The Effect Of Openness To Experience Commerce Essay Example
The Effect Of Openness To Experience Commerce Essay Example

The Effect Of Openness To Experience Commerce Essay Example

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  • Pages: 17 (4468 words)
  • Published: July 8, 2017
  • Type: Essay
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The study seeks to determine the relationship between Openness to Experience and Job Success, while also examining how Creativity and Intellect mediate this association. The investigation involved more than 300 participants who completed a questionnaire assessing their levels of Openness to Experience, Creativity, Intellect, and Job Success using predetermined lists.

The survey participants completed the SPSS package (v.16.0) analysis, which examined the correlation between Openness to Experience and Job Success. The analysis also considered the mediating effects of Creativity and Intellect. It was found that Creativity and Intellect completely mediated the relationship between Openness to Experience and Job Success, with a positive correlation observed.

Research Implications/Limitations: The study proposes that there is a connection between Openness to Experience and Job Success. To expand the survey's range, it can be extended to explore relationships between other personality trait

...

s and Job Success. Furthermore, further research can investigate how this correlation varies across different industries and for male and female managers.

Practical Deductions: The findings of this paper have practical implications for companies when recruiting and for business schools during the admissions process.

Originality/Value: This paper stands out as an initial piece of evidence suggesting a correlation between Openness to Experience and Job Success.

The role of creativity and intellect in this relationship is also explained by this paper, which is another first. Keywords: Openness to see, Intellect, Creativity, Job Success, Human resources

Paper Type: Research Paper

Introduction

This paper aims to determine the relationship between openness to see and job success, mediated by creativity and intellectual ability. The goal is to provide companies with the option of measuring any of these parameters and being able to predict

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job success to a reasonable extent. The retention of a director in any occupation and sector largely depends on their success in their job. Job success not only determines the motivation levels of the director (Winter, 1991), but also has a significant impact on the overall success of the organization (Pfeffer and Veiga, 1993). Therefore, ensuring job success is critical for modern businesses. Multiple factors are known to affect job success, and it is important for companies to choose the appropriate factors to measure in order to predict job success accurately.

The Five-Factor Model (FFM) has a significant yet poorly understood dimension known as openness to experience. While previous studies have mainly focused on this dimension as part of personality, they have not specifically addressed the exclusive relationship between openness to experience and career success. This research aims to develop a comprehensive model that explores the connection between openness to experience and career success, using creativity and intelligence as mediators. Unlike past studies that separately examined FFM dimensions and measured the success of newly hired employees, we will also analyze how creativity and intelligence impact this relationship alongside exploring the link between openness to experience and career success.

Research aim

The purpose of this survey is two-fold:

  • To investigate whether Openness to Experience can accurately predict Job Success
  • To examine if the relationship between Openness to Experience and Job Success is influenced by Creativity and Intellect

Research Gap and Hypotheses

Despite criticism, trait theories have not diminished in popularity. The Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, also known as the big five theory, remains widely accepted. FFM categorizes personality into five broad traits: Openness to Experience (O), Conscientiousness (C), Extroversion (E),

Agreeableness (A), and Neuroticism (N). McCrae and Costa's (1997) argued that openness to experience encompasses various aspects such as creative capacity, independent thought, aesthetic sensitivity, intellectual curiosity, preference for variety, and attention to inner feelings. Individuals with low scores in openness tend to prefer conventional and ordinary experiences.

The concept of career success involves work-related achievements that an individual has accumulated through their professional experiences (Judge et al, 1995). Scholars have rejected the prevailing notion of measuring success solely based on salary or organizational position (Gattiker & Larwood, 1986, etc.). Recent studies on job success have defined it as comprising two components: external success and internal or perceived success. External success is quantified using observable parameters such as salary, job title, and number of promotions (London & Stumpf, 1982). Perceived career success is assessed through self-evaluation of job performance (Rode et al, 2008).

Childs and Klimoski (1986) utilized a set of 12 indicators to measure job success, including factors such as earnings, self-assessment of success, number of subordinates, and perceived peer evaluation. Additionally, individuals who prioritize external standards for measuring success have emphasized the importance of enjoying their work (Sturges, 1999).

Openness to Experience and Job Success

Openness to experience has been found to positively contribute to job success in situations where the nature of the job necessitates adaptability to new environments and learning opportunities (Bing & Lounsbury, 2000). For instance, Bing & Lounsbury conducted a study on openness to experience and job performance in Japanese manufacturing companies based in the United States.

The research discovered that the local population had effectively adjusted to the traditional Japanese way of working, indicating a positive correlation between two variables (Bing; A; Lounsbury,

2000). According to Burke and Witt's study, other personality factors can impact the connection between openness and job performance (Burke; A; Witt, 2002). Research has indicated that individuals who are more open to the external environment generally possess greater adaptability, while those who have a stronger internal focus may be less aware of environmental changes (Griffin; A; Hesketh, 2004). Many new graduates from business schools often pursue careers that demand adaptability and rapid acquisition of new skills.

The study aims to investigate the positive correlation between openness to experience and occupational success. Currently, there is limited research in India exploring these variables, and no theoretical model connecting openness to experience, creativity, mindset, and job success exists. This research specifically targets business school graduates at the beginning of their careers to examine these relationships. Considering the increasing popularity of management education in India among students and professionals, it is important to conduct research that identifies factors predicting success in this field.

It is crucial to conduct studies focused on India in order to determine if the parameters used for admissions or recruitment selection criteria can predict future job success and benefit from Western ideas of success. Additionally, it is important to consider creativity and intellect as potential mediators between Openness to Experience and Job Success.

We believe that 'Creativity' and 'Intellect' act as intermediaries in this relationship.
Numerous studies by various researchers have focused on creativity. According to Lubbart (2000-01), creativity emerges from processes that result in a 'novel, adaptive creation'. Glover and Gary (1975) suggest that highly creative individuals exhibit high tolerance for uncertainty and employ unconventional problem-solving methods.

William Scott (1965) defines creative behavior as any unique

response or combination of responses that are also highly adaptive and result in products highly valued by society. Creativity is thus characterized by novelty or freshness in the way things are done or thought and in the products it produces.

Openness to Experience and Creativity

Barron (1988) describes the creative individual as having alertness to opportunity, keen attention, intuition, a preference for complexity as a challenge to find simplicity, and a drive to find patterns and meaning. They also possess openness to new ways of seeing and independence of judgment that questions assumptions, among other qualities. These qualities align strongly with the Openness to Experience dimension of the Five-Factor Model. Research conducted by McCrae and others has shown that, out of the five personality factors, only Openness to Experience significantly and positively correlates with divergent thinking. They have also found a positive relationship between openness to experience and artistic interests (Costa, McCrae, and Holland, 1984) as well as broad values (McCrae and Costa, 1985).

The text suggests that there is strong support for the correlation between openness to experience and creativity, based on both empirical and conceptual evidence. Griffin and McDermont (1998) as well as Leung and Chiu (2008) conducted studies that provide support for this correlation. Individuals with high levels of openness to experience have a wider range of experiences and a deeper understanding of the importance of novelty, improvement, and change compared to those with low levels of openness. These qualities, along with their heightened sensitivity, enable them to generate innovative problem-solving strategies and creative ideas. On the other hand, individuals with low levels of openness may be more content maintaining the status quo, as noted

by George and Zhou (2001). Additionally, Griffin and Hesketh (2004) propose that aspects of openness can be categorized into internal and external environmental factors.

While Actions, Ideas and Values are associated with countries external to the individual, Fantasy and Feelings are linked to countries within the individual. Openness aspects from each of the Openness graduated tables vary in their ability to predict creativity. The external openness aspects are expected to be better predictors of creativity at work compared to the latter (Pace, 2005). Our study hypothesizes that among participants in the target group, having a higher level of openness to experience will be positively correlated with the degree of creative potential.

Creativity and Job Success

There have been various studies that have connected Creativity to Job Success in some way. A study conducted in the Pharmaceutical industry by Mats Sundgren and Alexander Styhre (2003) investigates creativity as one of the most critical success factors and important assets in an R specific organization.

In their research, Taewon Suh and Hochang Shin (2005) looked at the relationship between creativeness and occupation performance to distinguish between profit and non-profit organizations. According to Richard Beatty (1974), there is a connection between job performance and job success, suggesting that job performance leads to job success. This connection between creativity and job success has been explored by various researchers, including Caroline Marshall (2000), in different research projects. The connection is also supported by authors Tudor Rickards and Mark A.

According to Runco and Moger, creativity and leadership are closely related and have many similarities. Since leadership is known to contribute to success in a job, there is likely a connection between creativity and job success. For

example, in the field of sales and marketing, Julie Britt, an independent marketing consultant, provides several examples of how creativity is essential for success in this profession (2008). Tracy Barbour also discusses real-life examples, such as Bradley/Reid's resourceful approach to promoting the Seward Sea Life Center (2001).

Mind Intellect is derived from the Latin word intellectus intending "understanding, understanding". This construct has been a constant topic of argument (Feuerstein et al., 1980; Spitz, 1986; Taylor and Richards, 1990; Chen-Shyuefee and Michael, 1993). Intellect has been viewed as both a individual entity and as a aggregation of mental abilities (Heraty and Morely, 2000).

An early theoretical account of intelligence was proposed by Thurstone (1939), who identified several primary mental abilities using factor analysis. Following this, Guilford (1956:1959:1967:1981) proposed the Structure of Intellect (SOT) model. This model used factor analysis to identify and organize cognitive abilities based on the mental processes involved, the types of information considered, and the specific forms that the information took. The SOT model consists of five psychological processes (operations), three types of stimuli (contents), and six forms of products (newly generated information serving as output resulting from the application of a psychological operation on given information) (Khattab et al., 1982).

Openness to Experience and Intellect

According to Robert McCrae (1994), there are claims that Openness to Experience and Intellect are essentially the same thing. However, he argues that Intellect is a major contributing factor to Openness of Experience. Goldberg (1999) conducted a study using the International Personality Item Pool to examine the correlation between these two factors. The analysis showed that Intellect includes traits associated with rational thinking and perceived intelligence,

while Openness encompasses traits related to artistic and contemplative qualities associated with sensory engagement and perception. This establishes that these two factors are related but distinct aspects. Lexical studies conducted by George Saucier (1992) also demonstrate that there are many other terms that describe individuals high in either openness (such as artistic, perceptive), intellect (such as intelligent, philosophical), or both (such as inventive, original).

Colin G. DeYoung, Noah A. Shamosh, and Adam E. Green, Todd S. have also reaffirmed the connection between the mind and openness.

According to Braver and Jeremy R. Gray (2009), they argue that Intellect and Openness to see are related. George Saucier (1992) also conducted research that affirms the relationship by stating that both openness and mind are part of the same factor, Factor V of the Five-factor model of Personality traits. However, Paul Trapnell (1994) disagrees with this perspective, asserting that Openness and Intellect are separated by a couple of factors. Nonetheless, it is undeniable that these two are related.

Intellect and Job Success

Intellect is commonly used interchangeably with intelligence by researchers worldwide.

According to Heraty and Morely (2000), research shows that intelligence is an inherent aspect of mental ability, with strong correlations between these two concepts. Schweizer and Moosbrugger (1999) investigated the utility of mental ability and conscientiousness in predicting job success. They found that mental ability was a better predictor of performance for new managers, while conscientiousness was a better predictor for experienced managers, using a sample of restaurant workers. In a groundbreaking study, Dr. Colonia-Willner (1999) demonstrated that intelligence is a major factor in achieving success in the workplace. This study involved 200 high-level directors at a bank with over 22,000

employees.

Business schools around the world are striving to prepare students for the complexities they will face in the business world, with a primary focus on improving their mental abilities and thinking skills (Lim, 2002). Mol et al, in their paper, express surprise at the lack of emphasis placed on intelligence when evaluating the performance of expatriate managers. They have highlighted the relevance of intelligence in selecting managers through an analysis of 30 primary studies. Based on the established connections between mental ability and job success, as well as the interchangeable use of intelligence and mind, we propose that intelligence could have a positive correlation with job success. Further explanations can be found in Figure 1.

  • Hypothesis 1: Openness to see is positively correlated to Job Success
  • Hypothesis 2: Openness to see is positively correlated to Creativity
  • Hypothesis 3: Creativity is positively correlated to occupation Success
  • Hypothesis 4: Openness to Experience is positively correlated to Intellect.
  • Hypothesis 5: Mind is positively correlated to occupation success.

Research Design

Sample

In this survey, we investigate the relationships between openness to see, creativeness, occupation success, and mind in a sample group of 166 people with varying work experience in different sectors.

Sample Design

The research design used for this survey is snowball sampling. This design was chosen because it is suitable when researchers have difficulty identifying participants. The researchers contacted people they knew and these individuals further referred

the questionnaire to their contacts.

Administration:

The survey information was collected through an online study using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared and given to participants in the target group. The participants were contacts of the researchers who had an MBA and 1-4 years of work experience. They were also asked to share the questionnaire with others who had the same characteristics and were included in the survey.

An inquiry was conducted to determine the number of years of work experience of participants, with the intention of excluding those with less or more work experience from the survey. This information was collected and used for analysis.

Measures

The following model summarizes the variables being tested in this research paper.

  • Creativity
  • Openness to Experience
  • Job Success
  • Mind

Operational Definitions

Openness to experience: For the purpose of this research, openness to experience refers to an individual's inclination towards new situations and learning, as well as a heightened awareness of their environment.

The text discusses the definitions of creativity, mind, and job success. Creativity is defined as the ability to generate new ideas or thoughts, with originality being its central aspect. Mind is described as a cognitive ability that helps analyze complex situations and solve challenging problems. Job success refers to the level of achievement in fulfilling the intended purpose of a job.

Scales

The study utilizes scales from professional and academic domains, including the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory Revised (Neo PI-R: Costa & McCrae, 1992), which is highly recognized.

The NEO PI-R assesses each dimension through six sub dimensions known as the aspects. The aspects for openness to see include Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, and Values. McCord created the M5 questionnaire to measure normal personality traits

based on the aspects described by Costa ; McCrae. M5 is a self-study tool that provides scores for each aspect based on six separate lower-level aspects. The M5 claims to have strong internal reliability and good validity (Proctor ; McCord, 2009). The study administers the M5 openness to see inventory, which measures similar aspects as the NEO PI-R concept.

Table 1 provides descriptions and dimensions from the M5 instrument. (Refer Appendix A for the complete table)

Liberalism

Willingness to reconsider societal, political, and spiritual values is limited in academic research due to the lack of free available personality lists. The use of professionally recognized measurement tools is restricted by cost factors and copyright issues, which hinder flexible accessibility, editing, and modification. To conduct our research, we will utilize the personality lists from the public sphere collection of the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP, 2001). The inability to access free personality lists, copyright issues, and cost factors have obstructed the utilization of professionally accepted measurement tools for this academic research.

For our research, we will use the personality inventory lists from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP, 2001) to measure creativity and intellect. The IPIP aims to create and improve a set of personality inventories on an international scale. The scales provided in this collaboration can be used for scientific and commercial purposes. The Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) taxonomy of personality traits was created to incorporate the five-dimensional simple-structure and circumplex models of personality. It includes ten circumplexes formed by contrasting each of the Big Five factors against each other. The model represents aspects of the Big Five dimensions as combinations of two factors.

Creativity

In this survey, we

utilized the Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) proposed by Hofstee, de Raad, & Goldberg [1992] to measure creativity. The AB5C taxonomy was designed to include the 5-dimensional simple-structure and circumplex models of personality. It consists of 10 circumplexes that are created by opposing each of the Big Five factors against one another. This model represents aspects of the Big Five dimensions as combinations of 2 factors. The alpha coefficient of the scale, as reported on the IPIP website, is 0.81, indicating that the scale has good reliability and internal consistency.

This text is about a survey that uses a five-point Likert scale. The survey measures the individual's perception of mind and job success. The mind measurement is based on the Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex developed by Hofstee, de Raad, & Goldberg in 1992. The reliability of the scale is reported to be 0.81 according to the IPIP website. The job success measurement is based on selected points defined by Gattiker & Larwood in 1986. Both measurements use a five-point Likert scale.

The alpha coefficient of the specified graduated table is 0.75.

Analysis

The scores from the 10-point Openness to Experience scale (M5 Questionnaire) were combined to create a cumulative score for Openness to Experience. The scores from the 7-point Job Success scale (created by Gattiker and Larwood) were combined to create a cumulative score for job success. The scores from the 10-point IPIP (Domain AB5C) Creativity scale were combined to create a cumulative score for creativity. The scores from the 10-point IPIP (Domain AB5C) Intellect Scale were combined to create a cumulative score for intellect. The data was analyzed to determine the reliability of these scales using Cronbach's alpha

value.

The information was analyzed using the four-step procedure of Multiple Mediation Regression developed by Baron and Kenny (1986). This procedure was applied to both creativity and intelligence. First, a regression was conducted with openness to experience as the independent variable and career success as the dependent variable. Second, a regression was conducted with creativity as the independent variable and career success as the dependent variable. Third, a regression was conducted with openness to experience as the independent variable and creativity as the dependent variable.

Finally, an arrested development analysis was conducted using openness to see and creativeness as the independent variables and occupation success as the dependent variable in order to determine the mediator. The same procedure was repeated with intellect instead of creativeness. In the table, measure 1 displays the coefficients for the regression analysis with openness to see as the independent variable and occupation success as the dependent variable. The analysis reveals a significant positive correlation between openness to see and occupation success. Additionally, the results indicate a potential for mediation. Therefore, Hypothesis 1 is supported.


Measure 2

demonstrates the coefficients obtained from an arrested development analysis involving openness to see as the independent variable and creativeness as the dependent variable. The analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between openness to see and creativeness, thereby supporting Hypothesis 2.

Measure 3

displays the coefficients obtained from an arrested development analysis with creativeness as the independent variable and occupation success as the dependent variable.

The analysis demonstrates a significant positive correlation between creativity and occupational success, thus supporting Hypothesis 3.

Measure 4 displays the coefficients for regression analysis, with openness to new

experiences and creativity as independent variables and occupational success as the dependent variable. In measure 1, the relationship between openness to new experiences and occupation success is significant, while in measure 4 it is not significant, indicating that creativity fully mediates the relationship between openness to new experiences and occupational success. The mediation effect was tested using an online Sobel Calculator and was found to be statistically significant (Mediated effect = 0.171, Sobel Test Statistic Z-Score = 4.666, P < 0.001). Therefore, the mediation effect of creativity in the relationship between openness to new experiences and occupational success is confirmed.

Arrested development Analysis Results - Model 2

In the tabular array, measure 1 shows the coefficients for arrested development analysis with openness to see as independent variable and occupation success as the dependant variable. The analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between openness to see and occupation success. Besides the results show that there is a possibility of mediation. Hence, Hypothesis 1 is supported. Measure 2 shows the coefficients for arrested development analysis with openness to see as independent variable and intellect as the dependant variable.

The analysis reveals a significant positive correlation between openness and intellect, thus supporting Hypothesis 4. Measure 3 demonstrates the coefficients for the analysis of arrested development with intellect as the independent variable and occupation success as the dependent variable. The analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between intellect and occupation success, thereby supporting Hypothesis 5.

The coefficients for

arrested development analysis with the independent variables of openness to see and intellect and the dependent variable of occupation success are shown in Measure 4. In Measure 1, the arrested development between openness to see and occupation success is important. However, in Measure 7, it is non-important, indicating that intellect fully mediates the relationship between openness to see and occupation success. The mediation effect was tested using an online Sobel Calculator and was found to be statistically significant (Mediated effect = 0.185, Sobel Test Statistic Z-Score = 4.811, P < 0.001). Therefore, the mediation effect of mind in the relationship between openness to see and occupation success is confirmed.

Deductions

The survey findings indicate that both Creativity and Intellect play a significant role in mediating the relationship between Openness to Experience and occupation success. Therefore, Creativity and Intellectual abilities can be considered as indicators for measuring Job success. These findings can have practical implications in terms of improving recruitment content and strategies. Moreover, the statistical significance found between Openness to Experience and Job Success allows companies to assess their recruitment parameters and evaluate the compatibility between individuals and job requirements. This study is unique in the Indian context as similar research has not been conducted before, offering insight and facilitating comparisons with studies conducted abroad. The correlation between these four specific variables could serve as a foundation for future research in related fields.

Limitations; Conclusion

This survey was limited by the fact that only 166 people could be included in the study. Additionally, the participants came from diverse backgrounds and had different job profiles. As a result, our research provided a broad

understanding and may yield different results if tested on a more specific sample. Future studies can focus on narrowing the survey scope to specific sectors and explore the correlation between these two concepts across different occupational profiles.

Another constraint in this study is the complexity of the concepts of Openness to Experience and Intellect, which has caused confusion in academic circles regarding their exact distinction. Saucier (1992) argues that these concepts are essentially the same. To further expand this survey, a moderator could be used. Analyzing the impact of factors like gender could provide researchers with deeper insights into the variables affecting job success. Despite these limitations, this study successfully demonstrates complete mediation for Creativity and Intellect, as well as statistical significance between Openness to Experience and Job success.

Appendix: Openness to Experience Scale (10-point - M5 Questionnaire)


+ scored I have a vivid imagination

  • I believe in the importance of art
  • I tend to vote for liberal political candidates
  • I engage in elevated conversation
  • I enjoy hearing new ideas
  • - scored I am not interested in abstract ideas
  • I don't appreciate art
  • I tend to vote for conservative politics
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