with which type of mating group?
a. single male/ multi-females (polygynous)
b. single male / single female (monogamous)
c. multi-males / multi-females (promiscuous)
answer
multi-males / multi-females
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During which epoch of the Cenozoic do we have fossil evidence of several dozen genera of hominoids across all of the Old World. It is sometimes referred to as the 'heyday of the apes'. Near the end of this epoch, hominids appear for the first time in central and east Africa
a. Paleocene
b. Pleistocene
c. Pliocene
d. Miocene
answer
Miocene
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What do you call the bones below the neck?
answer
Post-cranial
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Which is the most successful group of primates?
answer
Monkeys
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Most mammals are __________: just 2 kinds of visual pigments (dogs)
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dichromats
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What is the mammal least like you?
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Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater
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Primates are an __________ of placental mammals
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order
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There are no New World monkeys
T/F
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F
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How many living species of primates?
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250
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What makes up most of the primates?
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monkeys
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Baboons will eat __________
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meat
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Loris—frontset eyes=>
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distance, depth perception
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Chimps like __________________ with their meat
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a little salad, (eat leaves)
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Polygyny gives you _______ males
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big
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You find a fossil with a baculum, what can you be sure of?
a. it's a female
b. it's a male
c. it's an infant
d. it's a teenager
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it's a male
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Pithecus means what?
answer
APE
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Human/anthropoid dental formula
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2-1-2-3
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New World monkey dental formula
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2-1-3-3
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Which of the apes knuckle-walk
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African Apes
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Which sense has become highly developed among anthropoids?
answer
vision
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In many primate species, the primary way social bonds are made and reinforced is through:
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grooming
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Under which of the following circumstances below would it be advantageous for primate groups to be composed of multiple adult males and females?
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where predation pressure is high
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Among female primates, pronounced, highly visible estrus advertises ovulation. It is most often associated with species having what type of mating group?
answer
multi-male/multi-female (promiscuous)
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Which two groups are connected with possible island-hopping (accidental colonization) as the explanation for their current geographic location and distribution?
answer
New World monkeys and lemurs
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In terms of remaining numbers of individuals, which great ape is the most endangered?
answer
mountain gorillas
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Bigfoot human-like bipedal footprints resemble those of _______.
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hominins
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All marsupials (metatheria) are found in _______.
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Australia/New Guinea
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Eutheria are _______ in having the greatest number of living species.
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most successful
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Earliest vertebrates (primitive jawless fish) are 500 million years old—from early _______ era.
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Paleozoic
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Anthropoids:
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monkeys, apes, humans
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Dental formula for all Old World anthropoids:
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2.1.2.3 (32 total)
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Old World & New World monkeys reproductively isolated for at least _______ years.
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40 million
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Arboreal environments favor _______.
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elongated, grasping fingers
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_______ chimps/bonobos migrate to a new social group, usually around puberty.
answer
female
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Binocular, stereoscopic (front-set eyes) enable _______.
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depth perception
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"rhine" means:
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"nose"
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_______ bars not monkey bars.
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ape
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_______ murdered by humans in Rwanda.
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Dian Fossey
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K-selected:
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few offspring; great parental investment & care
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What are the 7 Linnaean taxonomic categories?
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1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
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What are the 2 superkingdoms of life?
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prokaryotes & eukaryotes
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What are the 5 kingdoms of life?
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1. animalia
2. planti
3. fungi
4. protista
5. monera
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What is the full human classification?
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1. superkingdom: eukaryota
2. kingdom: animalia
3. phylum: chordata
4. subphylum: vertebrata
5. class: mammalia
6. subclass: theria
7. infraclass: eutheria
8. order: primates
9. suborder: haplorhini
10. infraorder: anthropoidea
11. parvorder: catarrhini
12. superfamily: hominoidea
13. family: hominidae
14. subfamily: homininae
15. tribe: hominini
16. genus: homo
17. species: sapien
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What is a chimp's binomen?
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Pan troglodyte
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What is a human's binomen?
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Homo sapien
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What is a gorilla's binomen?
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Gorilla gorilla
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What is an orangutan's binomen?
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Pongo pygmaeus
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What are the 7 classes of vertebrates?
answer
1. jawless fish
2. cartilaginous fish
3. bony fish
4. amphibians
5. reptiles
6. birds
7. mammals
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What are the types of mammals?
answer
1. prototheria (monotremes)--egg laying
2. theria--live birth
i. metatheria (marsupials)--fetal birth
ii. eutheria (placentals)--placental birth
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What were the earliest mammals?
answer
monotremes; mid-Triassic
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When were the first placental mammals?
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early, early cenozoic era (paleogene)
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color vision / lack of color vision--who?
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placental mammals (except humans & Old World primates); all other vertebrates see in color
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What were the earliest vertebrates?
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jawless fishes (hagfish, lamprey); approx. 525 million years ago during Cambrian explosion
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What are the geologic time segments in order? (biggest to smallest)
answer
eons
eras
periods
epochs
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Who are the primates?
answer
members of the mammalian order Primates (pry-may-tees); lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans
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what are the mammalian orders closest to primates?
answer
tree shrews, colugos
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What is the postorbital bar?
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ring of bone enclosing primate eye sockets
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What are the 2 suborders of living primates?
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1. strepsirhines (lemurs, lorises)
2. haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)
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What are the 2 infraorders of haplorhines?
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1. anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans)
2. tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
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What are the 2 parvorders of anthropoids (higher primates)?
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1. platyrrhines--New World (monkeys)
2. catarrhines--Old World (apes/monkeys)
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What is the superfamily of platyrrhines?
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ateloids (New World monkeys)
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What are the 2 superfamilies of catarrhines?
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1. cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys)
2. Hominoids (Old World apes/humans)
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What are the 2 families of hominoids?
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(apes/humans)
1. hylobatids (gibbons/siamang) 'lesser apes'
2. hominids (orangs, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans) 'great apes/humans'
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What are the 3 subfamilies of hominoids?
answer
1. pongines (orangs)
2. gorillines (gorillas)
3. hominines (chimps, bonobos, humans)
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What are the 2 tribes of hominines?
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1. panins (chimps, bonobos)
2. hominins (humans)
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Who are the knuckle-walkers?
answer
gorillas, bonobos, chimps
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Who are the fist-walkers?
answer
orangutan
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Which ape brachiates?
answer
gibbons and siamangs
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Approx. _______ of all primates are monkeys
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85%
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Who were Leakey's three 'ape ladies'?
answer
1. Jane Goodall—chimp
2. Dian Fossey—mountain gorilla
3. Birute Galdikas—orangutan
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What are the 4 mammal tooth types?
answer
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
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What is the generalized mammal dental formula?
answer
3-1-4-3 (44 teeth total)
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What is the Old World Catarrhine formula?
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2-1-2-3 (OW monkeys, apes, humans); 32 teeth total
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The neocortex accounts for nearly _______% of the total volume of the human brain?
answer
80
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Speech is on which hemisphere of the brain?
answer
left
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What's the most sexually dimorphic hominoid?
answer
gorilla
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What's the least sexually dimorphic hominoid?
answer
human
