4-8 Social Studies Test Material – Flashcards
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1492
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The year the Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus, who sailed with the support of the Spanish crown, arrived in the Americas.
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1607
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Representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America. The settlement was called Jamestown in honor of King James I of England.
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Industrial Revolution
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Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power. Also the start of "mass production."
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American Revolution 1775
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War of Independence fought between Britain & its 13 colonies.
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Loyalists
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American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
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Patriots
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American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won
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1776
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Declaration of Independence
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Richard Henry Lee
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Proposed resolution for Independence
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Thomas Jefferson
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Wrote the Declaration of Independence
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Thomas Paine
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Patriot and writer whose persuasive pamphlet, Common Sense, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain.
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Articles of Confederation 1777
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During the Revolutionary War, these established the United States of America. They granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789.
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1789
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Constitutional Convention - The Constitution was written.
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Great Compromise 1787
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Agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).
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French Revolution 1789
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Uprising of the people that led to the end of the French Monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Poor were being taxed while the wealthy were not.
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Expenditures
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Act of expending or paying out; An amount expended; an expense; an outlay
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Bill of Rights 1791
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The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee basic individual rights.
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Louisiana Territory 1803
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Thomas Jefferson acquired this from Napoleon, ruler of France, for $15 million. This gave the U.S. fertile land and navigable waterways between the Mississippi & the Rocky Mountains.
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Marbury v. Madison
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This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review in 1803.
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John Marshall
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U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law.
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Mexican Federal Constitution
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1824 Central Government weak & states controlled their own affairs, including Texas & Coahuila. Santa Anna abolished this in 1834.
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Law of April 1830
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Banned U.S. immigration and the import of anymore slaves to Texas. This was done to strengthen Mexican control over Texas.
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Nullification Crisis
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1832 Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate.
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John C. Calhoun
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South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification
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Texas Bill of Rights
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Includes freedom of religion, freedom of speech, & the right to a trial by jury for this state.
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The Alamo
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180 Texans against 5,000 Mexicans led by Santa Anna. Instead of symbolizing Mexican strength, the fall represented Texas fortitude.
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Battle of San Jacinto
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(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and the capture of Santa Anna.
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Treaty of Velasco
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Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign it recognizing the Republic of Texas.
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1836
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Texas Declaration of Independence
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Republic of Texas
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Functioned as an Independent Republic from 1836-1845, until it became the 28th state.
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Executive Branch
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They carry out the laws
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Legislative Branch
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They make the laws
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Judicial Branch
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They interpret the laws
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Santa Fe Expedition
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1841, Mirabeau Lamar sent Texans to explore trade routes into New Mexico; turned out to be a disaster, as the expedition members were captured by Mexican soldiers.
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Texas Admission Act
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1845 President John K. Polk signed this act to allow this state to become the 28th state in the Union.
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Mexican War
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1846 - 1848 President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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1848 Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million. Rio Grande was used as the border between TX & Mexico.
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Texas Rangers
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Sam Houston came to rely on this group for defense of the frontier after experiencing issues with the army. They were great leaders & fighters, but were criticized for being reckless and independent.
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Dread Scott v. Sanford
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1857 U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled that black people where not citizens, that they possessed no constitutional rights and where considered to be property.
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Civil War
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1861-1865 War began with the firing on Ft. Sumter between the North & the South. Resulted from years of conflict over slavery and disagreements overs its continuance & expansion.
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Battle of Bull Run
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1861, 1st major battle, proved war was going to be long and costly. Ended in a Confederate victory due to poor Union generalship.
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Confederate States
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Virginia, North Carolin, South Carolina, Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia
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Union States
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The other 25 states in the U.S. that were not in the Confederacy during the Civil War.
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Emmancipation Proclamation
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1862 Abraham Lincoln freed slaves in the confederacy. However, all slaves weren't freed until the Ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865.
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Battle of Gettysburg
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1863 Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.
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Juneteenth
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June 19th when slaves where freed in Texas
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Progressive Movement
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1901 -1917 Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax
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Spindletop
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A major oil discovery in 1901 near Beaumont that began the industrialization of Texas. Pattillo Higgins owned land here that proved to be productive. This made petroleum refining the leading TX industry.
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Second Industrial Revolution
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Growth in industry and the production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and the machinery to produce other goods
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Great Depression
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A severe, world wide economic crisis which lasted from 1929 to the outbreak of World War II. The stock market crash contributed to this along with too many Americans buying on credit with no money. President was Herbert Hoover at the start, but FDR got us out of it.
