question

Characteristics such as a participant's age, sex, and income level are classifies as: A. criterion variables B. causal Variables C. demographics D. quasi-independent variables

answer

C

question

On a questionnaire, Dr. Jones asks participants to answer the following question: "What do you think about the genetic engineering of food crops?" This question is an example of a(n)______ item. A. restricted B. partially restricted C. free Response D.open-Ended

answer

D

question

The multiple-choice questions on this exam are ____ items. A. open-ended B. restricted C. partially open-ended D. partially restricted

answer

B

question

Labeling each point on a scale versus labeling only the end points A. significantly alters the responses participants give to a question. B. usually does not significantly affect the responses participants give to a question. C. may confuse the participant, so the practice should be avoided. D. changes the underlying psychological dimension being measured.

answer

B

question

A type of rating scale widely used in attitude research is the A. unnumbered rating scale. B. restricted rating scale C. Likert scale D. none of the above.

answer

C

question

To write good survey items, you should A. use simple words rather than complex words. B. make the stem of a question short and easy to understand but use complete sentences. C. avoid vague questions in favor of more precise ones. D. all of the above

answer

D

question

Keeping related items together on a questionnaire contributes to the _____ of the questionnaire. A. internal consistency B. reliability C. continuity D. external consistency

answer

C

question

Telephone surveys A. offer a way to gather a large amount of data in a very short time. B. are currently the most popular method of conducting surveys. C. may not be the best way to administer a questionnaire, owing to the "backlash" against telephone intrusions and new laws protecting people from unwanted calls. D. using live interviewers have gained popularity since the intervention of interactive voice response (IVR) technology)

answer

C

question

Dr. Loo administers a long and boring questionnaire concerning attitudes that tend to fluctuate over time. When assessing the reliability of his questionnaire, Dr. Loo should A. consider only test-retest reliability. B. not worry about reliability at all. C. avoid using test-retest reliability D. ignore reliability, but pay special attention to validity.

answer

C

question

_______ reliability involves dividing a test in half and correlating the items from one half with the items from the other half. A. split-half B. test-retest C. parallel item D. split-form

answer

A

question

According to the text, you can increase the reliability of your questionnaire by A. reducing the number of items on the questionnaire. B. standardizing administration procedures. C. Writing clear, appropriate questions. D. both B and C

answer

D

question

A sample consisting of participants whose characteristics closely match the characteristics of the population is a ____ sample. A. systematic B. balanced C. random D. representative

answer

D

question

In____ sampling, each member of the population has an equal chance of appearing in your sample. A. stratified B. cluster C. matched D. simple random

answer

D

question

Dr. Myers is conducting a survey of attitudes toward social programs. He want to be sure that he has White and non-White participants in his sample. Consequently, he divides his population into groups according to race and then randomly samples from each group. this is an example of ____ sampling. A. simple random B. stratified C. cluster D. multistage

answer

B

question

A technique you can use to endure that your stratified sampling retains the character of the population (in terms of the proportion of the sample represented by each group) is A. proportionate sampling B. simple random sampling within strata. C. multistage sampling. D. none of the above

answer

A

question

In ___, you select every kth element after a random start. A. proportionate sampling B. random digit dialing C. stratified sampling D. systematic sampling

answer

D

question

In _____ sampling, you identify naturally occurring groups (for example, classes in a school) and sample some of those groups. A. modified stratified B. systematic C. cluster D. multistage

answer

C

question

A sample that includes enough participants to ensure a valid survey, and no more, is a(n) ____ sample. A. stratified B. limited C. economic D. frugal

answer

C

question

Sampling error A. is the deviation of sample characteristics from those of the population. B. is not a major problem in most surveys. C. cannot be effectively reduced. D. none of the above.

answer

A

question

A design in which different subjects are randomly assigned to the various groups in the experiment is a ____ design. A. single-subject B. between-subjects C. within-subjects D. matched groups

answer

B

question

In an experiment on the effects of alcohol on memory, participants are first tested after drinking a nonalcoholic beverage and then tested again after drinking an alcoholic beverage. this is an example of a _____ design. A. within-subjects B. between-subjects C. mixed-subject D. matched pairs

answer

A

question

The statistical variability among scores caused by the influence of variables other than your independent variable is called ___ variance. A. systematic B. extraneous C. error D. random

answer

C

question

According to the text, the presence of error variance A. makes it difficult to determine if your independent variable was effective. B. makes it easier to determine if your independent variable was effective. C. increases the internal validity of an experiment. D. increases the external validity of an experiment

answer

A

question

A way of reducing error variance is to A. take steps to control extraneous variables. B. randomize error variance across groups. C. increase the effectiveness of your independent variable. D. all of the above.

answer

D

question

In a _____ design, you assign subjects to groups on a purely random basis. A. matched pairs B. demonstration C. randomized two-group D. all of the above

answer

C

question

A drawback to the randomized two-group design is that it A. provides a limited amount of information about the effect of the independent variable. B. leaves too many sources of variance unaccounted for. C. is time-consuming to run. D. produces data that are difficult to analyze.

answer

A

question

An experimental design with two levels of a single independent variable is called a ____ design. A. matched groups B. single-factor two group C. factorial D. higher order

answer

B

question

In a memory experiment, you expose one group of participants to a list of concrete words, another group to a list of abstract words, and a third group to a list of concrete and abstract words. this design is a ___ design. A. single-factor parametric B. single-factor nonparametric C. two-factor parametric D. two-factor nonparametric

answer

B

question

In a matched groups design, after selecting a sample of subjects, you A. randomly assign subjects to your groups. B. select only the most intelligent subjects for inclusion in your research. C. match pairs of subjects on some measured characteristic (e.g. intelligence), then randomly assign one member of each pair to the experimental group and the other to the control group. D. none of the above

answer

C

question

An advantage of the matched groups design over the random assignment is that the matched groups design A. allows you to control subject variables that might otherwise obscure the effect of your independent variable. B. requires fewer subjects. C. uses more subjects, which increases the sensitivity of the experiment. D. totally eliminates error variance.

answer

A

question

Within-subjects designs are most useful when A. subject differences contribute heavily to variation in the dependent variable. B. carryover effects are large. C. carryover effects vary unpredictably. D. subject differences do not significantly affect the value of the dependent variable.

answer

A

question

_____ involves assigning the various treatments of the experiment in a different order for different subjects. A. counterbalancing B. reverse ordering C. equalizing D. none of the above

answer

A

question

A design in which every possible order of treatments is represented once is the A. Latin square design B. partially counterbalanced design. C. solomon four-group design D. completely counterbalanced design

answer

A

question

Making treatment order an independent variable allows you to A. completely eliminate carryover effects. B. partially eliminate carryover effects. C. measure the amount of carryover and take it into account in future experiments. D. not worry about carryover effects anymore.

answer

C

question

A drawback to the totally within-subjects factorial design is that A. too many subjects are required as the design gets larger and larger. B. carryover effects cannot be dealt with. C. as the number of factors increases, so does the number of trials that the subject mus go through, making the design cumbersome and complex for subjects. D. none of the above.

answer

C

question

A factorial design always has more than one A. level of a single independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. independent variable. D. both B and C

answer

C

question

In a factorial design, the "main effects are A the effects of the most important independent variables on your dependent variable. B. the separate effects of each independent variable on your dependent variable. C the changes in the effect of one independent variable over levels of a second. D. never interpreted because they yield no interesting information.

answer

B

question

If the effect of one independent variable changes over the levels of a second, a(n)____ is present. A. multiple main effect B. interaction C. confounding D. matching variable

answer

B

question

Dr. Harris conducted a two-factor experiment. She plots her results on a graph and notices that the lines on the graph are not parallel (which is confirmed when she runs a statistical analysis). this pattern suggests the presence of A. only one main effect B. two main effects. C. an interaction between two independent variables D. none of the above

answer

C

question

In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design there are A. three independent variables B. 8 levels within one independent variable C. three main effects and two interactions D. three main effects and two interactions

answer

A

question

According to the text, an advantage of including a covariate in your design is that A. you can look at both between-subjects and within-subjects effects. B. you can assess the impact of carryover effects. C. it increases the sensitivity of your experiment to the effect of your independent variable. D. all of the above.

answer

C

question

In the ___ design, treatments are administered repeatedly and alternated with periods of observation without the treatment. A. nonequivalent control group B. equivalent time samples C. interrupted time series. D. solomon four-group

answer

B

question

You conduct a quasi-experiment to assess the impact of raising the speed limit from 55 to 65 mph. you find that there are more accidents in the 6-month period following the changes than in the 6-month period before the change. although it is tempting to say that raising the speed limit caused higher accidents rates, you must be careful because A. you manipulated speed as your independent variable. B. most drivers do not exceed the previous speed limit of 55 mph. C. other variables (for example, cheaper gasoline or the season of the year during which the change was instituted) may also be affecting accident rates. D. none of the above.

answer

C

question

Quasi-experimental research is used when A. you can manipulate independent variables only in the field. B. participants can be randomly assigned to treatment groups. C. random assignment of subjects is not possible. D. both A and B

answer

C

question

If you wanted to evaluate the impact of a new policy on factory worker productivity, you would use a A. pretest-posttest strategy B. cross-sectional strategy C. cohort-sequential design. D. none of the above

answer

A

question

To ensure internal validity of a pretest-posttest study, you must A. include a large sample of subjects. B. include a control group that is not exposed to your treatment. C. conduct your research in your subjects' natural environment. D. all of the above.

answer

B

question

Dr. Jones conducts a cross-sectional study of the effects of age on intelligence. after testing participants ranging in age from 10 to 90, she concludes that intelligence declines with age. This conclusion A. is totally correct and logical. B. may be incorrect because of the operation of generation effects. C. is incorrect because cross-sectional research lacks external validity D. none of the above.

answer

B

question

Dr. Kent studies the development of emotions by following a group of 100 participants over the course of the first 10 years of life, taking measured every year. the design being employed here is the A. longitudinal design. B. cross-sectional design C. cohort-sequential design. D. solomon four-group design

answer

A

question

According to the text, a major advantage of the longitudinal design is that it A. is fast and easy to do. B. is relatively inexpensive to use. C. allows you to identify subtle developmental changes in behavior. D. all of the above

answer

C

question

The cohort-sequential design A. allows you to evaluate the degree of contribution made by factors such as generation effects. B. includes a cross-sectional and a longitudinal component. C. allows you to eliminate generation effects. D. both A and B

answer

D

question

Scientific explanations are A. empirical B. rational C. testable D. all of the above

answer

D

question

Explanation A makes four assumptions about behavior, whereas Explanation B makes three assumptions. Which of the following is true? A. Explanation A is more parsimonious than Explanation B. B. Explanation B is more parsimonious than Explanation A. C. Explanation A is more testable than Explanation B. D. Explanation B is more empirical than Explanation A.

answer

B

question

Your friend, who was raised as a strict Baptist, states that the earth was created in six days. Most likely her statement is based on A. rigorous experimental research. B. strict adherence to scientific explanations. C. beliefs are accepted on faith. D. all of the above

answer

C

question

Scientific explanations are superior to those based on belief for questions that A. cannot be addressed with objective observation/ B. can be addressed with objective observation. C. are broad and generally defined. D. can be addressed by mutual agreement of authoritative sources.

answer

B

question

A hypothesis is A. the final word on the cause of a phenomenon. B. a tentative statement about the relationship between variables.. C. rarely used in science because of imprecision. D. none of the above

answer

B

question

Research done primarily to test a theoretical position would best be classified as A. applied research B. analytical research C. focused research D. basic research

answer

D

question

Research primarily focused on the solution to a real-world problem would best be classified as A. applied research B. basic research C. pseudoresearch D. analytical research

answer

A

question

Two designs that you can choose to use in your research are A. independent and dependent designs B. correlational and experimental designs C. analytical and formal designs D. correlational and formal designs.

answer

B

question

According to the text and lecture, a successfully completed research project A. may raise more questions than it answers. B. removes the need to continue your research in that area. C. should not be replicated. D. none of the above

answer

A

question

After hearing about a terrorist act, you read a book to learn what causes such behavior. this is an example of reliance on the A. scientific method of inquiry B. rational method of inquiry C. direct experience method of inquiry D. method of authority

answer

D

question

Unsystematic observation A. my give you a general research idea. B. may provide a good starting point for developing a scientific research idea. C. should never be the starting point for a research idea. D. both A and B

answer

D

question

A theory is a(n) A. set of assumptions about the causes of a phenomenon and rules that specify how the causes act B. untestable assertion about the causes of a phenomenon. C. prescientific attempt to explain a phenomenon based on belief and conjecture. D. set of statements concerning the proven causes of a phenomenon.

answer

A

question

A theory is ____ if it is capable of failing an empirical test. A. sound B. relevant C. testable D. controvertible

answer

C

question

Pairs of scores from a correlational study are usually plotted on a A. histogram B. scatterplot C. line graph D. pie graph

answer

B

question

If your data are in the form of proportions or percentages for various categories, then a good type of graph to represent the value of each category would be a A. line graph B. histogram C. pie chart. D. happy face

answer

C

question

A_____ presents a frequency distribution graphically as a series of bars representing the classes whose heights indicate the number of cases falling into each class. A. histogram B. scatterplot C. line graph D. stemplot

answer

A

question

Scores that lie far from the others in a distribution are called A. deviants B. distant scores C. outlaws D. outliers

answer

D

question

A ____ distribution has a long tail extending to the right (upscale) and a shorter tail on the left. A. normal B. positively skewed C. negatively skewed D. bimodal

answer

B

question

A distribution contains the following scores: 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1, 4, 3. its modes is A. 2.5 B. 2.7 C. 2.0 D. 4.0

answer

C

question

the mode is the least popular measure of center because it A. is insensitive to extreme scores. B. is difficult to compute C. is inappropriate for use with interval data D. does not take into account scores other than the most frequent score.

answer

D

question

In a distribution with an even number of scores, the median is determined by A. finding the most frequent score in the top half the distribution and averaging it with the most frequent score in the bottom half of the distribution. B. finding the arithmetic average of the entire distribution and dividing it in half. C. averaging the middle pair of scores. D. finding the most frequent score.

answer

C

question

A limitation of the media is that it A. is difficult to calculate B. does not take into account the distances (intervals) of the scores above and below it. C. cannot be used with interval data. D. all of the above

answer

B

question

The mean is derived by A. finding the most frequent score in a distribution B. finding the middle score in an ordered distribution. C. summing the scores in the distribution and dividing by the number of scores. D. averaging the middle pair of scores in an ordered distribution

answer

C

question

For data measured on a nominal scale, you are limited to using the ____ as your measure of center. A. mean B. mode C. median D. any of the above

answer

B

question

When data are scaled on at least an interval scale, the mean is used except when A. there are more than 10 scores in the distribution B. there are fewer than 5 scores in the distribution C the mean and median are equal D. the distribution of scores is strongly skewed.

answer

D

question

In a positively skewed distribution, the mean A .underestimates the center B. overestimates the center C. is as accurate a measure of the center as is the median. D. accurately represents central dependency

answer

B

question

The simplest and least informative measure of spread is the A. standard deviation B. variance C. range D. semi-interquartile range

answer

C

question

The five numbers contained in the five-number summary are the A. minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum B. mean, median mode, standard deviation, and interquartile range. C. minimum, interquartile range, standard deviation, range and maximum. D. mean, median, interquartile range, standard deviation, and range.

answer

A

question

You can display the five-number summary graphically as a A. histogram B. bar graph C. boxplot D. scatterplot

answer

C

question

The measure of correlation to use when one variable is measured on a dichotomous nominal scale and the other on an interval scale is the A. spearman rank order correlation B. point-biserial correlation C. phi coefficient D. part correlation

answer

B

question

Statistics that allow you to generalize from the sample to the population is called ___ statistics. A. descriptive B. inferential C. evaluative D. reliability

answer

B

question

The distribution of a statistic that you would get by taking every possible sample of n scores from the population is the ____ of that statistic. A. sampling distribution B. frequency distribution C. skewed distribution D. none of the above

answer

A

question

An estimate of the amount of variability in sample means to be expected across a series of samples is provided by the A. standard deviation of the mean B. standard error of the mean. C. standardized variability around the mean. D. variance

answer

B

question

The hypothesis stating that sample means are drawn from the same population is the ___ hypothesis. A. alternative B. equivalence C. sampling error D. null

answer

D

question

the hypothesis stating that sample means are drawn from different populations having different population means is the ___ hypothesis. A. alternative B. nonequivalence C. null D. differential means

answer

A

question

A statistically significant difference between sample means leads us to A. accept that the observed differences between sample means were not due to chance. B. conclude that the means represent a single underlying populations C. accept that the observed differences were due mainly to chance fluctuations in the data. D. none of the above

answer

A

question

Which of the following is a type 1 statistical error? A. saying that an independent variable had no effect when in fact it did. B. saying that an independent variable had an effect when in fact it did not. C. saying that an independent variable had a weak effect when in fact if had a strong effect. D. identifying one independent variable as affecting the dependent variable when in fact one had the affect.

answer

B

question

A statistical test led Dr. Jones to incorrectly decide that his independent variable had no effect when in fact it did. Dr. Jones committed a(n) A. type 1 error B. type 2 error C. type 3 error D. alpha error

answer

B

question

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of parametric statistics listed in the text? A. scores are randomly sampled from the population. B. the sampling distribution of the mean is normal. C. large sample sizes are required. D. the within-groups variance are homogenous

answer

C

question

You have just completed an experiment in which different subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. your dependent varialbe was the number of errors made on a memory test. the most appropriate parametric statistic for you data is the A. t-test for independent samples. B. t-test for related samples. C. z test for proportions D. any of the above could be used.

answer

A

question

The power of a statistical test is a statistic's ability to A. correct for flaws in your data. B. detect real differences between population means C. withstand violations of assumptions. D. none of the above

answer

B

question

The power of a statistical test is affected by A. the alpha level selected B. the sample size. C. whether a one-tailed or two-tailed test is used. D. all of the above.

answer

D

question

The importance of a research finding refers to its ___ significance. A. practical B. statistical C. internal D. external

answer

A

question

By convention, an alpha level of ____ has been established as the minimum criterion for statistical significance. A. 0.5 B. 0.1 C. 0.05 D. 0.01

answer

C

question

for an experiment comparing more than two treatment conditions you should use analysis of variance rather than separate t-tests because _______. A. you are less likely to make a mistake in the computations of ANOVA B. a test based on variance is more sensitive than a test based on means C. ANOVA has less less risk of a type 1 error because several means are compared in one test D. ANOVA has less risk of a type 2 error because several means are compared in one test

answer

C

question

In an ANOVA, which of the following is most likely to produce a large value for the F-ratio? A. large mean differences and small sample variances B. large mean differences and large sample variances C. small mean differences and small sample variances D. small mean differences and large sample variances.

answer

A

question

If the results of a two-factor experiment are presented in a line graph then an interaction can be seen whenever ______. A. the lines in the graph are not straight (bent) B. there is a space separating the lines C. the lines are parallel D. the lies move toward each other or cross

answer

D

question

Post hoc tests are necessary after an ANOVA whenever ____ A. H0 is rejected B. there are more than two treatments C. H0 is rejected and there are more than two treatments. D. you always should do post hoc tests after an ANOVA

answer

C

question

Refer to talbe 15-1. What value for the missing mean would result in no main effect for factor A? A. 2 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14

answer

A

question

Refer to table 15-1. What value for the missing mean would result in no interaction? A. 2 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14

answer

D

question

Hunger is defined as 24 hours of food deprivation. This is an example of a(n) ____ definition. A. circular B. scientific C. operational D. commonsense

answer

C

question

A theory that has been substantially verified is sometimes called a A. law B. model C. descriptive theory D. none of the above

answer

A

question

A model can be a(n) A. specific implementation of a more general theoretical view. B. application of a general theory to a specific situation. C. synonym for a theory. D. all of the above

answer

A

question

A(n) ______ theory is a theory that is expressed in mathematical terms. A. qualitative B. analogical C. quantitative D. algebraic

answer

C

question

Dr. Jones proposed a theory of helping behavior that turned out to be wrong. However, it did serve as a catalyst for a fruitful research area. this illustrates the ___ value of a theory. A. heuristic B. catalytic C. predictive D. organizational

answer

A

question

For a theory to be of value, it must A. be able to account for the data within its scope. B. give good reason to believe that a phenomenon would occur under the specified conditions. C. be testable D. all of the above

answer

D

question

A theory is ____ if it is capable of failing an empirical test. A. sound B. relevant C. testable D. controvertible

answer

C

question

A(n) ____ explains a phenomenon with as few statements as possible. A. explanatory relevant theory B. theory with high heuristic value C. parsimonious theory D. strong theory

answer

C

question

according to the text, following a confirmational strategy to test a theory is important but has limitations. Which of the following is one of those limitations? A. Alternative explanations generated often do not give rise to predictions that are specific enough to be confirmed. B. current research methods are not well developed enough to firmly confirm a theory C. you can gather all the confirmational data in the world and the theory could still be wrong. D. all of the above

answer

C

question

If a positive result of an experiment does not support a prediction made by a theory, you are using A. strong inference B. analogical inference C. a confirmational strategy D. a disconfirmational strategy

answer

D

question

According to the text, adequate testing of a theory involves using A. only a disconfirmational strategy B. only a confirmational strategy C. both disconfirmational and confirmational strategies. D. strong inference alone.

answer

C

question

A ____ source contains original research reports. A. primary B. secondary C. germinal D. premier

answer

A

question

Which of the following would be a danger of relying on a secondary source? A. the author of a secondary source may describe or interpret research results incorrectly B. Secondary sources typically do not contain the detail of methodology that are required for critical evaluation. C. both A and B D. none of the above

answer

C

question

You are looking at a periodical that has a slick, attractive appearance with many photographs. sources are rarely, if ever, cited, and the relatively short articles are written in simple language. you are looking at a ____ periodical. A. scholarly B. substantive news/general interest C. popular D. sensational

answer

C

question

A book that collects papers that an editor feels are important in a given area is called a(n) A. bibliography B. primary source C. anthology D. encyclopedia

answer

C

question

The most up-to-date published information about research in a given area can be found in a(n) A. textbook B. anthology C. encyclopedia D. scientific journal

answer

D

question

the most up-to-the-minute information about research can be obtained A. at a professional convention or meeting B. from a nonrefereed journal C. from a book D. from a refereed journal

answer

A

question

Which of the following would you find to be part of a full PsycINFO citation? A. the title of an article B. a list of key phrases and a descriptor list. C. bibliographic information (e.g. title, author, journal) D. all of the above

answer

D

question

when reading the introduction to an article, you should ask yourself whether the A. author has correctly represented the results of previous research. B. hypotheses flow logically from the material in the introduction. C. author clearly stated the purpose of the study. D. all of the above

answer

D

question

the method section of a paper should contain A. enough information so that you could replicate the study if you wished. B. a general outline of the methods used and no detail. C. a brief description of the results as well as the method used. D. interpretations of the data

answer

A

question

When reading the results section of an article, you should ask yourself A. which effects are statistically significant B. whether the differences reported are large or small C. whether the text and any tables and figures match. D. all of the above

answer

D

question

An author's interpretation of his or her results is found in the ____ of an article. A. discussion section B. introduction C. method section D. results dection

answer

A

question

When reading a discussion section, you should determine whether the A. author made assertions that went far beyond the data reported B. findings reported fit with previous research and theory. C. data were correctly analyzed. D. both A and B

answer

D

question

According to the text, a hypothesis should A. specify precisely what methods are to be used in your research. B. flow logically from the sources of information used to develop your research question. C. include a statement of the statistics that will be used to analyze your data. D. all of the above

answer

B

question

Most journals will refuse publications of a paper if the A. authors are from a non-prestigious institution. B. results fail to reach conventionally accepted levels of statistical significance. C. paper has more than three authors D. all of the above

answer

B

question

The "file drawer phenomenon" relates to the problem f A. an experimenter collecting more data than he or she can publish in a reasonable amount of time. B. too many research ideas never getting tested and ending up in someone's file drawer. C. published research appearing more reliable than it actually is D. all of the above.

answer

C

question

Findings that do not make sense within the currently accepted framework are A. looked on with suspicion. B. published immediately with no review. C. given priority for publication but still reviewed. D. none of the above

answer

A

question

When determining whether to accept or reject a paper for publication, editors, and reviewers A. usually insist that a research paper report a series of experimented or at least a parametric study involving several levels of two or more variables. B. assess the degree to which the findings in the paper contribute to the advancement of knowledge. C. assess the consistency of the findings with previous knowledge. D. all of the above.

answer

D

question

According to the text, the most serious form of fraud in research is A. the outright fabrication of data. B. taking senior authorship on an article you had little to do with. C. altering data to make them look better. D. publishing several small articles from a single data set.

answer

A

question

You detect some research fraud in your laboratory. you decide to blow the whistle and turn the offender in. according to the text, you will probably be A. given an award for blowing the whistle. B. largely ignored for blowing the whistle. C. respected and venerated for blowing the whistle D. vilified and your own credibility called into question

answer

D

question

According to the text, valued in science can effect A. the questions that are addressed or ignored. B. how data are interpreted C. the actual practice of science D. all of the above

answer

D

question

In a ____ relationship, changes in one variable produced changes in another. A. correlational B. hypothetical C. confounded D. causal

answer

D

question

Dr. Smith varies the temperature of her laboratory (70, 80, or 90) and notices that her subjects' aggression increases with temperature. this illustrates A. a causal relationship between temperature and aggression B. a correlational relationship between temperature and aggression C. an unsystematic relationship between temperature and aggression D. no relationship between temperature and aggression

answer

A

question

In correlational research, you A. manipulate only two independent B. manipulate one dependent variable and look for changes in a second. C. measure two or more dependent variables and look for relationships between them D. typically do not develop specific hypotheses

answer

C

question

Dr. Jones conducted a correlational study of the relationship between preference for violent television programming and aggression in children. she find that the two variables are correlated and concludes that increasing preference for violent television programming causes more aggression. this conclusion is A. unjustified because there may be a third, as yet unmeasured, variable that actually causes increases in aggression. B. unjustified because it might be argues that more aggressive children watch more violent television programming. C. totally justified D. both A and B

answer

D

question

The main difference between correlation and experimental research is that in experimental research you A. do not manipulate independent variables. B. measure more than one dependent variable C. do not manipulate more than two independent variables. D. manipulate independent variables and look for changes in the dependent variable.

answer

D

question

When you ____ an independent varialbe, you expose different subjects to at least two levels of that variable. A. manipulate B. control C. treat D. change

answer

A

question

Dr. Jones is interested in studying the effect of the number of bystanders present at an emergency on the number of subjects who help the victim. she varies the number of bystanders (1, 3, or 5) and records how many subjects help under each conditions. in this example, the number of bystanders is the ____ variable. A. dependent B. extraneous C. correlational D. independent

answer

D

question

In a simple two-group experiment, the group of subjects not receiving the treatment is called the ____ group. A. demonstration B. treated C. control D. experimental

answer

C

question

A(n) ____ variable is a variable that may affect the behavior you are investigating but is not of interest to you. A. independent B. control C. correlational D. extraneous

answer

D

question

The term ____ refers to the degree to which your research design evaluates the hypotheses that it was intended to evaluate. A. internal validity B. external validity C. internal consistency D. reliability

answer

A

question

If another variable provides an alternative explanation for your results, then a(n) ___ exists A. alternative hypothesis B. conflicting hypothesis C. duplicate hypothesis D. confounding variable

answer

D

question

According to the text, the time to be concerned about internal validity is A. when you conduct your statistical tests B. during the design phase of your research C. after you have run your study D. all of the above

answer

B

question

According to the text, if during the design phase of your research you discover a problem with internal validity, you should A. abandon the research completely and start over B. ignore the problem and go ahead with your study because maintaining internal validity is not that important. C. identify the source of the problem and redesign your study. D. wait until after you have run your study to determine if internal validity was seriously threatened.

answer

C

question

The degree to which your research results extend beyond your study refers to A. internal validity B. external validity C. general validity D. none of the above

answer

B

question

A common complaint about using animals such as rate as research subjects is that A. animals are often too dumb to successfully complete experiments B. the results obtained may lack internal validity C. the results obtained may not apply to behavior occurring under natural conditions in the "real world." D. none of the above

answer

C

question

According to the text, the objective of research is to A. tell us what exactly happens in the real world of behavior B. tell us what ought to happen in the real world of behavior C. gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of behavior. D. discover relationships that apply to normal conditions in the real world.

answer

C

question

Although tight control over experimental condition gives you high levels of ____, it may result in low levels of ____. A. internal validity; external validity B. external validity, internal validity C. reliability; validity D. validity; reliability

answer

A

question

Conducting your research in the laboratory provides an advantage because you A. can exercise tight control over extraneous variables B. need not worry about internal validity C. will have a high level of external validity D. need not worry about external validity

answer

A

question

If you are interested in conducting basic research, you might be more concerned with ____ than with ____. A. confounding; establishing causal relationships B. establishing causal relationships; confounding C. internal validity; external validity D. external validity internal validity

answer

C

question

When typing an APA-style manuscript, you use A. double spacing throughout B. single spacing for the abstract and double spacing everywhere else C. double spacing except after headings. D. any of the above

answer

A

question

In an APA-style manuscript, the short title appearing at the top of the title page, just above the title and flush with the left margin is the A. brief head B. trailer C. running head D. abbreviated title

answer

C

question

The abstract for an experiment should A. be 25 words or less B. not exceed 120 words C. introduce new information not found in the body of the report. D. include a detailed description of the methodology used.

answer

B

question

According to your text, an abstract for an empirical study should contain A. an abbreviated literature review. B. information on the problem under study. C. a description of the methods, subjects, results, and conclusions D. both B and C

answer

D

question

It is important that your abstract be concise because A. it is written first B. it appears first in an APA-style manuscript C. a potential reader will use your abstract to determine whether your paper is one that he or she should read D. all of the above

answer

C

question

Although you usually write the abstract after the rest of your manuscript, it goes A. at the end of your manuscript B. at the beginning of your manuscript C. after the reference section D. after the tables and figures

answer

B

question

the correct order of major sections in an APA-style manuscript is A. title page, introduction, method, results, discussion, references, abstract B. title page, introduction, abstract, method, results, discussion, references C. title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references D. abstract, title page, introduction, method, results, discussion, references

answer

C

question

The primary function of the introduction to an APA-style manuscript is to A. justify the study described in the report. B. thoroughly review the literature in a given area. C. briefly introduce your reader to your methods. D. briefly describe your major findings to you reader.

answer

A

question

in the ____ section of an APA-style paper, you describe exactly how your study was conducted. A. method B. means C. results D. none of the above

answer

A

question

information about the characteristics of your subjects (for example, age, sex, strain of rat) would be found in the ____ subsection A. procedure B. materials C. design D. subjects or participants

answer

D

question

if you developed a new measuring instrument (for example, a personality inventory), in the materials section you would A. reprint the entire instrument, even it if is long. B. describe the instrument in detail and inform you readers where it may be obtained C. simply mention the instrument D. none of the above

answer

B

question

in the procedure subsection, you A. describe the characteristics of your subjects. B. state your hypotheses C. tell your reader what procedures were followed throughout the course of your study. D. give a preliminary report of your results.

answer

C

question

In the results section of an APA-style manuscript, you A. report your findings, including the results from any statistical tests. B. report your findings but do not report the results from any statistical tests. C. report and interpret your findings D. discuss significant but not nonsignificant results.

answer

A

question

Which of the following formats correctly shows how to report the results of a statistical test in an APA-style manuscript? A. F=4.56, p<.05 B. (F(df=3,56))=4.56, p<.05 C. F(df=3,56)=4.56, p<.05 D. F(3,56)=4.56, p<.05

answer

D

question

Interpretation of your results is done in the ___section. A. results B. conclusions C. discussion D. interpretation

answer

C

question

which of the following is the general format of a discussion section of an APA-style manuscript? A. being with a general discussion of your results and then restate your hypotheses, indicating whether they were supported. B. begin with a restatement of your hypotheses and a focused discussion of your results and then move to the broader implications of your results. C. begin with a discussion of relevant theory and then move on to your specific results. D. none of the above

answer

B

question

In the reference section of an APA-style manuscript, you list A. any articles or books you read, whether or not they were cited in the text. B. any articles you thought about reading as well as those you actually read. C. only those articles and books actually cited in the body of your manuscript D. all articles relevant to your research topic, whether or not you cited them in the body of your manuscript.

answer

C

question

A reference citation for a journal article includes the A. last name and initials of the first and middle names of the author(s). B. title of the article C. name the journal, volume number, and pages of the article. D. all of the above

answer

D

question

To what does the following reference refer? Sereny, G. (1983). Into that darkness. New York: Random House." A. a journal article B. a technical report C. a book D. an article in an edited book

answer

C

question

According to the text, a simple rule to follow when preparing figures for an APA-style manuscript s to A. keep them simple and accurate B. use a figure even if a finding can be adequately described verbally. C. use figures only for simple, straightforward findings. D. none of the above

answer

A

question

the proper way to cite a reference in your manuscript, when the author's name does not appear in the body of the sentence, is A. Jones (1985) B. (1985, by Jones) C. (Jones, 1985) D. (Jones)

answer

C

question

A student submits a paper as part of a course requirement. in that paper he extensively reproduces sections of a published article without properly citing the source. this student is guilty of A. poor organization B. lazy writing C. plagiarism D. unclear expression

answer

C

question

A student submits a paper as part of a course requirement. in that paper she merely excerpts paragraph after paragraph from several sources and properly cites the sources she uses. even though she cites sources, she is still guilty of A. plagiarism B. poor organization C. literary theft D. lazy writing

answer

D

question

A good way to avoid lazy writing and plagiarism is to follow the rule that states A. it is OK to quote extensively as long as you cite the source. B. keep the amount of quoted material to a minimum. use quotes only to support your ideas. C. avoid using quoted material altogether D. quote only obscure sources.

answer

B

question

The term ____ refers to the degree to which your research design evaluates the hypotheses that it was intended to evaluate. A. internal validity B. external validity C. internal consistency D. reliability

answer

A

question

If you assess the reliability of a psychological test by administering the test twice to the same group of individuals you are establishing the test's A. test-retest reliability B. parallel-forms reliability C. split-half reliability D. margin of error

answer

A

question

A measure is valid if it A. produces data that are repeatable B. measures what you intend it to measure C. produces data that agree with a known standard D. produces data that makes sense

answer

B

question

classifying participants as to whether they are highly susceptible to hypnosis, moderately susceptible to hypnosis, or not all susceptible to hypnosis constitutes a(n) _____ scale of measurement A. ordinal B. interval C. ratio D. nominal

answer

A

question

Sometimes you must choose to use one of the less informative scales of measurement to preserve A. ecological validity B. accuracy of measurement C. predictive validity D. construct validity

answer

A

question

Ceiling and floor effects affect your data by A. limiting the values of your lowest and highest data points. B. reducing the variability among scores C. making statistical significance easier to obtain. D. both A and B

answer

D

question

In a reaction time experiment, you record how long it takes a participant to respond after a stimulus is presented. the measurement technique being used here is A. frequency B. timing C. latency D. none of the above

answer

C

question

Heart rate and brain activity during sleep are both examples of ____ measures A. behavioral B. physiological C. biological D. self-report

answer

B

question

"cues provided by the research context and researcher about the purposes of a study" is a definition of A. experimenter bias B. role attitude cues C. volunteer bias D. demand characteristics

answer

D

question

If neither you nor your participant knows the level of the independent variable to which the participant was exposed, you are using a A. pilot study B. single-blind technique C. double-blind technique D. none of the above

answer

C

question

Automation of an experiment can be done by A. recording instructions on videotape B. using electronic timers and counters to record behavior C. using computers to control laboratory equipment D. any of the above

answer

D

question

Studies being conducted on the Internet, where participants are self-conducted volunteers, provide examples of ____ samples. A. random B. nonrandom C. accurate D. unbiased

answer

B

question

according to the APA ethical guidelines, ethical research practice demands that participants be A. told that they must be complete an experiment once they have begun participation. B. fully informed of aspects of the experiment that might affect willingness to participate. C. paid for participation in stressful experiments. D. all of the above

answer

B

question

According to the APA ethical guidelines, deception is an acceptable research practice if A. the investigator first determines that the deception is justified by the scientific value of the experiment B. the investigator has determined that no alternative procedures are available C. fully informing participants of the purposes of an experiment would cause them to refuse participation. D. both A and B

answer

D

question

According to the APA ethical principles, when psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, student, or subordinates as participants, they should take steps to A. keep the participants as much in the dark as possible about the nature of the research. B. prevent the participants from being able to withdraw from the research C. protect the prospective participants from any negative consequences if they want to decline or withdraw from participation D. make the participants an offer they cant refuse

answer

C

question

According to the APA ethical principles, the informed consent form must include a statement of the A. purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures B. the participant's right to decline participation and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun C. reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence the participant's willingness to participate. D. all of the above

answer

D

question

the IRB reviews your research to esure that it A. uses internally valid procedures B. does not use deception C. adheres to established ethical guidelines D. all of the above

answer

C

question

According to the text, one thing that the researcher and IRB must consider is A. whether the research is too expensive to conduct B. whether it is possible to carry out a study in the time proposed. C. the risk-benefit ratio of doing the research D. whether the researcher has the expertise to carry out the research proposed.

answer

C

question

You need children between the ages of 2 and 6 for your study of language development. of the 100 parents you contact, 45 agree to allow their children to participate. according to your text, this situation may affect the _____ of your study. A. content validity B. external validity C. internal validity D. reliability

answer

B

question

which of the following is a question raised by the voluntary participation rule? A. do people who volunteer for research differ from those who do not? B. do the results of experiments using volunteer participants differ from the results of experiments using nonvolunteer participants? C. do incentives for participation affect the results of an experiment? D. both A and B

answer

D

question

according to research on voluntary participation, we can have maximum confidence if A. volunteers are more highly educated than nonvolunteers B. volunteers are less intelligent than nonvolunteers C. nonvolunteers have a higher need for approval than volunteers. D. all of the above

answer

A

question

Volunteer bias can be reduced by A. making your appeal for participants as interesting as possible B. making your appeal for participants as nonthreatening as possible C. explicitly stating the theoretical and practical importance of your research. D, all of the above

answer

D

question

According to the text and literature, misrepresenting the purposes of your research, making false statements to participants, and using pseduosubjects are all examples of A. passive deception B. active deception C. premeditated deception D. unethical research practice

answer

B

question

researchers suggest ____ as a way of increasing the participants' belief in debriefing A. using demonstrations for the participants. B. allowing participants to observe a subsequent experimental session C. giving participants active roles in the research D. all of the above

answer

D

question

The decision about which animal to use in your research may depend on A. your research question B. the cost of animals C. both A and B D. none of the above

answer

C

question

According to the APA Ethical Code for the Care and Use of Animal subjects, psychologists who use animal subjects in their research A. are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of the comfort, health, and humane treatment of their subjects B. use a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress, or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value. C. preform surgical procedures on animals under appropriate anesthesia and following techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery D. all of the above

answer

D

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