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"Cada cabeza es un mundo entero"

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we are each "unto ourselves" How does "another world" (the clinician) persuade, counsel, and/or influence the other?

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3 Psychotherapists

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Carl Rogers Fritz Perls Albert Ellis All must be adept/competent at discerning what the problem is

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Carl Rogers

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humanistic approach client-centered approach

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Fritz Perls

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existentialist approach Gestalt

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Albert Ellis

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cognitive approach cognitive behavioral approach

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Carl Rogers

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1902-1987 family: hard working, Protestant Christianity he focused almost exclusively on the process rather than on outcome Founded "Client Centered Therapy" in the 1950's Listen and interpret what they are saying- not giving advice/my thoughts Carefully listen, and figure out what the client is actually trying to say. Non-response

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Carl Rogers Goal of Counseling

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goal: that the individual becomes fully functioning open to experience participate in experience without the need to control it neither aggressive nor timid, but assertive, truthworthy and strong behavior is dependable free to think own thoughts, free to feel own feelings, etc. Rephrasing her own words so she can come to a conclusion herself

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Carl Rogers: accurate empathy

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- comfortable in his or her own world to understanding the client's world - accepts the client's judgments about that world - accurately communicate that understanding to the client - Empathy alone is "healing"

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Carl Rogers: unconditional positive regard

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-caring and accepting the client "as is," valuing the client as a person, regardless of the client's appearance or behavior

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Carl Rogers: congruence

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- therapist is fully-functioning in order to respond to and interact with the client as a person

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Carl Rogers: Client Centered Therapy(Person Centered Therapy) Belief

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Belief: People "have the capacity to find their own answers"

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Carl Rogers: Client Centered Therapy What is the method?

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1. Listen and try to understand 2. Check that understanding 3. Treat the client with respect and regard 4. Be CONGRUENT (= self aware with no mask separating clinician and client)

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Carl Rogers: Client Centered Therapy

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a non-directive therapy "Questioning, probing, interpreting, and analyzing are all but absent from the client centered therapist's repertoire." There is an attempt to allow the client to know that he has been understood - even the feeling states that the client exhibits are reflected as understood via feedback.

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Three Approaches to Psychotherapy Video: Carl Rogers

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1. he had unconditional regard for Gloria 2. he practiced empathic listening with Gloria 3. much responsibility is placed upon her - she is virtually demanding answers from Rogers, but he provides none

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Frederick (Fritz) Perls: Gestalt Therapy

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Shape or form= "gestalt" Fill in the holes that are not complete In the moment, here and now

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Fritz's Process of maturation:

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want people to learn how to stand on their own two feet, be independent Not to explain Provide opportunity to understand and discover herself

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Existentialist (or Gestalt) Approach

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- based on existentialist thinking - the term Gestalt therapy was coined by Frederick Perls - it emphasizes the current experiences of the client in the "here and now" - a "gestalt" or "whole" goes beyond the sum of the smaller parts - therapy promotes the growth process of filling in the "holes" to make the client whole and complete

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Gestalt Approach: two poles in every event

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1. self-regulation 2. external regulation - tell the person "you should"

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At Gestalt Therapy's core is the promotion of ______, the awareness of the unity of all present _____ and _______, and the contact between the ______ and its _______

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Awareness. the awareness of the unity of all present feelings and behaviors, and the contact between the self and its environment

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earlier Gestalt therapy practice often stressed the clinical use of _______, a _______ of self-sufficiency with self-support, and an abrasive attitude if the patient was interpreted by the therapist as manipulative

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earlier Gestalt therapy practice often stressed the clinical use of frustration, a confusion of self-sufficiency with self-support, and an abrasive attitude if the patient was interpreted by the therapist as manipulative

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Frederick Solomon "Fritz" Perls

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1893-1970 Trained as a physician 1933, fled the Nazis in Germany for Amsterdam 1934, fled to Johannesburg, South Africa 1946, left for New York Began as a Freudian psychoanalyst Founded Gestalt Therapy in the 1940's Based much on Existentialist philosophy

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"Patients and therapists in Gestalt Therapy DIALOGUE."

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Gestalt Therapy

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Gestalt Therapy: They discover "differences in perspectives" - this becomes the focus of

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"experimentation and continued dialogue"

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Gestalt Therapy: The emphasis is on

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what is being done, thought, and felt at the moment rather than what was, might be, could be, or should be.

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Gestalt Therapy: Becoming _________ is the goal of Gestalt Therapy. "Living that is not based on the truth of oneself in the world leads to feelings of dread, guilt, and anxiety."

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Becoming "authentic" (truthful)is the goal of Gestalt Therapy

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Gestalt Therapy: creating a responsibility for oneself with the resulting ability to make choices has the result of making one ...

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"able to choose and/or organize one's own existence in a meaningful manner."

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Gestalt Therapy: Humans are never complete. "The existential view holds that people are endlessly ______ or _______ themselves."

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remaking or discovering

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"gestalt" is German for which

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there is no direct English equivalent English approximations: form, stature, shape, configuration, structure, meaningful organized whole

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Gestalt therapy: existentialism gestalt psychology

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existentialism - how people experience their immediate experiences gestalt psychology - how that existence is perceived

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Gestalt: Awareness

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awareness (insight) is the key to gestalt theory: the entire approach is based on the quantity and quality of the client's awareness

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Gestalt: avoiding awareness only _______ the problem

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avoiding awareness only exacerbates the problem

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6 rules to guide the Gestalt therapist

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1. stay with the here and now 2. promote direct experiencing rather than other activities such as talking about, analyzing, speculating, etc. 3. emphasize self-discovery by the client 4. focus on the client's awareness 5. make skillful use of frustration 6. emphasize responsibility and choice

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Gestalt: Authenticity

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"If we were to choose one key idea to stand as a symbol for the Gestalt approach, it might well be the concept of authenticity, the quest for authenticity... it becomes apparent that the therapist cannot teach what he does not know... The therapist's awareness, acceptance, and sharing of these truths can be a highly persuasive demonstration of his own authenticity. Obviously such a position is not acquired overnight. It is to be learned and relearned ever more deeply not only throughout one's career but throughout one's entire life." (Levitsky and Simkin, 1972)

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Fritz Perls on video

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he challenges her in a way that "shuts her down" because you really would not know her issues except for the fact that you saw Rogers eliciting from her takes away the chance for the patient to do/discover for himself does he get her out and doing something? did he get at her problems as she had stated them to Rogers?

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Fritz Perls on video- here and now: very confrontive

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he points out when she is not being phony: "you're a phony!... you say you're afraid but you laugh and giggle" kicking her feet "who's preventing you except yourself!" a trick, a gimmick, a phony crawl into a corner waiting for someone to rescue you

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Albert Ellis Cognitive Behavioral Therapy& Rational-Emotive Therapy

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Rational-emotive thepray, RT- you're upset not because of what happened, but because of what you THINK of the situation (internal event) Past is not crucial in a persons life He affects himself much more than past affects him Stick largely in the PRESENT rather than the past;

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About Albert Ellis

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Epictetus A.D. 500: "Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them." Shakespeare: "There's nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so." Alfred Adler: "The individual... does not relate himself to the outside world in a predetermined manner...[but] always according to his own interpretation of himself and his present problem."

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Ellis' View of Human Nature

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"it is doubtful that [humans] will transcend their humanity" "humans are biologically predisposed toward survival and happiness" "happiness - hedonism is a valid choice" "humans experience strong pressures, which they can... resist; but they also have a strong element of free will, which they can control"

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Ellis' View of Human Nature: evolving of as "Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy" (REBT)

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"All normal humans think, feel, and act; and their thoughts profoundly affect (and sometimes effect - create) their feelings and/or behaviors. But, by the same token, feelings affect thoughts and behaviors, and behaviors affect thoughts and feelings."

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"Must" Ideologies- Albert Ellis

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Almost all humans have an innate tendency to disturb themselves most people continually repropagandize themselves with irrational ideas Ellis came up with 3 "must" ideologies

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"Must" Ideology #1:

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I must do well and win the approval of others or else I am no good.

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"Must" Ideology #2:

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Others must do "the right thing" or else they are no good and deserve to be punished.

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"Must" Ideology #3:

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Life must be easy, without discomfort or inconvenience.

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Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)

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RET holds that virtually all serious emotional problems with which humans are beset directly stem from their magical, superstitious, empirically unvalidatable thinking

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According to RET theory, no matter how defective an individual's heredity may have been and no matter what 'traumatic' main reason why he is now overeacting or underreacting to noxious stimuli...

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... is because he now has some dogmatic, irrational, unexamined beliefs

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A-B-C Theory

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A - activating experience family troubles unsatisfying work early childhood traumas B - beliefs especially irrational, self-defeating beliefs that are the source of our unhappiness C - consequences neurotic symptoms negative emotions, such as depression, panic, and rage

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Example of RET (A,B,C)

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A - you get fired B - you have an "irrational belief" about this C - you have an emotional reaction (get angry, depressed, drink, mope, don't look for anther job)

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Humans create ____ by the way they ____

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Humans create feelings by the way they think

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disordered _______ can be changed by ______, _______, and _______ the thinking that underlies the feelings

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disordered FEELINGS can be changed by examining, disputing, and reconstructing the thinking that underlies the feelings

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we help by helping clients to change ______ beliefs

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we help by helping clients to change IRRATIONAL beliefs

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we help when we assist the client to give up expectation of what others ______ do for them

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we help when we assist the client to give up expectation of what others SHOULD do for them

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______ and _______ people frequently rate themselves negatively we help them to cease the self-rating they improve

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disturbed and unhappy people frequently rate themselves negatively we help them to cease the self-rating they improve

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abandoning "must" ideals and irrational beliefs leads to a more _________ life

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abandoning "must" ideals and irrational beliefs leads to a more satisfactory life

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Therapy 3 insights

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Insight #1 - client recognizes their irrational beliefs and attitudes Insight #2 - convince the clients that they are "maintaining the disturbance by reindoctrinating themselves with the same irrational ideas" Insight #3 - the client fully recognizes that to rid the disturbance is to challenge belief systems Ultimately, avoid the intrusion of other irrational belief systems

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This is _______ therapy. _____ Assistance in deprogandizing themselves _________ given

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This is directive therapy Active assistance in depropagandizing themselves Homework assignments given (behavioral)

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Therapists are ________ active Confrontation, argument, disputation, persuasion is used Little time spent on the "_______ events"

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Therapists are verbally active Confrontation, argument, disputation, persuasion is used Little time spent on the "activating events"

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Albert Ellis on video

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he actively disputes the client's statements or thoughts he gives homework to "test your beliefs against reality"

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