What defines and influences and individuals belied about health and illness, coping mechanisms, and wellness behaviors?

Multiple and often changing cultural and subcultural identifications More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/nr-302-ch-2-cultural-competence/

Science of Unitary Human Beings: How is Health and Illness Seen?

As a whole -> continuous expressions of manifestations of life processes More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/nursing-theorists-martha-rogers-theory-science-of-unitary-human-beings/

What are the six stages of health and illness?

1. Health promotion 2. Family appraisal of symptoms 3. Care seeking 4. Referral and obtaining care 5. Acute response to illness by client and family 6. Adaptation to illness and recovery More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/nursing-family/

The Relationships Between the Social Environment and Health and Illness

1. Social Epidemiology 2. Social Stress More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/syo-3400-lesson-1-introduction-to-the-sociology-of-health-illness-healing/

Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness

a positive attitude seems to promote healing More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/509a-learning-objectives-week-1/

Following the social-conflict approach patterns of health and illness are seen largely as a product of

Social inequality More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/sociology-chapter-21/

*Psychosocial Health and Illness*

Psychosocial Health and Illness More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/509a-learning-objectives-week-1/

Health and Illness Behavior

1. Health Behavior 2. Experiencing Disability & Illness More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/syo-3400-lesson-1-introduction-to-the-sociology-of-health-illness-healing/

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Health And Illness Introductory Sociology Problems In The World Sociology

Intro to Sociology Chapter 1 – Flashcards 66 terms

Niamh Mitchell

66 terms

Preview

Intro to Sociology Chapter 1 – Flashcards

question

This show that the social world guides human behavior.

answer

What might sociologist say about why an individual chooses a particular person to marry?

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Sociology

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Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?

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General; particular

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Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing_____ in the ______.

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Whether she lives in a poor or rich society.

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From a sociological perspective, patterns of childbearing around the world suggest that the number of children born to a woman reflects:

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Which country we live in, because going to college is far more common in higher-income nations.

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Three roomates are in their dorm room sharing a late-night discussion about why they are in college. A sociological point of view would point to the importance of:

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Emile Durkheim

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The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was:

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White Males

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In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people?

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Females compared with males single people compared with married people poor people compared with rich people

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Suicide rates are generally higher among

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Lower social standards

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According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has:

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People of color

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People in which of the following categories are most likely to make use of the sociological perspective?

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In times of social crisis

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Wright Mills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread:

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high-income nations

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The United States falls within which of the following categories?

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the worlds nations are increasingly interconnected.

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More then 1 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that:

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Learning more about other societies helps us better understand our own way of life.

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Which of the following statements in TRUE?

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challenging commonly held beliefs.

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Making use of the sociological perspective encourages?

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be more active participants in society see the opportunity in our lives. see te constraints in your lives.

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Learning more about sociology helps us to:

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The spread of the Roman Catholic church.

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All but one of the following historical changes stimulated the development of the discipline of sociology. Which one did NOT?

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countries experiencing rapid social changes.

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Historically, the sociological perspective was most likely to develop in:

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how society actually operates.

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Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on:

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Auguste Comte

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The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by:

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theological stage

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Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which level of societal development.

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metaphysical stage

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According to Comte, societies in which stage of development begin to see society as a natural rather than a supernatural- phenomenon?

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positivism

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Which of the following is a way of understanding the wolrd based on science

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Human behavior is both complex and party spontaneous.

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Why have sociologists NOT identified "laws of society" that allow us to predict the actions of specific individuals?

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theory

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By linking specific facts together to create meaning, we create a:

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theory

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If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a _____ of family life.

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One or more theoretical approaches.

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In deciding what questions to ask as they begin research, sociologists are guided by:

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theoretical approach

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What is the term for basic image of society that guides thinking and research?

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social structure

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The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as complex system whos parts work together to promote solidarity ad stability is the:

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the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society

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Which of the following phrases best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach?

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social dysfunctions

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Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. What concept refers to these negative consequences?

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manifest functions

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The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as:

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latent functions

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Unrecognized an unintended consequences of the social structure are called:

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understand "what makes society tick."

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The structural-functional approach helps us to:

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may not be functional for another category

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Robert Merton explained that what is function for one category of a society's population:

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the structural-funcrional approach

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The chief characteristic of which theoretical approach is its view of society as orderly and stable?

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W.E.B Du Bois

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The early U.S. sociologist who earned the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color was:

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W.E.B Du Bois

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Which US sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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The social conflict approach

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The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena in inequality that generates conflict and change" is which of the following?

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patterns of social inequality.

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The Social conflict approach draws attention to:

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society provides much better schooling to some categories of students then to others.

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Looking at the operation of US schools, the social conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that:

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to reduce inequality

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For Karl Marx, the point of studying society was:

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racial inequality in company's hiring and promotion practices. gender inequality in college sports. class differences in a high school population.

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The social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to highlight:

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Karl Marx

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Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social conflict approach?

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the reality people construct as they interact with on another.

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The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is:

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symbolic-interaction approach

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Which theoretical approach highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as the meaning they attach to their behavior:

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How do people experience society?

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Which of the following questions summarizes the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach?

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providing people with recreation and physical conditioning..

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Which following is the best example of a manifest function of sports?

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Latent function

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Keeping young people off the streets would be a _____ of sports:

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how sports reflect social inequality.

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A social - conflict analysis of sports might emphasize:

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a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

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Science can be defined as:

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information people can verify with there senses.

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Sociologists use the concept "empirical evidence" to refer to:

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mean

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A Commonly used statistic that results from adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores is called the:

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they vary together

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Two variables said to display correlation if:

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Must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research

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The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher

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Max Weber

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The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was:

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Verstehen

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Studying the meaning people attach to their everyday lives is the search for:

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approached the subject from a male perspective

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If you have been criticized for "androcentricity" in your research, you have:

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gender blindness

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Failing to consider the possible importance of gender in sociological study describes the problem called:

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the experiment

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The method of sociological research best suited to identifying cause-and-effect relationships is:

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if prisons themselves create violence.

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In his study of prison behavior, Philip Zimbardo was trying to learn:

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survey

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Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?

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a sample

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A small number of people used to represent an entire population is called:

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interviews

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Using which of the following methods would a researcher most likely to reveal information about herself to her subjects:

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saving time. Saving money. the quality of the date is often better then what you collect on your own.

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A major advantage of using existing data is:

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stereotype

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An exaggerated description that somebody applies to every person in a category of the population is referred to as:

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Health And Illness Healthcare Medical Sociology Sociology Universal Health Care World Health Organization

Intro to Sociology – Chapter 19 – Flashcards 53 terms

Blake Terry

53 terms

Preview

Intro to Sociology – Chapter 19 – Flashcards

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feelings of worry and fearfulness that last for months at a time

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anxiety disorders

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the changing of something not generally thought of as a commodity into something that can be bought and sold in a marketplace

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commodification

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illnesses that are questioned or considered questionable by some medical professionals

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contested illnesses

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the social process that normalizes "sick" behavior

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demedicalization

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a reduction in one's ability to perform everyday tasks; the World Health Organization notes that this is a social limitation

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disability

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the physical limitations a less-able person faces

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impairment

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a government rule that requires everyone to have insurance coverage or pay a penalty

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individual mandate

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when a physician certifies that an illness is genuine

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legitimation

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the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and health care for both the sick and the healthy

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medical sociology

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the process that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior

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medicalization of deviance

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the process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy

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medicalization

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long-term, debilitating illnesses like depression and bipolar disorder

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mood disorders

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disorders that cause people to behave in ways that are seen as abnormal to society but seem normal to them

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personality disorders

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health insurance that a person buys from a private company; private health care can either be employer-sponsored or direct-purchase

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private health care

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health insurance that is funded or provided by the government

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public health care

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the pattern of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them

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sick role

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the study of the causes and distribution of diseases

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social epidemiology

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when the government owns and runs the entire health care system

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socialized medicine

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when stereotypes don't change, they get recycled for application to a new subordinate group

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stereotype interchangeability

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are those that are discriminated against and whose sufferers are looked down upon or even shunned by society

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stigmatization of illness

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when someone's identity is spoiled; they are labeled as different, discriminated against, and sometimes even shunned due to an illness or disability

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stigmatization

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those who spend at least 10 percent of their income on health care costs that are not covered by insurance

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underinsured

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a system that guarantees health care coverage for everyone

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universal health care

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society

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Who determines which illnesses are stigmatized?

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a contested illness

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Chronic fatigue syndrome is an example of _______________.

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a social construction of health

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The Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is an example of ________________

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The study of the causes and distribution of diseases

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What is social epidemiology?

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obesity

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Many deaths in high-income nations are linked to __________________

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Pneumonia and diarrheal diseases

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According to the World Health Organization, what was the most frequent cause of death for children under five in low income countries?

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high-income nations

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Core nations are also known as __________________

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Blacks have lower cancer rates than whites.

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Which of the following statements is not true?

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medicalization

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The process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy is called:

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anxiety disorders

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What are the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States?

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accommodations required by the Americans with Disabilities Act; forms of accessibility for people with disabilities (both b and c)

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Sidewalk ramps and Braille signs are examples of _______________.

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stigmatization

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The high unemployment rate among the disabled may be a result of ____________.

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Medicare

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Which public health care system offers insurance primarily to people over 65?

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The United States' Veterans Health Administration

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Which program is an example of socialized medicine?

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Require everyone to have insurance or pay a penalty

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What will the individual mandate provision of the 2010 U.S. health care reform do?

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socialized medicine

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Great Britain's health care system is an example of ______________

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The World Health Organization

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What group created the Millennium Development Goals?

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The sick person can take as long as she wants to get better.

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Which of the following is not part of the rights and responsibilities of a sick person under the functionalist perspective?

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conflict

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The class, race, and gender inequalities in our healthcare system support the _____________ perspective.

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demedicalization

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The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of ____________.

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How humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and health care for both the sick and the healthy

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Medical sociology is the systematic study of:

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High income

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Obesity is rising at the fastest rate in which of the following countries?

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Clean water access

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What is one of the largest contributors to health problems in low-income countries?

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A publicly funded health care program which provides health services to people over 65 years old as well as people who meet other standards for disability

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Which of the following best defines Medicare?

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The high cancer rates surrounding a large manufacturing plant in New Mexico

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Which of the following would a social epidemiologist be likely to study:

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Public and private insurance coverage

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The US healthcare system consists of:

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Under-insurance

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Taylor works as a legal assistant. His insurance doesn't cover treatment for depression, and he spends 15% of his income each month to receive care. This is an example of:

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Talcott Parsons

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What sociologist pioneered the concept of "the Sick Role"?

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Marley's doctor diagnosing him with bronchitis

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Which of the following is an example of legitimation?

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The pattern of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them

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Which of the following best defines the concept of the "The Sick Role"?

STUDY

Across The Globe Health And Illness Introductory Sociology Racial And Ethnic Groups Sociology

SOC 210 Lesson 14 Practice Quiz – Flashcards 39 terms

Bettina Hugo

39 terms

Preview

SOC 210 Lesson 14 Practice Quiz – Flashcards

question

Based on the "Race Roulette Wheel" activity, which racial group age 20-44 is most likely to die from heart disease?

answer

Black

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diseases that have a sudden onset, may be briefly incapacitating, and are either curable or fatal

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acute diseases

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the study of disease patterns to understand the cause of illnesses, how they are spread, and what interventions to take.

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epidemiology

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type of health care that treats the disease or condition once it has manifested

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curative or crisis medicine

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type of health care that aims to avoid or forestall the onset of disease by taking preventive measures, often including lifestyle changes

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preventative medicine

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diseases that develop over a longer period of time and may not be detected until symptoms occur later in their progression

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chronic diseases

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the process by which some behaviors or conditions that were once seen as personal problems are redefined as medical issues

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medicalization

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type of health care that focuses on symptom and pain relief and providing a supportive environment for critically ill or dying patients, rather than fighting the illness or disease

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palliative care

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Larry's wife isn't convinced. Which perspective describes her response? "If we both take time off of work, we'll be behind on our bills when we come back. We don't own a home on the lake—we'd have to rent a place. I'm nervous to take time off of work anyway—my boss might hire someone to replace me while I'm away."

answer

conflict theory

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Jerrod is sick—he has been feeling pretty bad for about three weeks. Which perspective describes Jerrod's explanation for why he hasn't been to the doctor? "I don't have insurance. I think that my employer ought to give me insurance so I can get better and go back to work. However, I'm just a worker, so I don't have control over who gets insurance and who doesn't. I saved up a little money in case of an emergency—maybe I'll go to the doctor if I'm not feeling better soon."

answer

conflict theory

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Sociologists explore the social institution of medicine and experiences of health and illness. Mark ALL of the following questions that sociologists might explore:

answer

- How are illnesses categorized? - Who constructs definitions of health? - How does status impact our health? - What patterns of illness impact different groups of people?

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In the 1950s John and Ella lived in Alabama and wanted to get married, but they were not allowed to because he was black and she was white. The prohibition of interracial marriage, interracial cohabitation, or interracial sexual interaction is called

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antimiscegenation

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Kendra is single and lives alone. Today, her type of household makes up _____of the households in the United States.

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28 percent

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When the swine flu was diagnosed in 2009, the illness spread across the globe quickly. This is classified as a/an

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pandemic

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What is the main point of the "Race Roulette Wheel" activity?

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It shows us that social characteristics like race might have an impact on our health.

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Larry is talking to his wife about taking a vacation. Which perspective describes Larry's feelings? "I have two weeks of vacation coming up at work, and I know you have some flex time that you can take too. We've both been so stressed out lately. Let's go to the lake and relax. When we come back, we'll feel refreshed and we won't argue about the little things that have been bothering us."

answer

structural functionalism

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Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might note that the main role of the family is to socialize children?

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structural functionalism

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What do sociologists call the situation when adults are called on to care for their elderly parents as well as their own children?

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sandwich generation

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Larry rethinks his idea based on the conversation. Which perspective describes his new thought? "You're right. It would be expensive to take a vacation right now. Maybe instead we can turn off the television, put a blanket in the middle of the living room, and pretend we're on a picnic. We don't have to go to the lake. We can have a "stay-cation" where we stay at home and simply enjoy each other's' company."

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symbolic interactionism

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Rescission is the practice by insurance companies of canceling coverage only after a person gets sick. True or false?

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true

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Propinquity, choosing to have relationships with people in close geographical proximity to us, is common in the United States. True or false?

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tru

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When considering rates of domestic violence, evidence suggests

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it is about equal across racial and ethnic groups

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Lucia fell on a tumbling pass during her most recent gymnastics competition. She tore the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in her knee. To deal with the pain, she got a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test, visited a physical therapist, took aspirin, and got acupuncture. This best exemplifies

answer

integrative medicine

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_____ diseases have a sudden onset while _____ diseases develop over a longer period of time.

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acute; chronic

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Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might explore how family relations are created and maintained in daily interactions?

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symbolic interactionism

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Nash broke his arm on the playground. His parents will most likely seek

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curative or crisis medicine

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Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might explore the ways laws regarding drug use tend to be created by the powerful in society so that they benefit some while harming others?

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conflict theory

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What is the main purpose of the "Mom vs. Dad" activity?

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to show how there is still an unequal distribution of labor within the household

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Why is concierge medicine difficult for most people to use or obtain?

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It is too expensive

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Diana was in a car accident and now appears to be in a permanent comma. She is breathing as a result of machines and is fed through a tube. Much debate is occurring within her family about her situation, which doctors say will not improve. sociologist who is interested in studying this conflict would want to research:

answer

bioethics

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a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household

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nuclear family

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the prohibition of interracial marriage, cohabitation, or sexual interaction

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antimiscegenation

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marriage to someone from a different social group

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exogamy

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a large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations living either in one household or in close proximity

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extended family

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marriage to someone within one's social group

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endogamy

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a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three

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family

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relatives or relations, usually those related by common descent

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kin

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Doing the dishes and fixing the car are examples of

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instrumental tasks

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In the "Mom vs. Dad" activity, we found that this group tends to carry the responsibility for the majority of domestic labor:

answer

Mom

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General Systems Theory Health And Illness Nursing Nursing-LPN

Fundamentals of Nursing Ch 2: Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice – Flashcards 62 terms

Kelly Fisher

62 terms

Preview

Fundamentals of Nursing Ch 2: Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice – Flashcards

question

The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes the maturation of humans through stages. One student correctly identifies this theory as what?

answer

Developmental theory

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A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. There is a mother, father, and three children ages 2, 4, and 6 years of age. She watches the children individually as they play and interact with one another. She compares each child with the norms established for the age groups and determines and they are all within normal limits for their ages. The nurse would be utilizing which of the following theories as the basis for this part of the family assessment?

answer

Developmental Theory

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The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. One student correctly identifies this theory as what?

answer

Nursing theory

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A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory?

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General systems theory

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There are four common concepts in nursing theory. While all concepts are important, the focus of nursing is always on which of the following?

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Person

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Nursing theories are important as they are all directed toward improved client care. Which of the following are goals of nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)

answer

• Provides knowledge and a rationale for client interventions • Provides a rationale for appropriate nursing actions in a given situation • Identifies and defines concepts that are important to nursing • Increases the nursing body of knowledge

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When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process?

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Evaluating practice change

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The nursing student studying research exhibits an understanding when informing the instructor that which of the following is the bridge between theory and practice?

answer

Evidence-based research

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In nursing class the instructor asks the students about the nursing research process. The student identifies the first nurse to collect data on clients as which of the following?

answer

Florence Nightingale

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A nurse observes that the past five patients referred from a certain community clinic have been treated for drug and/or alcohol overdose. Based on this information, the nurse assumes that the clinic specializes in the treatment of substance abuse. This is an example of what type of reasoning?

answer

Inductive reasoning

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A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research?

answer

Quantitative research

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One of the primary focuses of nursing research is to:

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generate knowledge to guide practice

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A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of:

answer

Erikson

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The nursing instructor asks the students to place the steps of implementing evidence-based practice in order. The correct order is:

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Design a question related to a clinical area of interest. Collect the most relevant and best evidence available. Critically evaluate the collected evidence. Integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, client preferences, and values as the decision is made to make a change. Evaluate the decision or change.

question

Who is considered to be the first nursing researcher?

answer

Florence Nightingale

question

Who of the following is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment?

answer

Florence Nightingale

question

A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. The parents have a child with a severe peanut allergy. The mother states that she does not purchase any foods with peanut or peanut oil for her family. The other children are allowed to have foods containing peanuts while they are at school and visiting with friends and family. The nurse would conclude that which of the following theories would most like be the basis for this family's functioning?

answer

Adaptation Theory

question

A nurse is writing an article for a nursing journal describing a study of the emergency protocols in a hospital emergency department. Which statements accurately describe elements of this process? (Select all that apply.)

answer

• The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article. • The method section provides details of how the study was conducted. • The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs.

question

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?

answer

Traditional knowledge

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Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge?

answer

Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.

question

The registered nurse is teaching a community health class about illness prevention. Which of the following statements reflects understanding of this concept?

answer

"It is important to enroll in a smoking cessation class."

question

The nurse is using the nursing process to care for a client and is in the process of making a nursing diagnosis for the client. Which of the following best reflects a nursing diagnosis?

answer

Risk for falls

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A nurse practitioner considering going back to school to obtain a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree (DNP) anticipates that the main focus of the curriculum will be on which of the following?

answer

Clinical practice

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Which of the following actions should the nurse implement when working with a medically homeless client?

answer

Encourage client to utilize the free healthcare clinic.

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The nurse caring for a client with a new diagnosis of cancer allows the client to verbalize fears relating to how to tell the children. The nurse's intervention reflects which aspect of nursing?

answer

Art of nursing

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A nurse identifies a patient's health care needs and devises a plan of care to meet those needs. Which guideline is being followed in this case?

answer

Nursing process

question

The RN is working with hospital administration to transform care at their facility. Which of the following nursing competencies will be critical for the nurse to utilize?

answer

Work effectively in interdisciplinary teams

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Which nursing intervention would be most appropriate for a new mother that calls the nursery for help with breastfeeding?

answer

Refer the mother for a home care visit.

question

Nurse H. graduated several years ago from a 2-year nursing program that he took at a community college near his home city. Recently, Nurse H. has considered moving from providing direct client care into an administrative role, but he recognizes the need to further his education in order to be considered for such a position. Nurse H. most likely possesses which nursing qualification?

answer

Associate degree

question

Which of the following are the best examples of the role of the nurse as a communicator? Select all that apply.

answer

• Telling a client their blood pressure • Calling a physician about a client's blood pressure • Informing the physical therapist that client's therapy was discontinued

question

The nurse is describing the role of the nurse entrepreneur. Which of the following statements best describe this role?

answer

A nurse who manages a health-related business

question

The registered nurse communicates with the physical therapist that a client is now on strict bed rest due to bradycardia. Which statement best explains the standard exemplified by the nurse?

answer

The RN coordinates care delivery

question

Which of the following is the best example of a nurse attending an inservice program?

answer

Attending a hospital program on how to use a new IV pump

question

A student nurse understands that the primary aim of the Healthy People 2020 initiatives is

answer

health promotion.

question

Who established the first public health service for the sick and poor?

answer

Lillian Wald

question

The nurse is evaluating client health. Which of the following clients should the nurse determine to be exhibiting the most signs of health?

answer

A client with a leg amputation that performs activities of daily living with a prothesis

question

In what time period did nursing care as we now know it begin?

answer

18th to 19th century

question

During the Reformation, what factor influenced the decline of nursing?

answer

Women's subordination to men

question

A nurse conducting an inservice on the early history of the education of nurses should include which of the following statements?

answer

"The focus was on students providing direct care to clients without pay."

question

Which of the following is the best example of client-centered approach to care?

answer

The nurse asks the client about his health goals

question

During the Christian era, nursing care excluded which area?

answer

Psychiatric services

question

The registered nurse is performing a nutritional assessment to ensure that the client's diet is optimal for wound healing. The nurse's intervention can be traced back to which of nursing's key people's contributions to nursing?

answer

Florence Nightingale

question

The nurse is attempting to provide anticipatory guidance for the parents of an eighteen-month-old boy. Which of the following would be the best statement for the nurse to make?

answer

"Keep all medications in a locked cabinet." Correct

question

The nurse is conducting a community education class on the 2011 Institute of Medicine Report on the role of nursing in transforming healthcare. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

answer

• Nurse practitioners should be allowed to practice independently. • Barriers to diploma nurses achieving a BSN should be removed.

question

A nurse applies for membership in a professional nursing organization that is operating in the United States. To which organizations might this nurse apply? Select all that apply.

answer

• ICN • AACN • ANA

question

A nursing student understands which of the following is true of concepts?

answer

Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them

question

In today's healthcare environment nurses use theories to guide all stages of the nursing process. Which of the following are examples of ways that a nurse can utilize theories to guide client care? (Select all that apply.)

answer

• Collect client data. • Organize client information. • Classify client data. • Analyze client situations.

question

A nurse manager is using the AACN PEARL tool as a resource in a hospital setting. Which statements describe examples of the chief focus of this resource? (Select all that apply.)

answer

• The nurse uses PEARL to plan change initiatives for the unit. • The nurse uses PEARL to find tools to improve patient outcomes. • The nurse uses PEARL to share critical learning with staff.

question

What is the central theme of Florence Nightingale's nursing theory?

answer

Meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment.

question

The evolution of nursing research has significant markers in time. Place the following events in the correct order.

answer

Florence Nightingale kept records while caring for victims of the Crimean War. Nursing research was deemed to be increasingly important, and research was utilized for the development of nursing practice standards. Clinical research became the emphasis of nursing research resulting in procedures for primary client care, such as vital signs and treatments. The National Institute for Nursing Research funded research for the scientific basis for client care.

question

The nursing instructor is teaching about nursing theories. Students are asked to identify facts related to nursing theory. Which of the following facts are true regarding nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)

answer

• The ultimate outcome for nursing theory is improved client care. • Nursing theory provides a rationale for the care that nurses provide. • Nursing theories may be descriptive or prescriptive. • Nursing theory provides a focus for care that is delivered to clients.

question

The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. In order to complete a systematic review of the literature the nurse must do which of the following?

answer

Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.

question

A nurse manager is attempting to switch the medical records in an orthopedic office to a computerized format. The nurse asks questions about the accuracy and efficiency of the current record keeping system by using the PICO format. Which statements illustrate the components of this process? Select all that apply.

answer

• P: The nurse chooses the population involved (orthopedic clients). • I: The nurse considers interventions to make the plan work. • C: The nurse compares the written records to the computerized records.

question

A nurse is using the quantitative research process to study the cause of healthcare-associated infections (HIA) and how to prevent them. Which actions are examples of the components of this process? Select all that apply.

answer

• The nurse collects data from subjects in the study. • The nurse formulates a hypothesis and variables in the study.

question

Christine Grady is a nurse ethicist that proposed a framework for evaluating ethics. Grady suggested that a independent review is needed for ethical research. This principle is correctly defined as:

answer

Informed consent means that "individuals should be informed about the research and provide their voluntary consent."

question

As a researcher begins to form plans for a research project the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection data and the analyses for the purpose of creating a new theory would select which of the following methods of research?

answer

Basic research

question

Following the identification of a researchable problem, what must the nurse do?

answer

Select literature relevant to the problem.

question

A nurse caring for patients in a hospital setting focuses on ill patients as the center of all nursing activities performed daily. The nurse also provides care based on helping patients to adapt to the hospital environment. This nurse is following the principles of:

answer

Myra E. Levine

question

The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic?

answer

Qualitative research

question

The nursing instructor is discussing nursing theories and concepts with a group of nursing students in a fundamentals course. In guiding the thoughts and understanding of concepts, the instructor discusses nursing concepts specifically. The purpose of concepts in nursing practice include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

answer

• Guide the steps of the nursing process. • Suggest appropriate nursing interventions. • Serve in the determination of what information is relevant related to a specific client issue. • Suggest appropriate nursing outcomes for a client.

question

A nurse's personal philosophy is developed by learning through which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

answer

• Interpersonal relationships • Formal and informal education • Religion and culture • Environment

question

Which skill is foundational for a nursing student's participation in the evidence-based practice process?

answer

Read and understand a research article.

STUDY

Foundations Of Professional Nursing Health And Illness Less Than 1 Year National League For Nursing Nursing

OSU-OKC Nurse Program- Exam One – Flashcards 10 terms

Sarah Taylor

10 terms

Preview

OSU-OKC Nurse Program- Exam One – Flashcards

question

Program Outcomes

answer

1. Human Flourishing 2. Nursing Judgement 3. Professional Identity 4. Spirit of Inquiry

question

Human Flourishing

answer

Advocate for pts and families in way that promote self-determination, integrity, and ongoing growth as human beings.

question

Nursing Judgement

answer

Make judgements in practice, substantiated with evidence, that integrate nursing science in the provision of safe, quality care; and promote the health of pts within a family and community context.

question

Professional Identity

answer

Implement one's role as a nurse in ways that reflect integrity, responsibility, ethical practices, and an evolving identity as a nurse committed to evidence-based practice, caring, advocacy, and safe, quality care for diverse pts within a family and community context.

question

Spirit of Inquiry

answer

Examine the evidence that underlies clinical nursing practice to challenge the status quo, question underlying assumptions, and offer new insights to improve the quality of care for patients, families, and communities.

question

Concept Groupings

answer

1. Patient Profile Concepts 2. Health and Illness Concepts 3. Professional Nursing and Health Care Concepts

question

How Concepts and Exemplars Will Be Used

answer

Theory and Lab: the calendar outlines activities according to concepts Simulation: exemplars of assigned concepts Clinical: weekly clinical evaluations are by course and program outcomes (using Bloom's)

question

Concept

answer

Helps organize or classify information Conceptual learning in nursing will help group or classify the multitude of nursing info into understandable "chunks," "groupings," or "similarities."

question

Exemplar

answer

A specific example of a concept

question

Bloom's Taxonomy

answer

Simply 6 levels of achievement verbs, from simple to complex 1. Remembering (knowing what osteogenesis means) 2. Understanding (being able to break word up and define) 3. Applying (knowing where a specific bone is located) 4. Analyzing (thinking about muscles and nerves around it) 5. Evaluating (if evaluating scapula and knowing rotator cuff problems can occur) 6. Creating (designing website with 3D models of rotor cuffs)

STUDY

Alternative Medicine Doctor Patient Relationship Health And Illness Holistic Health Care Infant Mortality Rate Medical Sociology Medicine North America And Europe People And The Environment

Flashcards To Learn Chapter 15 with Answers 49 terms

Sarah Taylor

49 terms

Preview

Flashcards To Learn Chapter 15 with Answers

question

Your textbook refers to "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" as

answer

Health

question

An individual determines whether or not he or she is healthy based on

answer

the basis of criteria established by themselves, relatives, friends, co-workers, and medicl practitioners

question

The concept of the sick role is associated with which perspective?

answer

Functionalist perpsective

question

Which sociologist developed the concept of the sick role?

answer

Talcott Parsons

question

Talcott Parsons believed physicians function as __________ for the sick role by verifying a patient's condition as illness or designating the patient as recovered.

answer

gatekeepers

question

Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggests that the doctor-patient relationship is somewhat like that between

answer

parent and a child

question

Summarize criticisms of the functionalist view of the sick role:

answer

social change for disreguarding the crucial significance of change that is need to correct social injustices and inequalities

question

Sociologist Eliot Freidson has likened the position of medicine "to that of state religions of yesterday," primarily because it has

answer

an officially approved monopoly of the right to define health and illness and to treat health and illness

question

Which sociological perspective suggests that the term "medicalization of society" refers to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control?

answer

Conflict perspective

question

The medicalization of society refers to

answer

the growing role of medicine as a majo institution of social control.

question

Which theoretical perspective views medicine as a form a of social control?

answer

Conflict perspective

question

The immigration of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians to the U.S. who are desperately needed in their home countries is referred to as

answer

brain drain

question

Just as police and judges can define certain people as criminal, so can health care professionals define who is "sick." This power is described by which theoretical perspective?

answer

Interactionalist perspective

question

List three disorders which have been labeled as medically recognized disorders:

answer

premenstrual syndrome, posttraumatic disorders, and hyperactivity

question

In what year did the American Psychiatric Association vote to drop homosexuality from the standard manual on mental disorders?

answer

1974

question

Which sociological perspective would emphasize that inequalities in healthcare have clear life-and- death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?

answer

Conflict perspective

question

In examining health, illness, and medicine as a social institution, which sociological perspective generally focuses on microlevel study of the roles played by healthcare professionals and patients?

answer

Interactionalist perspective

question

Social epidemiology is defined as the

answer

the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population.

question

Polio is a disease that was almost eradicated, but there are still new cases that appear due to the failure to immunize all children. Researchers keep close tabs on how many new cases of this disease occur each year in the hope that it will soon cease to exist. This enumeration is an example of

answer

social epidemiology

question

Prevalence refers to:

answer

the total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time

question

Morbidity rates are:

answer

when disease incidence figures are presented as rates

question

Mortality rates are:

answer

the incidence of death in a given populations

question

Which sociological perspective(s) would be most likely to argue that policymakers have been slow to respond to the AIDS crisis because those in high-risk groups, such as gay men and IV drug users, are comparatively powerless?

answer

Conflict perspective

question

The fear of contracting AIDS probably has led to changes in sexual behavior in the U.S. among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Which sociological perspective would focus on these changes in sexual relationships?

answer

Interactionalist perspective

question

Which area in the world contains the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS?

answer

Africa

question

Which classical theorist would argue that capitalist societies such as the U.S. care more about maximizing profits than they do about the health and safety of industrial workers?

answer

Karl Marx

question

Mexican Americans may interpret their illnesses according to traditional practices and seek treatment in the form of curanderismo, which refers to

answer

a form of holistic health care and healing

question

Approximately what percentage of Hispanics rely upon home remedies?

answer

question

What percent of U.S. citizens ages 65 and over are afflicted by Alzheimer's disease?

answer

question

In what year did the American Medical Association begin attacking "lay" doctors and institutionalized their authority through standardized programs of education and licensing?

answer

1848

question

By the 1920s, physicians controlled

answer

Hospital technology, Division of labor of health personnel, Other professional practices such as nursing and pharmacy

question

Which psychiatrist stated that nurses are to perform their duties without challenging the authority of male doctors, a process referred to as "the doctor-nurse game?"

answer

Lenord Stein

question

Which type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics?

answer

Holistic medicine

question

An NIH-sponsored national survey performed in 2002 and 2007 revealed what percentage of adults used some form of alternative medicine including prayer?

answer

question

In what year did the U.S. government enact both Medicare and Medicaid - two national healthcare programs receiving federal funding?

answer

1965

question

How many years did it take for Medicare to become so expensive that the federal government introduced a price-control system?

answer

question

Which area of study is concerned with the interrelationships among people in their spatial setting and physical environment?

answer

Human ecology

question

Human ecology stresses how best to balance

answer

people and the environment.

question

Each year, how many acres of Brazilian rainforest are cleared for crops and livestock?

answer

5.7 million

question

Allan Schnaiberg suggests a capitalist system creates a ______________ because of its inherent need to build ever-expanding profits.

answer

treadmill of production

question

A legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards is referred to as

answer

Enviornmental justice

question

Erin Brockovich, a movie that features Julia Roberts, examines a true life event that revolves around environmental pollution in a working-class community by a major utility corporation that was apparently unconcerned about the long-term effects of the pollution on community residents. This movie illustrates the sociological concept of

answer

Environmental justice

question

The abbreviation NIMBY stands for

answer

Not in my back yard

question

Non-whites and Latinos make up __ percent of the people in the U.S. who live within one mile of dangerous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities.

answer

question

Skeptics often argue that minorities move close to environmentally dangerous facilities because

answer

the price of lving is less in industrial districts

question

A significant rise in the earth's surface temperatures can cause

answer

an increase in the likelihood of wildfires, shrinkage lakes and rivers, and produce torrential downpours including typhoons.

question

190 countries, but not the U.S., have signed the _____________ intended to reduce global emissions of heat-trapped gases.

answer

Kyoto Protocol

question

sees the pressure from world population growth as the central factor in environmental deterioration?

answer

Paul and Anne Ehrlich

question

Which perspective would place a priority on the fact that many major environmental organizations accept funding from oil companies and chemical giants and as a result emphasize limited reform rather than profound structural change?

answer

Conflict perspecitve

STUDY

AP Environmental Science Health And Illness Polar Ice Caps Social Cultural Factors Socio Economic Status Substance Abuse

MCAT Social Inequality – Flashcards 90 terms

Stephanie Landry

90 terms

Preview

MCAT Social Inequality – Flashcards

question

Absolute level poverty

answer

-People don't have enough money to afford basic necessities of living (shelter, food, clothing, water)

question

Class consciousness vs. false consciousness

answer

-Class consciousness: a social condition in which members of a social class, and in particular the working class, are actively aware of themselves as a class EX: workers see themselves as a unit sharing common vested interests -False consciousness: an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position. Basically, workers would see themselves as 'I,' as in 'I am being exploited by my boss,' rather than 'we:' 'We are being exploited by our boss.' --> point is for people to see past false consciousness and to become class conscious in order to bring about change in their social group

question

Cultural capital vs. Social capital

answer

- Cultural Capital: social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means (education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical appearance -- all can be used to help you obtain a higher status in society) - Social Capital: investments people make in their society in return for economic and collective rewards (increased investment = increased social inclusion and integration) includes social networks and communities, has to be actively acquired

question

Culture-of-poverty

answer

- Explanation for social inequality - Belief that poor people resigned to their position in society, develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success Social Reproduction: social inequality passed down from one generation to the next

question

Environmental Justice

answer

Location and exposure to health risk - Cheaper housing usually located closer to sites of environmental pollution (factories, powerplants, etc) - Exposure --> health problems - Low-income areas lack social and political power to prevent this

question

Example of residential segregation

answer

1. People in a rural environment are more likely to fall into occupations and social positions bc of family ties EX: "My granddad was a farmer, so was my dad, so I'll be a farmer too" 2. Neighborhood stratification --> rich vs. poor

question

Examples of intersectionality

answer

EX: 5 ethnicities model in the US - doesn't recognize diversity and obstructs social mobility EX: black feminism, which argues that the experience of being a black woman cannot be understood in terms of being black, and of being a woman, considered independently, but must include the interactions, which frequently reinforce each other

question

Global Inequality

answer

- Refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals and groups based on their position in the social hierarchy - Resources = wealth, income, or other valued resources across countries or within each country

question

Healthcare disparities

answer

- Related to class, gender, and race - differences in how healthcare is delivered to different groups - Disadvantaged groups affected in terms of access and quality

question

Health disparities

answer

Based on class, gender, and race - Refer to differences between groups of people. These differences can affect how frequently a disease affects a group, how many people get sick, or how often the disease causes death Many different populations are affected by disparities. These include Racial and ethnic minorities Residents of rural areas Women, children, the elderly Persons with disabilities

question

Horizontal mobility

answer

The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank - No change in position in social hierarchy***

question

How does money and status exert its effect on health?

answer

1.Differential access to health care 2. The poor live amidst health risks (the poor are more likely to be alcoholics, obese, or smokers. Housing is more often located on gang war turf, near toxic dumps or smoke-belching factories) 3. Education leads to better health. The better educated of society tend to be healthier 4. The stress of poverty makes people sick

question

Intergenerational mobility vs. intragenerational mobility

answer

Intergenerational mobility: change in a social status occurs from parents --> children Intragenerational mobility: change in social status within a persons lifetime doesn't always occur in (+) direction

question

Intersectionality

answer

A theory which seeks to examine the ways in which various socially and culturally constructed categories interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in society - Creates greater social inequality among disadvantaged people

question

Meritocracy

answer

A system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement - merit-based system of social mobility - education NOT correlated with social mobility -- this is just a system doesn't always guarantee (+) social mobility

question

Poverty and types

answer

Low socioeconomic status and lack of possessions/financial resources - Sometimes defined as powerlessness, condition of hopelessness, indifference and distrust - passed down through generations OR defined in reference to the rest of the population: absolute and relative levels of poverty

question

Power

answer

Power: ability to affect others' behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments; based on unequal distribution of valued resources - Functions to maintain order, organize economic systems, conduct warfare, rule over & exploit people - Creates worldwide social inequalities between the "haves" and "have-nots"

question

Prestige

answer

A measure of how good the reputation of something or someone is, or how favorably something or someone is regarded

question

Privilege

answer

some groups of people have advantages relative to other groups - May be financial or material such as access to housing, education, and jobs, as well as others that are emotional or psychological, such as a sense of personal self-confidence and comfortableness, or having a sense of belonging or worth in society

question

Relative level poverty

answer

-Social inequality in which people are relatively poor compared to other members of the society in which they live. EX: Teacher in Upper East Side Manhattan

question

Residential Segregation

answer

Concept that where one resides and in which neighborhood has a profound effect on how people interact, cooperate and advance

question

Social class

answer

- Category of people who share similar socioeconomic status positions in society - Based on jobs, lifestyles, attitudes, and behaviors

question

Social exclusion

answer

The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from full participation in economic, social, and political life (homeless people or poor education) - Arises from sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society - Can create obstacles to achieving self-help, independence and self-respect

question

Social Reproduction

answer

- Process of transferring social and cultural ideologies from generation to generation - Leads to structural continuity over time, social classes remain relatively stable from one generation to the next

question

Socioeconomic gradient

answer

Created when the incidence of disease is correlated to wealth or status (rich outlive the poor vastly)

question

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

answer

- A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors - Depends on ascribed status and achieved status EX: Caste System (India) operates on ascribed SES EX: Class system (US) operates on achieved SES

question

Stratification vs. Inequality

answer

-Stratification refers to the range of social classes that result from variations in socioeconomic status. For example, despite earning equal salaries, two persons may have differences in power, property, and prestige. These three indicators can indicate someone's social position; however, they are not always consistent -Inequality occurs when a person's position in the social hierarchy is tied to different access to resources, and it largely depends on differences in wealth For example, a wealthy person may receive higher quality medical care than a poor person, have greater access to nutritional foods, and be able to attend higher caliber schools. Material resources are not distributed equally to people of all economic statuses.

question

Upward vs. downward mobility

answer

Upward= positive changes --> higher position Downward = negative changes --> lower position - social mobility is NOT correlated with education EX: Upward mobility for professional athletes and musicians

question

Vertical mobility

answer

-a change upward or downward in occupational status or social class - or a Movement up or down in a stratification system/change in social hierarchy (good or bad) EX: moving from lower to middle class

question

What is the poverty line and what is its main flaw?

answer

- The governments defined calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire minimum necessities for life - MAIN ISSUE- Poverty is highly related to geography - poverty line doesn't take geographic location into account

question

Feminization of poverty

answer

The increasing concentration of poverty among women, especially unmarried women and their children

question

Underclass

answer

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.

question

Horatio Alger Myth

answer

The belief that, due to limitless possibilities, anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough.

question

Intergenerational Mobility

answer

Changes in social status between different generations within the same family.

question

Feminism

answer

A female movement for gender equality.

question

Gender socialization

answer

The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society

question

Matriarchy

answer

Society governed by women

question

Patriarchy

answer

A form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe.

question

De Facto Segregation

answer

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

question

Institutional discrimination

answer

Social institutions that employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping

question

De Jure Segregation

answer

Segregation by law

question

Pluralism

answer

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

question

Assimilation

answer

Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.

question

Scapegoat

answer

A person or thing carrying the blame for others

question

Multiculturalism

answer

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

question

GLAAD

answer

Advocates for homosexual rights and encourage governments and citizens to recognize the presence of sexual discrimination and work to prevent it

question

Glass Ceiling

answer

A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions.

question

Cohort effect

answer

Evident when attitudes and behaviors are a result of the shared experiences and perceptions of a particular generation.

question

Gender Tracking

answer

Men and women are steered onto different career paths during schooling

question

National Poverty Line

answer

Level of income within a specific country below which people are considered to be poor. For example, in the USA, the level of $12.00 per day is used

question

Quality of Life

answer

The general well-being of a society in terms of political freedom, a clean natural environment, education, health care, safety, free time, and everything else that leads to satisfaction and joy.

question

Culture of Poverty

answer

The assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

question

Human Rights

answer

The basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

question

Ethnic work

answer

Activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain or transmit an ethnic or racial identity.

question

Minority Group

answer

A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group.

question

Ethnicity

answer

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

question

Melting Pot

answer

The mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.

question

Jim Crow Laws

answer

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

question

Apartheid

answer

A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.

question

Refugee

answer

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

question

Affirmative Action

answer

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

question

Pan-Indianism

answer

An attempt to develop an identity that goes beyond the tribe by emphasizing the common elements that run through Native American cultures

question

Amalgamation

answer

Blending of majority group and minority group combine to form a new group

question

Caste system

answer

Systems in which there is very very little social mobility. Your role in life is determined by your biological parents and your spouse. Regardless of aptitude and achievements. Provides a lot of social stability (same social position with same social network). Ex: Hindu caste system

question

Class system

answer

Upper, middle and lower class. A combo of a person's background alongside their own ability, allowing them to go up or down the social ladder. Less social stability: can change often via education

question

Cultural capital

answer

Trips abroad, learning languages, exposure to theatre and classical music, sports and experiences that many middle and upper class children have and do. This capital yields reward and turbocharges social reproduction. Our educational system really values the social capital of more wealthy people over poorer or less advantaged people.

question

Discrimination magnet

answer

Based upon race, gender, sexual orientation, culture, citizenship, politics, etc

question

Environmental benefits

answer

Green spaces, parks, recreational areas. Wealthy parts of society have much greater access to environmental benefits. They control laws and regulations to benefit them more than oth populations, and influence politicians and lobbying groups. Poorer and racial minority parts of society get less benefits

question

Environmental burden

answer

Waste facilities, factories, energy production, transportation facilities. High poverty and racial minorities live in areas with high environmental burden. High poverty and disadvantaged areas have fewer alternatives of where they work and live. They have little awareness of the chemical and other risks surrounding them. Leads to asthma and obesity due to particles, pollutants, ozones, lack of access to safe recreational facilities and affordable grocery and shopping facilities.

question

Environmental justice

answer

Looks at there being a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of the environmental benefits and burdens within society across all social groups and areas of society. Much action currently needs to be taken to resolve this.

question

Horizontal movement in social class

answer

Movement within the same class: staying within the same level while switching jobs. Staying within his social class.

question

How do we attempt to address social inequality?

answer

Government schemes (allowing financial or social support like food stamps for individuals facing considerable hardship), increasing access to education and health, and developing ways of allowing integration to society

question

Ill health magnet

answer

People who are physically or mentally I'll have a difficult time engaging and interacting from society. They can also be dragged into the fringes of society.

question

Other social exclusion magnets

answer

Poverty, ill health, discrimination, lack of education, unemployment, lack of housing

question

Poverty Magnet

answer

Can drag people away from the core parts of society to the fringes. As they move away from the center, these people experience more social exclusion. People become derailed from actively participating in society. They become increasingly denied access to resources

question

Segregation

answer

Separating out groups of people and giving the access to a separate set of resources within the same society. Often these people have substandard services. Maintained by laws or public institutions, or by informal processes or hidden discrimination. Often affects schools and housing

question

Social capital

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Building up reliable, useful social connections and networks where you can obtain useful and reliable things in society This capital yields reward and turbocharges social reproduction. Our educational system really values the social capital of more wealthy people over poorer or less advantaged people.

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Social Inequality

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Uneven distribution of resources exists, where the top 20% of the country's most wealthy control 72% of the wealth, and the bottom 20% control 3% of the wealth. We think of society as containing classes: There is an upper, middle, and lower class (based upon jobs/incomes), with decreasing availability to education, healthcare and services respectively. Being a racial minority, an ethnic minority, being very poor, sometimes gender (pay gap, glass cieling) are disproportionally affected by social inequality. Reduced availability to education, to healthcare, and to other services. This inequality often leads to social exclusion

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Social isolation

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A community separates itself out from the mainstream on a voluntary basis. Perhaps to preserve identity based upon cultural or religious identity. Different from social exclusion, where social exclusion involves a lot of external factors that push individuals to the fringes of society

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Social reproduction

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We produce the social inequality across generations. Wealthy families have a lot of financial capital. They can invest and obtain social and cultural capital for their children. Our education system may reinforce social reproduction.

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Vertical movement in social class

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Moving either up or down in social position. Being promoted or demoted causes movement in pay and therefore upward or downward social mobility

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Class Distinctions

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-Based on jobs and incomes -Going up the ladder leads to better education, health care, services (nutriton)

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Minorities

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-Ethnic or ratial puts you at a disadvantage -Lower incomes, lower educational opportunities, reduced access to health care that's substandard -Poverty have higher inequality

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Gender

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-Females have gender pay gap or maybe more poorly represented

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Consequences of Social Inequality

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-Socially excluded -Live in segregated neighbourhoods -Feel politically disempowered -Lead to civil unrest or temp criminal acts

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How to reduce social inequality

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-Government schemes (financial support or social support) -Identify and remove barriers to health care and education -Carry out further research to vulnerable groups to help understand needs and figure out suitable interventions to integrate better into society.

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Social mobility

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-Horizontal movement, in the same class or level -Vertical movement, upward or downward between classes

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Culture Bias

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-The phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture.

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Symbolic interactionism

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-Is a sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the sociological discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology. Symbolic interactionism is derived from American pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead.

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Social constructionism

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-Means that our realities are shaped through our experiences and our interactions with others.

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