3 Planes of Motion chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Three Major Body Planes
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1. Sagittal Plane
2. Frontal Plane
3. Transverse Plane
2. Frontal Plane
3. Transverse Plane
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Sagittal Plane
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A plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts.
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Midsagittal (Median) Plane
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a sagittal plane that divides the body (or an organ) into equal parts right down the midline of the body
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Midsagittal (Median) Plane
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a sagittal plane that divides the body (or an organ) into equal parts right down the midline of the body
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Sagittal Plane (mid and para)
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Divides body into left and right portions
-Mid-: equal right & Left halves
-Para-: unequal division
-Mid-: equal right & Left halves
-Para-: unequal division
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Sagittal, anteroposterior, or AP plane
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bisects body from front to back, dividing into right and left symmetrical halves.
Generally: flexion and extension movements, e.g. bicep curls, knee extensions and sit ups.
Generally: flexion and extension movements, e.g. bicep curls, knee extensions and sit ups.
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sagittal movements
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Flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, hyperflexion
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Sagittal, anteropoterior, or AP Plane
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bisects body front/back
dividing it into right and left symmetrical halves.
dividing it into right and left symmetrical halves.
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Bilaterally Symmetric
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right and left symmetrical halves.
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Transverse, axial, or horizontal plane
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The transverse plane divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior halves. Generally, rotational movements such as pronation, supination, and spinal rotation occur in this plane.
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Diagonal or oblique plane
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Diagonal or oblique plane combo more than one plane motion.
activities fall somewhere between parallel and perpenidcular to the previously described planes and occur in diagonal plane.
movements in diagonal planes occur in a high diagonal plane or one of two low diagonal planes. the high diagonal plane
activities fall somewhere between parallel and perpenidcular to the previously described planes and occur in diagonal plane.
movements in diagonal planes occur in a high diagonal plane or one of two low diagonal planes. the high diagonal plane
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Upper-extremity high diagonal plane movement and axis
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Planes of Motion
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Frontal Plane (left to right movements)
Sagittal Plane (front to back movements)
Transverse Plane (cross section movements
Sagittal Plane (front to back movements)
Transverse Plane (cross section movements
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Planes and axes of movement
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..., to describe joint movements, reference is made to rotation about one or more of three axes to movement in one of three cardinal planes. Planes are perpendicular to each other.
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HIP Medial rotary motary movement of the femur
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Oblique plane
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Any plane through the body that runs diagonal.
muscles that run diagonal, not vertical or horizontal
muscles that run diagonal, not vertical or horizontal
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Oblique plane exercises
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Side crunches are easily the best work out for obliques.
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Axes of Rotation
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movement occurs in plane,
joint moves or turns about an axis that has 90 degree relationship to that plane.
joint moves or turns about an axis that has 90 degree relationship to that plane.
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Frontal, coronal lateral, or mediolateral axis
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sagittal plane runs from anterior to posterior,
its axis must run from side to side.
This axis has same directional orientation as frontal plane of motion, it is named similarly.
as elbow flexes and extends in sagittal plane during biceps curl, forearm is rotating about a frontal axis that runs laterally through elbow point. Frontal axis aka as bilateral axis
its axis must run from side to side.
This axis has same directional orientation as frontal plane of motion, it is named similarly.
as elbow flexes and extends in sagittal plane during biceps curl, forearm is rotating about a frontal axis that runs laterally through elbow point. Frontal axis aka as bilateral axis
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mediolateral axis
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mediolateral axis, perpendicular to sagittal plane and joint rotate are flexion/extension
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Frontal, coronal lateral, plane
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bisects body laterally from side to side, dividing into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves.
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Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane
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divides body into equal, bilateral segments
right & left half
Ex. Sit-up
right & left half
Ex. Sit-up
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Sagittal Plane has what Axis of Rotation?
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medial-lateral axis (horizontal bilateral) axis
aka -- Frontal Axis - passes from side to side at right angles to the sagittal plane)
aka -- Frontal Axis - passes from side to side at right angles to the sagittal plane)
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frontal axis--movements in the sagittal plane about a frontal axis
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passes from side to side at right angles to the sagittal plane
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medial-lateral axis
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aka (horizontal bilateral) axis
aka -- Frontal Axis - side to side at right angles
Perpendicular to the sagittal plane, flexion and extension
aka -- Frontal Axis - side to side at right angles
Perpendicular to the sagittal plane, flexion and extension
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sagittal plane about a frontal axis
(Medial Lateral)
(Medial Lateral)
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flexion: the angle of a joint becomes smaller
extension: the angle of a joint becomes larger
hyperextension: extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position
dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion: used for ankle or foot movements
forward/ backward bending: used for trunk movements
nutation/ counternutation: used for sacroiliac joint movements
extension: the angle of a joint becomes larger
hyperextension: extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position
dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion: used for ankle or foot movements
forward/ backward bending: used for trunk movements
nutation/ counternutation: used for sacroiliac joint movements
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sagittal plane movements
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flexion: the angle of a joint becomes smaller
extension: the angle of a joint becomes larger
hyperextension, dorsiflexion (top foot - ankle), plantarflexion (sole of foot downward)
extension: the angle of a joint becomes larger
hyperextension, dorsiflexion (top foot - ankle), plantarflexion (sole of foot downward)
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Sagittal Plane Movements
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Flexion-extension ALL occur in
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sagittal plane
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Plantar flexion-Extension
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ankle results in foot moving away from body
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Dorsal flexion dorsiflexion
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ankle results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone. Specific Ankle and Foot
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Dorsiflexion -
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Flexion movement of ankle -top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia. (sagittal plane)
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Plantar extention
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axis of the body
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straight line running through the body like an arrow. perpendicular to each other
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neck extension, flexsion, hyperextension
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A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
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wrist flex extension
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flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion (top foot - ankle), plantarflexion (sole of foot downward)
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median sagittal plane
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passes vertically through the midline of the body, dividing it into left and right halves.
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90 degree angle
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Contrasting lines- horizontal and vertical lines
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Flexion
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decreasing an angle of a joint., DECREASING THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OR BENDING A LIMB AT A JOINT
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Sagittal or anteroposterior axis
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movement occuring in frontal plane rotates on sagittal axis
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Sagittal Axis is
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Perpendicular to the Frontal or Coronal Plane
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frontal plane axis
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anterior/posterior; abduction/adduction, elevation/depression, inversion/eversion
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frontal plane axis
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..., anteroposterior axis
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sagittal plane axis-
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...perpendicular to frontal, coronal plane
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Longitudinal Axis is Perpendicular to the Transverse Plane
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Transverse Plane
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Perpendicular
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..., At an angle of 90? to a given line, plane, or surface.
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VERTICAl axis
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Axis
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Cardinal planes of motion
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Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane
Lateral or Frontal Plane
Transverse or Horizontal Plane
Lateral or Frontal Plane
Transverse or Horizontal Plane
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Cardinal planes of motion
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The specific planes that divide the body exactly into two halves
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Sagittal Plane has what axis
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...horizontal or medialolateral axis
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mediolateral axis
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mediaolateral axis, perpendicular to sagittal plane and joint rotate are flexion/extension
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transverse plane movements
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Generally, rotational movements such as pronation, supination, and spinal rotation occur in this plane.
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Frontal or Coronal Axis is Perpendicular to the
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Sagittal Plane
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cardinal planes of motion (primary planes are?)
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sagittal, frontal, and traverse
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Cardinal planes of motion in which
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various joint movements can be classified
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Cardinal planes divide body divide
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body into halves e.g. sagittal, frontal, and transverse
there are infinite number of planes within each half that are parallel to cardinal planes
there are infinite number of planes within each half that are parallel to cardinal planes
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sagital plane movements (cardinal sagittal)
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sit ups.
situps involve spine-performed in cardinal sagittal plane aka mid-sagittal or median.
situps involve spine-performed in cardinal sagittal plane aka mid-sagittal or median.
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parasagittal planes
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all other sagittal planes offset from the midline
-which are parallel to midsagittal plane.
- Even thought these are not in cardinal plane, they are thought as movements in sagittal plane.
-which are parallel to midsagittal plane.
- Even thought these are not in cardinal plane, they are thought as movements in sagittal plane.
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parasagittal divides body or an organ into
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Plane/Section: divides body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
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joint movement
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can be classified as being in one of three planes
movements are usually not totally in one specific plane--occur as combination of motions in more than one plane
these movements combined e.g. diagonal or oblique planes of motion.
movements are usually not totally in one specific plane--occur as combination of motions in more than one plane
these movements combined e.g. diagonal or oblique planes of motion.
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Sagittal (aka Anteroposterior Plane (AP)
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divides body into equal, bilateral segments; bisects body into two equal symmetrical halves or a right and left half;
flexion and extnesion movements
biceps, curls, knee extensions and sit-up
flexion and extnesion movements
biceps, curls, knee extensions and sit-up
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Sagittal (aka Anteroposterior Plane (AP) movements
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flexion and extnesion movements
biceps, curls, knee extensions and sit-up
biceps, curls, knee extensions and sit-up
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Frontal Plane (aka coronal or lateral plane)
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bisects body laterall from side to side, dividing into frontal (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves.
abduction and adductions movements e.g. jumping jacks (should and hip) and spinal lateral flexion
abduction and adductions movements e.g. jumping jacks (should and hip) and spinal lateral flexion
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Frontal Plane (aka coronal or lateral plane) movements
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abduction and adductions movements e.g. jumping jacks (should and hip) and spinal lateral flexion
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Transverse (aka axial or horizontal plane)
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divides body into superior (cephalic and inferior (caudal halves.
rotational movements-forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation occur
rotational movements-forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation occur
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Transverse (aka axial or horizontal plane) movements
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rotational movements-forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation occur, rotation-right or left rotation, rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the elbow; turning hand/thumb outwards to see palm of hand (palms up)
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Diagonal (aka oblique plane)
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combination/more than one plane
a. Upper-extremity high diagonal movement/axis
b. Upper-extremity low diagonal plane movement
C. Lower extremity low diagonal plane movement/axis
a. Upper-extremity high diagonal movement/axis
b. Upper-extremity low diagonal plane movement
C. Lower extremity low diagonal plane movement/axis
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Vertical or Longitudinal axis
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Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motio
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Longitudinal Axis is Perpendicular to
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the Transverse Plane
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Diagonal or oblique axis
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Runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane.
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Body regions
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body can be divided into axial and appendicular regions
each region may further divide into different sub regions
e.g. Axial Cephalic (Head) Cranium & Face Cervical (Neck) Trunk Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)
each region may further divide into different sub regions
e.g. Axial Cephalic (Head) Cranium & Face Cervical (Neck) Trunk Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)
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Skeletal System
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206 bones
supports/protects for other body systems
provides for attachments of muscles to bones-which movement is produced
Addional functions: mineral storage and hemopoiesis involves blood cell formation in the red bone marrow.
skeletal may divide into appendicular and axial skeltons
Appendicular (126 bones) or lower/upper extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles.
axial: (80 bones) skeleton consists skull, vertebral column ribs and sternum.
supports/protects for other body systems
provides for attachments of muscles to bones-which movement is produced
Addional functions: mineral storage and hemopoiesis involves blood cell formation in the red bone marrow.
skeletal may divide into appendicular and axial skeltons
Appendicular (126 bones) or lower/upper extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles.
axial: (80 bones) skeleton consists skull, vertebral column ribs and sternum.
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Osteology
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Study of bones
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Skeletal functions
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support, protect internal organs, , assist body movements, store and release salts of calcium and phosphorus, participate in blood cell production, store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
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Sagittal (anteroposterior or AP)
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Plane: divides body right/left
Axis of Rotation: Frontal (coronal, lateral or mediolateral)
Description of Axis: Runs medial/lateral
Common movements: Flexion/extension
Axis of Rotation: Frontal (coronal, lateral or mediolateral)
Description of Axis: Runs medial/lateral
Common movements: Flexion/extension
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Frontal (coronal or lateral)
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Plane: divides body anterior/posterior halves
Axis of roation: Sagittal (anteriorposterior or AP)
Description of Axis: Runs Anterior/posterior
Common movements: Abduction,adduction
Axis of roation: Sagittal (anteriorposterior or AP)
Description of Axis: Runs Anterior/posterior
Common movements: Abduction,adduction
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Transverse (axial, horizontal)
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Plane: Divides body superior/inferior halves
Axis of rotation: Vertical (longitudinal or long)
Description of axis: Runs superior/inferior
Common movements: Internal rotation/external rotation
Axis of rotation: Vertical (longitudinal or long)
Description of axis: Runs superior/inferior
Common movements: Internal rotation/external rotation
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Types of bones
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long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends shaft contains the medullary canal Ex. phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus
Short bones Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone Ex. are carpals & tarsals
Flat bones Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula
Irregular bones Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla
Sesamoid bones: small embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous that protect and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units. In addition to the patella, there are small sesamoid boines withing flexor tendons of the great toe and thumb.
Sesamoid akak accessory bones may occur in varying numbers from one individual to next. commonly found in smaller joints in the distal extremities of foot, ankle, and hand.
Short bones Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone Ex. are carpals & tarsals
Flat bones Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula
Irregular bones Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla
Sesamoid bones: small embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous that protect and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units. In addition to the patella, there are small sesamoid boines withing flexor tendons of the great toe and thumb.
Sesamoid akak accessory bones may occur in varying numbers from one individual to next. commonly found in smaller joints in the distal extremities of foot, ankle, and hand.
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Typical Bony Features
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diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, cortex, periosteum, endosteum, medullary (marrow) cavity, articular (hyaline) cartilage
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what you need to know about bones
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they articulate and form joints - which is where movement occurs
- bones are levers which are moved by muscles
- bones are levers which are moved by muscles
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SEGMENTS OF THE BODY THE BODY IS DiVIDEs INTO SEGMENTS ACCORDING TO BONES
UPPER EXTREMITY THE ARM IS THE BONE BETWEEN THE SHOULDER AND ELBOW JOINT (HUMERUS)
THE FOREARM (RADIUS, AND ULNA) IS BETWEEN THE ELBOW AND THE WRIST
THE HAND IS DISTAL TO THE WRIST
LOWER EXTRMITY HAS THREE SEGMENT
THE THIGH (FEMUR) BETWEEN THE HIP IN THE KNEE JOINT
THE LEG (TIBIA AND FIBULA) BETWEEN THE KNEE AND THE ANKLE, AND THE FOOT IS DISTAL TO THE ANKLE
THE TRUNK HAS TWO SEGMENTS THE: THE THOAX AND THE ABDOMEN THE THORAX (CHEST) MADE UP OF RIBS STERNUM AND MOSTLY THORACIC VERTABREA
THE NECK (CERVICAL VERTABREA) AND HEAD (SKULL) ARE SEPARATE SEGMENTS
UPPER EXTREMITY THE ARM IS THE BONE BETWEEN THE SHOULDER AND ELBOW JOINT (HUMERUS)
THE FOREARM (RADIUS, AND ULNA) IS BETWEEN THE ELBOW AND THE WRIST
THE HAND IS DISTAL TO THE WRIST
LOWER EXTRMITY HAS THREE SEGMENT
THE THIGH (FEMUR) BETWEEN THE HIP IN THE KNEE JOINT
THE LEG (TIBIA AND FIBULA) BETWEEN THE KNEE AND THE ANKLE, AND THE FOOT IS DISTAL TO THE ANKLE
THE TRUNK HAS TWO SEGMENTS THE: THE THOAX AND THE ABDOMEN THE THORAX (CHEST) MADE UP OF RIBS STERNUM AND MOSTLY THORACIC VERTABREA
THE NECK (CERVICAL VERTABREA) AND HEAD (SKULL) ARE SEPARATE SEGMENTS
