VA/US HISTORY SOL STUDY GUIDE SET – Flashcards

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Covenant Community
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A covenant community is a religious group whose members bind themselves to one another and to the group by a solemn agreement called a covenant
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Direct Democracy
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Form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly, as opposed to a representative democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives
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Indentured Servant
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A person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, and sustenance
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Virginia House of Burgesses
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The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619
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Joint-stock Company
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Businesses in which investors pool their wealth or a common purpose
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Puritans
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Members of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual and traditions in the Church of England
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Quakers
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Members of the Society of Friends, a religious group persecuted for its beliefs in 17th century England
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Middle Passage
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The voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America
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Jonathan Edwards
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A major leader during the Great Awakening; Stay stationary to spread the word
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John Locke
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The Declaration of Independence were based of his writings in the Social Contract; Man had unalienable rights that consisted of life, liberty, and property
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Thomas Jefferson
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Author of the Declaration of Independence; Also wrote Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom; Doubled the size of the U.S. through the Louisiana Purchase
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Stamp Act
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A 1765 law in which Parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the Britist colonies in North America
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Patrick Henry
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Quoted for saying "Give me liberty, or give me death"
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Patriots
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Colonists who supported American independence from Britain
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Neutrals
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Those who refused to take part in a war between other nations
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Lexington and Concord
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Battle that started the Revolutionary War
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Saratoga
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Battle that is considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War
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Ben Franklin
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Prime Minister to France during the Revolutionary War, encouraged the French to join U.S. in the Revolutionary War
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Stamp Act Congress
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Meeting held between October 7 and 25, 1765 in New York City, consisting of representatives from some British colonies of North America; it was the first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation
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Separation of Powers
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The state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary
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New Jersey Plan
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Favored by small states; Offered the idea of a unicameral (one house) legislature in which all states would have an equal number of votes
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Bill of Rights
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The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a formal list of citizen's rights and freedoms
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Anti-Federalists
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An opponent of a strong central government
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Great Compromise
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The Constitution Convention's agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house
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Democratic-Republicans
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Political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalists Party
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Election of 1800
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Thomas Jefferson won after a tie; It was the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another
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Judicial Review
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The Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
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Gibbons vs. Ogden
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Landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution
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Trail of Tears
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The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory in 1838-1840, with thousands of the Cherokee dying on the way
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Andrew Jackson
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Implemented the first presidential veto against the National Bank, introduced the Spoils System, advocated for the Trail of Tears
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Spoils System
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The practice of winning candidates' rewarding their supporters with government jobs
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National Bank
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A bank owned by the state. An ordinary private bank which operates nationally as opposed to regionally or locally or even internationally
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Missouri Compromise
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A series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states
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Harriett Beecher Stowe
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Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Gabriel Prosser
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Planned a slave revolt in Virginia in 1800 that failed before it could get underway; Persecuted and executed
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1854; Law that called for the creation of these two new territories and stated that citizens in each territory decide whether slavery would be allowed there
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Abraham Lincoln
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16th President during the Civil War; Republican
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Popular Sovereignty
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policy of lettinng the people in a territory decide whether slavery would be allowed there
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Seneca Falls Declaration
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Early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848
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Susan B Anthony
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Women's right activists
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Jefferson Davis
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President of the Confederacy during the Civil War
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Gettysburg Address
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A famous speech by President Lincoln on the meaning of the Civil War
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Fort Sumter
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Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, SC; The Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
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Battle of Vicksburg
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Civil War battle in Mississippi that was won by the Union and allowed for Union forces to gani control of the Mississippi River
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Ulysses S. Grant
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General of the Union Army during the Civil War
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Appomattox
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Where the Confederate Surrender of the Civil War was signed
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Radical Republican
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One of the congressional Republicans who after the Civil War wanted to destory the political power of the former slaveholders and give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote
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13th Amendment
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Freed slaves; (1-3 SLAVES ARE FREE!)
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15th Amendment
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Provided slaves with voting rights; (1-5 PICK A SIDE!)
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Jim Crow Laws
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Laws that required segregration of public services by race
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Freedman's Bureau
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A federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War
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Ellis Island
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Major port for immigrants upon entering New York City
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New Immigrants
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Immigrants from Eastern Europe and Asia
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1862; Law that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country but did not prevent entry of those who had previously established U.S. residence
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Henry Bessemer
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Inventor of Bessemer Steel Process; made it cheaper and easier to remove impurities to create steel
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Tenement Housing
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A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary
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Thomas Edison
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Inventor of the lightbulb
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The Wright Brothers
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Inventors of the airplane and air flight
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J.P. Morgan
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Created a monolopy over the banking industry
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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Created a monolopy over the railroad industry
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Plessey v. Ferguson
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An 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accomodations was legal, thus establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine
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Ida B. Wells
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Started an anti-lynching crusade in support of African Americans
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W.E.B Duboios
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African American scholar and leader who encouraged African Americans to attend colleges to develop leadership skills
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Haymarket Square Affair
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1866 labor-related violence in Chicago
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Pullman Strike
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1894 railway workers' strike that spread nationwide
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17th Amendment
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An amendment to the U.S. Constituion, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures
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18th Amendment
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Amendment for Phohibition (1-8 STEM 'EM STRAIGHT)
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Theodore Roosevelt
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President during Imperialism, "Speak softly and carry a big stick"
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Open Door Policy
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Policy that ensured all nations had equal trading rights with China
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Dollar Diplomacy
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President Taft urged American banks and bussiness to invest in Latin American; sought to increase and protect US investments abroad
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League of Nations
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An association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace
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Woodrow Wilson
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President during WWI
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Treaty of Versailles
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The 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations
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Referendum
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Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature
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Initiative
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A process in which citizens can put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting voter's signatures on a petition
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The New Deal
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President Franklin Roosevelt's program to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression, focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform
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3 R's in the New Deal Legislation
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Relief, recovery, reform
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AAA
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Agricultural Adjustment Act; A law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lower production
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Social Security
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A law enacted in 1935 to provide aid to retirees, the unemployed, people with disabilities, and families with dependent children
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Black Friday
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The day following Thanksgiving Day in the United States, traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. On this day, most major retailers open extremely early, often at 4 a.m., or earlier, and offer promotional sales to kick off the shopping season
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Adolf Hitler
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Totalitarian dictator of Germany
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Defeat Hitler First
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Allied military strategy in the European Theater
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Lend Lease Act
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A law passed in 1941, that allowed the US to ship arms and other supplies without immediate payment, to Nations fighting the Axis powers
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Pearl Harbor
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December 7,1941; Japan carried out an air attack on the American Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944; Normandy
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Stalingrad
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Month long seige that prevented Germany from getting oil fields in the Soviet Union. Turned the tide against Germany in the East
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Truman ordered the dropping of the Atomic bomb to force Japan to surrender
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Allied Powers
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In WWI, the group of nations-originally consisting of Great Britain, France and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy and others that opposed the Central Powers. In WWII, the group of nations-including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States that opposed the Axis Powers
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Battle of El Alamein
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German forces threatened to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal and were defeated by the British. This prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Easten Oil
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Holocaust
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Hitler's plan to exterminate all German jews and undesireables
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Navajo Code
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The U.S. Military employed this code during WWII, which was impossible for the Japanese to break or understand
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Genocide
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Systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group.
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Nuremburg Trials
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The court preceedings held in Nuremburg, Germany after WWII, in which Nazi leaders were charged with war crimes
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War Bonds
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Debt securities issued by a government for the purpose of financing military operations during times of war
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Rosie the Riveter
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Figure head to encourage women to become a part of the war effort during WWII
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Korean War
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War between North and South Korea to prevent communist North Korea from forcing South Korea to become communist
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Cold War
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The competition that developed after WWII between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world, until the collapse of the Soviet Union
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Marshall Plan
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Program of economic assistance to Western Europe
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Warsaw Pact
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Military alliance between Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe formed in 1955
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John F Kennedy
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US President during Vietnam who was later assassinated
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Lyndon B Johnson
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US President during Vietnam who extended troops into Vietnam
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Communism
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Ideology of the Soviet Union, characterized there by complete government ownership of land and property, single party contol of the government, lack of individual rights, and the call for a worldwide revolution
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38th Parallel
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A dividing line for Korea
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Vietnaminization
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President Nixon's policy of replacing American military forces with those of South Vietnam
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Bay of Pigs
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Failed invasion of Cuba by a group of anti-Castro forces in 1961
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Alger Hiss
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Accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury
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McCarthyism
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The attacks, often unsubstanciated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in the early 1950's
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Gorbechav
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Soviet leader at the end of the Cold War
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Ronald Reagan
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US President who ordered the tearing down of the Berlin Wall
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Oliver Hill
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NAAPC Lawyer, and also Virginia's Representative during the Brown v. Board of Education case
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24th Amendment
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Amendment that stated they could no longer charge people to vote
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Martin Luther King
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Civil rights leader who encouraged peaceful protest, led the Montgomery Bus Boycott
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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A law the banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national orgin, or religion in public places and most workplaces
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Sandra Day O'Connor
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American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States
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Glass Ceiling
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Term refers to "the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements". Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women
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Patriot Act
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Set of laws that allows for the government to have access to any person personal records, phone calls, etc.
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Neil Armstrong
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First person to step onto the moon's suface
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Distance Learning
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Field of education that focuses on teaching methods and technology with the aim of delivering teaching, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional educational setting such as a classroom
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Mayflower Compact
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The first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower
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Cavaliers
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English nobility who received large land grands in Eastern Virginia from the King of England
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Jamestown
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First permanent colony in America, settled in 1607
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Virginia Company of London
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English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America
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Triangular Trade
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The transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Arica, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America
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Pilgrims
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Name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States
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Great Awakening
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A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730's and 1750's
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Columbian Exchange
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The transfer beginning with Columbus's first voyage-of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere
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George Whitefield
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A major leader during the Great Awakening, travelled around spreading the word
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Thomas Paine
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Wrote the pamphlet, Common Sence, which persuaded many colonists to declare independence from Britain
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Proclamation of 1763
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An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Boston Massacre
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A clash between British soldiers and Boston coloniest in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed
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George Washington
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First President of the United States
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Loyalists
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Colonists who supported the British government during the American Revolution
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Boston Tea Party
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The dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea in Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act
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John Marshall
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First Supreme Court justice
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Yorktown
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Last major battle during the American Revolutionary War
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Articles of Confederation
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A document, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the United States
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3/5's Compromise
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3 out of every 5 slaves would be counted in the general population, for representation purposes
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James Madison
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Father of the Constitution
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Virginia Plan
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Favored by large states; Representation was based on population, unicameral
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Federalists
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Supporters of the Constitution and of a strong national government
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George Mason
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Wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights; Along with James Madison he was also called the "Father of the Bill of Rights"
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Manifest Destiny
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The 19th century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory
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Alexander Hamilton
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Founder of the National Bank
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Marbury v. Madison
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An 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as Judicial Review
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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An 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening the power of the federal government's control over the economy
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Battle of the Alamo
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Pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops launched an assault on the Alamo Mission. All but two of the Texian defenders were killed
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Veto
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To delete or throw away; Get rid of; Presidents right of action in the Separation of Powers
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Nullification
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A state's refusal to recognize an at of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
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Panic of 1837
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a U.S. financial crisis in which banks closed and the credit system collapsed, resulting in many bankruptcies and high unemployment
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Tariff
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A tax on goods
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William Lloyd Garrison
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White leader of radical abolitionist movement and founded The Liberator
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Nat Turner
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African American preacher who led a slave revolt in 1831 and was captured and hung after the revolt failed
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Compromise of 1850
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Agreement designed to ease tensions cause by the expansion of slavery into western territories
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Secede
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Withdraw formally from membership in a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization
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Stephen Douglas
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Illinois senator who introduced the Kansas Nebraska Act and debated Abraham Lincoln on slavery issues in 1858
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Dred Scott Case
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Ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves or their descendants, whether or not they were slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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An American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement
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Robert E Lee
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Commander of the Confederate army
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Frederick Douglas
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Former slave who became a leading abolitionist writer; publisher of abolitionist newspaper the Northern Star
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Battle of Gettysburg
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Civil War battle in PA that was won by the Union and became the turning point of the war
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Battle of Bull Run
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Civil War battle considered to be the first battle of the war
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Emancipation Proclamation
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An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1,1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines
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Robert E Lee
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General of the Confederate Army
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Frederick Douglas
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Freed slave who joined the abolitionists movement
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Andrew Johnson
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Impeached during Reconstruction by Radical Republicans
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14th Amendment
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Provided slaves with citizenship
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Compromise of 1877
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A series of congressional measures under which the Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes as president, even though he had lost the popular vote. The measures included withdrawal of federal troops from Southern states, federal money for improving southern infrastructure, an the appointment of a conservative Southern cabinet member
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Black Codes
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Discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil War South which severely restricted African Americans' lives
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Transcontinental Railroad
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Railway extending from coast to coast
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Old Immigrants
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Immigrants from Western Europe
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Melting Pot
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The term used to describe the bleding of cultures between Americans and the immigrants
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Immigration Restriction Act
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Law that ended quotas for individual countries and replaced them with more flexible limits
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Andrew Carnegie
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Industrialist who made a fortune in steel monolopy
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Inventor of the telephone
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Henry Ford
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Auto manufacturer in early 1900s; made affordable cars for the masses using the assembly line
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John D. Rockefller
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Created a monolopy over the banking industry
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Laissez-Faire
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Doctine stating that government generally should not interfere in private business
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Great Migration
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Migration of African Americans who moved to cities in the North
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Booker T Washington
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Founded Tuskegee Institute; Believed in vocational education
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Progressive Party
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Left-wing political party that ran former Vice President Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president and U.S. Senator Glen H. Taylor of Idaho for vice president in 1948
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Homestead Strike
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1892 strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie steel
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Sherman Anti Trust Law
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Law passed by Congress in 1890 that outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce
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Clayton Anti Trust Law
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Law to strengthen the Sherman Anti Trust Act that specified big business activities that were forbidden
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19th amendment
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Amendment that provided women with the right to vote (1-9 WOMEN ARE FINE)
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Imperialism
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Stronger nations create empires by dominating weaker nations for economic and political gain
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Panama Canal
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Canal financially supported by the US built in Panama; made the shipments of goods more efficient
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John Hay
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"Open Door Policy"
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Spanish American War
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War between U.S. and Spain leading to imperial movements in Central and South American and the Philippines by the U.S.
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14 Points
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Plan by Woodrow Wilson to bring peace and end WWI through methods such as no secret treaties between Nations
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Neutral
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Those who refused to take part n a war between other nations
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The Great Depression
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A period, lasting from 1929 to 1940, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed
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Recall
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Procedure that permits voters to remove public officials from office before the next election
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FDR
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Implemented the New Deal
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First Hundred Days
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FDR pushed several programs through Congress to provide relief, create jobs, and stimulate the economy
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WPA
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War Powers Act; a law enacted in 1973, limiting a presdient's right to send tropps into battle without consulting Congress
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CCC
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Civilian Conservation Corps; an agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemplyed men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping erosion-control and flood-control projects
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FDIC
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures
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Blitzkrieg
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From the German word meaning "lightening war", a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick victory
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Island Hopping
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An allied military strategy in the Pacific Theater
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Harry S. Truman
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President during WWII, ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb
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Embargo
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The partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it
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Midway
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American victory over Japan; "Miracle of Midway" Stopped the invasion of Hawaii
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Iwo Jima and Okinawa
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Brought American soldiers closer than ever to Japan. Japanese commited suicide, rather than surrender
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Atomic Bomb
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Used by the United States to win the war with Japan
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Axis Powers
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The group of Nations-including Germany, Italy, and Japan-that opposed the Allies in World War II
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Central Powers
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The group of Nations-led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire-that opposed the Allies in World War I
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Nisei Regiment
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Most famous Asian American miltiary unit
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Tuskegee Airmen
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Most famous African-American military unit
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Bataan Death March
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Name of POW indident in which American POW's suffered brutal treatment by the Japanese after the surrender in the Phillipines
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Final Solution
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Hitler's plan to exterminate all German Jews and undesireables
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Emancipation Proclamation
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An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1,1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines
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Rationing
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Restriction of people's right to buy unlimited amounts of particular foods and other goods, often implemented during wartime to ensure adequate supplies for the military
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Internment Camps
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Confinement or a restriction in moving, espescially under wartime conditions
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Vietnam War
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War between North and South Vietnam in order to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist
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Truman Doctrine
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a U.S. policy, announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations, threatened by internal or external opponants
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European countries, the United States, and Canada
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Dwight D Eisenhower
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WWII general who later became president at the beginning of the Vietnam War
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Richard Nixon
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US President who ordered the tearing down of the Berlin Wall
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Democracy
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Society in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives
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United Nations
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An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development
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21st Amendment
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Alcohol again (2-1 LETS HAVE SOME FUN)
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Fidel Castro
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Communist dictator of Cuba during the Cold War
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Cuban Missle Crisis
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1962 crisis that arose between the US and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt depoloy nuclear missiles in Cuba
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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Were American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage
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Glasnost
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The open discussion of social problems that was permitted in the Soviet Union in the 1980's
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Perestroika
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Meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuration of the Soviet polotical and economic system
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Brown v. Board of Education
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Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional
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Thurgood Marhsall
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NAACP Lawyer, during the Brown v. Board of Education
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Malcolm X
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African American Muslim minister and human rights activist
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March on Washington
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Largest political rally for human rights in United States history and called for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It took place in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S
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Sally Ride
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First female American astronaut
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Persian Gulf War
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War waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait
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John Glenn
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U.S. Astronaut; was the first American to orbit the Earth
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Telecommuting
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Work arrangement in which employees enjoy flexibility in working location and hours
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Dr. Jonas Salk
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An American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine
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