1st Semester Final Vocab Words – Flashcards
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| Geography |
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| The study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other |
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| Ring of Fire |
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| A circle of volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean |
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| Weathering |
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| The breakdown of rock at or near the earth’s surface into smaller and smaller pieces |
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| Mechanical Weathering |
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| When rock is actually broken or weakened physically |
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| Chemical Weathering |
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| The process alters a rock’s chemical makeup by changing the minerals that form the rock or combining them with a new chemical element |
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| Acid Rain |
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| Chemicals in the polluted air combine with water vapor and fall back to earth |
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| Erosion |
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| The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, soil, and sand |
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| Weather |
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| The condition of the bottom layer of the earth’s atmosphere in one place over a short period of time |
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| Climate |
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| The term for the earth patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time |
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| London |
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| The capital city of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
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| Brasilia |
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| The capital city of Brazil |
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| Quebec |
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| The largest of Canada's provinces |
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| Berlin |
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| The capital city of Germany |
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| Revolution |
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| One complete orbit of the earth around the sun |
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| Precipitation |
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| All the forms of water that fall to earth from the atmosphere |
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| Ecosystem |
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| Formed by the interaction of plant life, animal life, and the physical environment in which they live |
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| Permafrost |
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| A layer of soil in the parts of the tundra just below the surface that stay permanently frozen |
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| Culture |
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| The beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life |
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| Population Density |
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| The average umber of people in a square mile or a square kilometer |
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| Birthrate |
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| The number of live births each year per 1,000 people |
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| Immigrant |
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| People who move into a country |
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| Emigrant |
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| People who leave a country to live in other places |
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| Urbanization |
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| The growth of city populations |
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| Rural |
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| Countryside |
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| Culture Hearth |
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| A place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures |
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| Cultural Convergence |
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| Occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture |
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| Cultural Divergence |
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| The restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences |
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| Authoritarian |
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| Descriptive of a system of government in which the leaders hold all political power |
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| Dictatorship |
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| A system of government in which absolute power is held by a small group or one person |
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| Totalitarianism |
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| A system of government in which a central authority controls all aspects of society |
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| Monarchy |
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| A system of authoritarian government headed by a monarch whose position is usually inherited |
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| Democracy |
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| A system of government in which the people are invested with the power to choose their leaders and determine government policy |
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| Traditional Economy |
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| An economic system in which families produce goods and services for their own use |
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| Market Economy |
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| An economic system that gives great freedom to individuals and groups |
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| Command Economy |
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| When an economic system is controlled by a single, central government |
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| Natural Resource |
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| Materials in the natural environment that people value and use to satisfy their needs |
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| Fossil Fuel |
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| Any one of several nonrenewable mineral resources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals and used for fuel |
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| Water Power |
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| Uses the energy of falling water to move machinery or generate electricity |
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| Geothermal Energy |
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| Energy that comes from the earth's internal heat |
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| Primary Economic Activities |
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| Those economic activities that rely directly upon natural resources such as mining or fishing |
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| Secondary Economic Activities |
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| When people use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value |
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| Tertiary Economic Activities |
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| An economic activity in which people pursue activities that serve others such as service industries |
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| Quaternary Economic Activities |
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| An economic activity that focuses on the acquisition, processing, and sharing of information, such as education or research |
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| Commercial Farming |
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| The production of food and other agricultural products for sale in markets |
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| Gross National Product |
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| The total value of a nation's output of goods and services |
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| Canal |
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| Artificial waterways |
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| Telecommunication |
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| Communication by electronic means |
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| Free Enterprise |
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| Economic system based on capitalism |
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| Megalopolis |
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| The area from Boston to Washington DC |
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| Sunbelt |
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| The band of southern states from the carolinas to southern California |
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| Aqueduct |
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| Large pipes that carry water over long distances |
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| Province |
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| A territory governed as a political division of a country |
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| Separatism |
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| A movement to win political, religious, or ethnic independence from another group |
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| NAFTA |
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| North American Free Trade Agreement, which phased out trade barriers among the United States, Canada and Mexico |
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| Favela |
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| Slum communities in Brazil |
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| Gasohol |
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| An alcohol-based fuel which is a max of gasoline and ethanol |
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| Deforestation |
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| The permanent removal of woodland |
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| Ecotourism |
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| Tourism that encourages environmental awareness and has little effect on the ecosystem |
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| Cordillera |
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| A related set of separate mountain ranges |
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| Campesino |
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| In Latin America, a tenant farmer or farm worker |
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| Peat |
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| A spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants |
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| Blight |
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| Plant disease |
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| Fjord |
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| Flooded glacial valleys |
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| Impressionism |
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| A style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows |
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| Nationalize |
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| Brought under state control |
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| Recession |
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| An extended decline in business activity |
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| Reparation |
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| Money paid for war damages |
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| Inflation |
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| Sharply rising prices |
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| Dike |
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| Embankments of earth and rock built to hold back water |
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| Decentralize |
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| To transfer government power to smaller regions |
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| Neutral |
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| Not taking sides in a war |
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| Perishable good |
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| A product that does not stay fresh for long |
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| Strip mining |
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| When miners strip away the surface of earth to lay bare the mineral deposits |
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| Navigable |
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| Deep and wide enough to allow ships to pass |
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| Dry Farming |
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| A farming technique that leaves land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture |
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| Hub |
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| A central point of concentrated activity and influence |
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| Seismic Activity |
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| Has many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions |
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| Renaissance |
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| The revival of art, literature, and learning that took place in Europe during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries |
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| Five themes of Geography |
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| Location, Place, Regions, Movement, and Human-Environment Interactions |
