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Bio Ch 13 & 15 – Flashcards 50 terms

Kate Moore

50 terms

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Bio Ch 13 & 15 – Flashcards

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In his Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus said humans were the only population that could continue to grow in size indefinitely

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The books Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell described how changes in land formations can cause species to evolve

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Natural selection can cause the spread of an advantageous adaptation throughout a population over time

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The 2 major ideas that Darwin presented in The Origin of the Species were that evolution occurred and that natural selection was its mechanism

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Natural selection causes allele frequencies within population to remain the same

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Two hypotheses suggested about the rate at which evolution proceeds are gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

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The theory of evolution predicts that genes will accumulate more alterations in their nucleotide sequences over time

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Evidence for evolution occurs only in the fossil record

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The human forelimb and the bat forelimb are homologous structures

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The way an embryo develops is not important in determining the evolutionary history of a species

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The environment dictates only the direction and extent of evolution

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Mutant bacteria that cause tuberculosis were selected against by natural selection mechanisms

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When food is plentiful, there is little selective pressure on the beaks of finches

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When food is scarce, there is little selective pressure on the beaks of finches

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When food is scarce, the number of different beak shapes of finches increases

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Within populations, divergence leads to speciation

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The study of demographics helps predict changes in the size of a population

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Very small populations are less likely to become extinct than large populations

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The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the proportions of recessive and dominate alleles in a population fluctuate randomly from generation to generation

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Mutations are so common that they are the major cause of changes in allele frequencies within a population

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Darwin thought that the plants and animals of the Galapagos Islands were similar to those of the nearby coast of South America because __ a. their ancestors had migrated from South America to the Galapagos Islands // b. other scientists in South America had written about similar species // c. the island organ isms had the same nucleotide sequences in their DNA as the mainland organisms // d. he found fossils, proving that the animals and plants had common ancestors

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Darwin conducted much of his research in __ a. the Samoan Islands // b. Manhattan Island // c. the Hawaiian Islands // d. the Galapagos Islands

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The process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment is known as __ a. accommodation // b. variation // c. adaptation // d. selection

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According to Darwin, evolution occurs __ a. by chance // b. during half-life periods of 5,750 years // c. because of natural selection // d. rapidly

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The hypothesis that evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate is known as __ a. gradualism // b. slow motion // c. natural selection // d. adaptation

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Which of the following are examples of fossils? __ a. shell or old bones // b. any traces of dead organism // c. footprints of human ancestors, insects trapped in tree sap, and animals buried in tar // d. All of the above

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Refer to the illustration above. The similarity of the structures suggests that the organism __ a. have a common ancestor // b. all grow at different rates // c. evolved slowly // d. live for a long time

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The theory of evolution predicts that __ a. closely related species will show similarities in nucleotide sequences // b. if species have changed over time, their genes should have changed // c. closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences // d. All of the above

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Scarcity of resources and a growing population are __ a. homology // b. protective coloration // c. competition // d. convergent evolution

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A change in the frequency of a particular gene in one direction in a population is a result of __ a. natural selection // b. acquired variation // c. chromosome drift // d. balancing selection

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis __ a. always responds to antibiotics // b. can mutate and become resistant to antibiotics // c. is a harmless organism that normally occurs in human lungs // d. has never responded to antibiotics

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The lung disease tuberculosis __ a. kills more adults than any other infectious disease // b. is easily treated with rifampin and isoniazid // c. is caused by an unknown organism // d. usually affects only children

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Rifampin, the antibiotic commonly used to treat tuberculosis, acts by __ a. mutating bacterial RNA // b. preventing bacteria from dividing // c. mutating bacterial polymerase genes // d. prevent bacterial mRNA transcription

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Beak shape in finches is affected by __ a. the number of predators in the area // b. the size of the finch // c. the order of the finch // d. the availability of food

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In order to fit into their habitat, the Galapagos Finches had __ a. not changed // b. migrated // c. evolved // d. None of the above

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The accumulation of differences between species or populations is called __ a. gradualism // b. adaptation // c. divergence // d. differentiation

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New species form __ a. when subspecies diverge more and more // b. because of natural selection // c. when members of the same species become adapted to new environments // d. All of the above

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All of the following are problems arising from inbreeding, except __ a. production of a genetically uniform population // b. increases in the diversity within a population // c. increases chance of homozygous recessive alleles occurring // d. reduction of a population's ability to adapt to environmental changes

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Demographic studies of populations must take into consideration __ a. population size // b. population density // c. population dispersion // d. All of the above

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As a population reaches its carrying capacity, there is an increase in competition for __ a. food // b. shelter // c. mates // d. All of the above

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Refer to the illustration above. Which time period shows exponential growth of the population? __ a. period A // b. period B // c. period C // d. period D

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Refer to the illustration above. During which time period are the birth rate and death rate equal? __ a. period A // b. period B // c. period C // d. period D

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Refer to the illustration above. The rate of growth of a population is represented by r. During which time period will r=0? __ a. period A // b. period B // c. period C // d. period D

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No answer available

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All of the following are true of r-strategists except __ a. early maturation and reproduction // b. little parental care // c. few offspring // d. small offspring

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bacteria : r-strategists : : __ a. gorillas : k-strategist // b. insects : k-strategists // c. annual plants : k-strategists // d. rhinoceroses : r-strategists

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In 1908, Hardy and Weinberg independently demonstrated that __ a. r- and k- strategists populations are actually the same // b. recessive alleles replace dominant alleles in a population over long periods of time // c. dominant alleles do not replace recessive alleles in a population // d. recessive alleles are usually more common than dominant alleles

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non random mating : increasing proportion of homozygotes : : __ a. migration of individuals : gene flow // b. mutation : major change in allele frequencies // c. Hardy-Weinberg equation : natural selection // d. inbreeding : frequency of alleles

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homozygous : heterozygous : : __ a. heterozygous : Bb // b. Probability : predicting chances // c. dominant : recessive // d. factor : gene

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Directional selection tends to eliminate __ a. both extremes in a range of phenotypes // b. one extreme in a range of phenotypes // c. intermediate phenotypes // d. None of the above, it causes new phenotypes to form

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The range of phenotypes shifts toward one extreme in __ a. stabilizing selection // b. disruptive selection // c. directional selection // d. polygenic selection

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STUDY

Biology Evidence For Evolution Genetics Hardy Weinberg Equation

Chapter 16-Evidence of Evolution – Flashcards 46 terms

Malcolm Bright

46 terms

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Chapter 16-Evidence of Evolution – Flashcards

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The forelimbs of early mammals were similar in all features except

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function

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Fossils found in the lowest geological strata are generally the most

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primitive

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Scientist began to question the perfection of the Chain of Being because of

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all of the choice

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The study of the patterns in the distribution of plants and animals around the world is

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biogeography

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George Cuvier was a strong component of the theory of

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catastrophism

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The theory of catastrophism

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held that after a series of massive extinctions, the world was repopulated by survivors of existing species

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There is no convincing fossil evidence for which of the following

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castastrophism

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Which of the following states is not true concerning Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

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Nature selects the best adapted individuals to survive and reproduce

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Darwin's mentor, who arranged for Darwin's position on HMS Beagle was

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John Henslow

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The place Darwin visited on his trip around the world that had the greatest impact on his thinking was

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The Galapagos Islands

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Darwin was influenced by which of the following concepts attributed to Charles Lyell?

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The geological forces in Earth's history show predictable uniformity.

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In Argentina, Darwin noted the similarity of fossils of glyptodonts to modern

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armadillos

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According to Darwin, natural selection is based on the ____ found in populations

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variations

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Thomas Malthus propsed that

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The population multiplied faster than the food supply

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The person credited with being the codiscoverer of the theory of natural selection was

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Alfred Wallace

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The feature of Darwin's finches that underwent modification was the

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beak

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Which of the follow was not one of Darwin's observations?

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Most individuals have an equal chance to survive and reproduce

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The idea that fossils were the remnants of ancient forms of life was developed because

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all of these.

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The fossil record is incomplete because

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all of these

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Fossils would include

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all of these

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Which of the following organisms would you expect to find preserved as a fossil?

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a shelled arthropod such as a trilobite

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which of the following habitats is most likely to be rich in fossils?

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bed of former shallow sea

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Radiometric dating of the most ancient fossils uses the

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ratio of uranium to lead in volcanic rock found with the fossils

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Life probably originated during which geological time?

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Archaean

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The large land mass that contained all the continents was called

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Pangea

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Plate tectonic theory is based on

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the movement of Earth's crust

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Which of the following was not originally part of Gondwana?

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North America

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The convergence in external morphology of sharks, penguins, and porpoises is attributed to

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selection pressures that are common to these groups

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Which of the following serve as examples of morphological convergence?

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sharks, penguins, and porpoises

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Possible evolutionary relationships, when determined solely by the study of comparative morphology, may be incorrect due to

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morphological convergence

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The wings of a bird and the wings of a butterfly are ___ and show morphological _____

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analogous; convergence

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Which of the following would be considered more primitive based upon the structure of their limbs?

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early reptiles

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The study of early life stages has revealed the conservative nature of the genes responsible for

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embryonic development

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What gene controls the expressions of the D1x gene in vertebrates?

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HOX

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Comparisions of protein similarity between species can reveal the degree of genetic kinship because

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specific amino acids are dictated by known nucleotide sequences

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Nucleic acid hybridization studies

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measure the amount of hear necessary to separate two single stands of DNA that have allowed to fuse together

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The most conclusive evidence used in establishing the relationship of closely related species is

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nuclic acid sequencing

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Which of the following is not a useful indicator of phylogenetic relatedness?

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similar ecological requirements

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Which mutations are not subject to natural selection?

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neutral

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Neutral mutations

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are not subject to selection

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Neutral mutations

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allow the time of divergence between different forms to be pinpointed

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The concept of a molecular clock is based on the idea that

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neutral mutations occur at regular rates

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Which of the following groups represents the most closely related organisms?

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species

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Which of the following is written correctly?

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Felis domestica

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Cladistics uses which of the following to group organisms?

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derived characteristics

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Which of the following eukaryotic kingdoms is not monophyletic and may soon be split into several kingdoms?

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protista

STUDY

Anthropology Hardy Weinberg Equation Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

anthro quiz – Flashcards 59 terms

Elizabeth Bates

59 terms

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anthro quiz – Flashcards

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When a small part of a population with a unique phenotypical characteristic migrates to a new location and begins to reproduce separately as a new distinct group the process is called: A. founder effect. B. natural selection. C. gene migration. D. genetic mutation. E. gene flow.

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A. Founder effect

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If the replacement theory is correct then: A. there would be no genetic variation in human populations. B. archaic and modern humans should overlap in time in most locations. C. there would be high genetic variation farther away from Africa. D. individuals within a population would have certain characteristics that would enable them to survive. E. archaic and modern humans should not overlap in time in any locations.

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B. archaic and modern humans should overlap in time in most locations.

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What does the multiregional continuity thesis propose? A. Modern Homo sapiens gave rise to Neandertals but Neandertals were unsuccessful in adapting. B. Modern Homo sapiens wiped out archaic Homo sapiens in competition for resources. C. Modern Homo sapiens evolved directly from archaic Homo sapiens. D. Modern Homo sapiens displaced archaic Homo sapiens. E. Modern Homo sapiens appeared first in Europe.

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C. Modern Homo sapiens evolved directly from archaic Homo sapiens.

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. Oldowan refers to: A. the earliest stone tools found in Africa. B. Archaic humans from Olduvai Gorge. C. stone tools developed by modern Homo sapiens. D. spears. E. stone tools developed by Neandertals.

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A. the earliest stone tools found in Africa.

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Acclimatization refers to: A. temporary physiological changes in response to the environment. B. the synthesis of vitamin D. C. genetic changes seen in a population. D. permanent changes seen in the human body in response to the immediate environment. E. inability to adapt to the environment.

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A. temporary physiological changes in response to the environment.

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he genetic code is carried by: A. DNA. B. RNA. C. proteins. D. mutagens.

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A. DNA.

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Gene migration is defined as: A. increase of genetic diversity among groups. B. exchange of genes between populations. C. differential reproduction success. D. random loss of genes in a population. E. production of new genes.

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B. exchange of genes between populations.

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9. Scientists who study fossil remains of our early human ancestors are called: A. odontologists. B. archaeologists. C. creationists. D. paleoanthropologists. E. paleogeneticists.

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D. paleoanthropologists.

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What is the term for the natural history of Earth and the universe including the span of human existence? A. multiregional replacement thesis B. Deep Time C. creation D. natural selection E. evolution

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B. Deep Time

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The "Hobbit" of Flores Island Indonesia is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: A. primitive wrist bones. B. short stature. C. microcephaly. D. powerful jaw with large molars. E. tiny brain size.

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D. powerful jaw with large molars.

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A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile viable A. species. B. founding population. C. kinship group. D. genetic drift. E. phenotype.

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A. species.

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The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called: A. stratigraphy. B. sedimentation. C. decomposition. D. fossilization. E. carbonization.

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D. fossilization.

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Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called: A. acclimatization. B. physiological adaptations. C. genetic adaptations. D. developmental adaptations. E. cultural adaptations.

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E. cultural adaptations.

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Around 15000 yBP modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to: A. Madagascar. B. Europe. C. Indonesia. D. North and South America. E. Australia.

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D. North and South America.

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Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions policies and systems are referred to as: A. institutional racism. B. discrimination. C. racial ideology. D. racialization. E. fascism.

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A. institutional racism.

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What rule assigns the children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group? A. racialization B. eugenics C. drop down D. hypodescent E. miscegenation

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D. hypodescent

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Geneticists point out that dividing people by skin color is as logical as dividing them by: A. eyelashes. B. brain size. C. toenails. D. earwax. E. facial hair.

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D. earwax.

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The concept that people of European descent are superior to all others is: A. white supremacy. B. racism. C. Nazi ideology. D. fascism. E. Zionism.

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A. white supremacy.

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To apply stereotypical traits to a group of people based on their "racial" ancestry is called: A. prejudice. B. racialization. C. discrimination. D. racial ideology. E. segregation.

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B. racialization.

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A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called a: A. folk tale. B. "just so" story. C. creation story. D. origin myth. E. history.

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D. origin myth.

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Originally this term referred to a distinct group of people with a shared place of origin but it is now most commonly used to refer to a country. A. mandate B. realm C. state D. nation E. nation-state

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D. nation

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Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area are known as: A. genocide. B. ethnocide. C. mass murder. D. expulsion. E. ethnic cleansing.

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E. ethnic cleansing.

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The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of: A. invented identity. B. nationalism. C. nation-state. D. imagined community. E. cultural imperialism.

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D. imagined community.

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Groups of people create and promote traits to signify who is in the group and who is out. These are called: A. social signifiers. B. ethnic boundaries. C. segregation. D. apartheid. E. cultural walls.

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B. ethnic boundaries.

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A person may inherit a genetic pattern for above-average height but may only reach average height due to poor nutrition. This is an expression of that person's: A. DNA. B. nature. C. phenotype. D. cline. E. genotype.

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C. phenotype.

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The idea that government policies should favor people born in the United States over immigrants such as Mexicans or Canadians (legal or otherwise) is known as: A. nativism. B. Zionism. C. eugenics. D. nationalism. E. "home first."

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A. nativism.

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The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily by occupation; however the Belgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different and superior to the Hutu farmers. Eventually these two groups of people began to see each other as different as well. This is an example of: A. ethnogenesis. B. colonialism. C. ethnic division. D. apartheid. E. ethnic making.

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A. ethnogenesis.

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Chinese immigrants in the United States have a long history but many Chinese American communities still have a distinct Chinese character where they retain many aspects of traditional Chinese cultures. This example illustrates the concept of: A. multiculturalism. B. amalgamation. C. biculturalism. D. integration. E. naturalization.

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A. multiculturalism

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Many immigrant groups in the United States-such as Arabs Czechs the French Irish Italians Greeks Jews and many others-have assimilated into white American society and this has been described as a(n): A. potpourri. B. patchwork. C. amalgamation. D. melting pot. E. tossed salad.

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D. melting pot.

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Gender stereotypes are defined as: A. the way gender identity is expressed through action. B. culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between and proper roles for men and women. C. the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural context. D. the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. E. a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

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B. culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between and proper roles for men and women.

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Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies: A. five sexes including intersexuals. B. six sexes including Two-Spirits. C. three sexes including machos. D. seven sexes including berdaches. E. four sexes including hijras.

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A. five sexes including intersexuals.

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The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girls' thing" reflect gender: A. construction. B. roles. C. stratification. D. stereotypes. E. performance.

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D. stereotypes.

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Gender is defined as: A. culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between and proper roles for men and women. B. the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. C. a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification. D. the way gender identity is expressed through action. E. the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural context.

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B. the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.

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Gender ideology is defined as: A. culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between and proper roles for men and women. B. the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. C. the way gender identity is expressed through action. D. the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural contexts. E. a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

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E. a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

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________ is gender identity displayed through action. A. Performance B. Stereotyping C. Transgendering D. Discourse E. Construction

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A. Performance

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Geneticists have been able to successfully identify: A. clusters of "gay" and "straight genes" but not the interactions of those genes. B.no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexuality. C. the "straight" gene but not the "gay gene." D. the "gay" gene but not the "straight" gene. E. a "gay" and a "straight" gene.

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B.no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexuality.

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Contemporary anthropologists study sexuality: A. only in cultures where intense homophobia is present. B. in cultures worldwide including Western cultures. C. only in cultures that are remote and poorly understood. D. in cultures worldwide with the exception of Western cultures. E. only in cultures in which sexually transmitted disea

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B. in cultures worldwide including Western cultures.

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Which of the following is NOT an example of the attempt to regulate aspects of sexuality by cultural institutions such as the government? A. divorce B. age of licensed driver C. reproductive rights D. age of consent E. marriage

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B. age of licensed driver

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All of the following are examples of sexuality in contemporary media and politics EXCEPT: A. the overturning of DOMA. B. the debate over U.S. intervention in Syria. C. the U.S. public policy debate over the criminalization of sex work. D. the ongoing conversation about sexual violence on college campuses. E. international campaigns for gay and lesbian rights.

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B. the debate over U.S. intervention in Syria.

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Sexuality involves: A. personal choices only. B. both personal choices and cultural ideas. C. biology and personal choices but not cultural ideas. D. cultural ideas only. E. biology and cultural ideas but not personal choices

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B. both personal choices and cultural ideas.

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According to contemporary cultural anthropologists humans in most cultures engage in sexual activity: A. for fun only. B. as a form of economic exchange. C. for procreation only. D. both for procreation and fun. E. very seldom.

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D. both for procreation and fun.

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The Victorian ideal of sexuality was heavily influenced by which of the following: A. globalization B. science C. Christian teachings D. the government E. media

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C. Christian teachings

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The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that: A. women exchanged banana fiber skirts during funerary activities. B. women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods. C. women played a limited role in rituals and ceremonial exchanges. D. women's exchanges were not tied to the yam exchanges Malinowski reported. E. women participated in elaborate exchanges of shell armbands and necklaces.

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B. women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

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Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically: A. white American men. B. black American men. C. Asian men. D. white European women. E. white European men.

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E. white European men.

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A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family? A. mother's B. grandparent's C. sibling's D. cousin's E. father's

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E. father'

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Kinship includes: A. biological connections only. B. biological descent and marriage alliances but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin. C. direct biological connections or marriage alliances only. D. marriage alliances and fictive kin only. E. marriage only.

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B. biological descent and marriage alliances but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.

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Which of the following commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy sexual pleasure reproduction and raising of children mutual support and companionship and shared legal rights to property and inheritance? A. lineage B. heredity C. biology D. descent E. marriage

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E. marriage

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Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered: A. monogamous. B. polydromous. C. polygamous. D. endogamous. E. exogamous.

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E. exogamous.

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ndividuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed: A. adoption B. proselytization C. indoctrination D. enculturation E. adaptation

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D. enculturation

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Which of the following statements about marriage is true? A. Marriage occurs in only a few cultures but is found in identical form wherever and whenever it exists. B. Marriage occurs in every culture in some form and that form does not change over time. C. Marriage occurs in every culture in some form but its exact characteristics vary widely. D. Marriage occurs in every culture and is found in identical form wherever and whenever it exists. E. Marriage occurs in only a few cultures but tak

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C. Marriage occurs in every culture in some form but its exact characteristics vary widely.

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Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family? A. patrilineal B. cognatic C. matrilineal D. bilateral E. ambilineal

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C. matrilineal

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Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father? A. ambilineal B. unilineal C. bilineal D. polylineal E. monolineal

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A. ambilineal

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Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups? A. arranged B. companioned C. disrupted D. reproduced E. inherited

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A. arranged

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The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations: A. between half siblings and parallel cousins. B. between cousins regardless of cross- or parallel cousin relationships. C. between parents and children and siblings. D. between half siblings and cross cousins. E. between first cousins and between second co

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C. between parents and children and siblings.

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Cousins who are children of a father's brother or a mother's sister are considered which type of cousin? A. cross-cousins B. affinal cousins C. parallel cousins D. companionate cousins E. second cousins

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C. parallel cousins

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Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the union of one man to two or more women? A. monogamy B. monyandry C. polymandry D. polygyny E. polyandry

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D. polygyny

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Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage family and kinship are cultural: A. positions. B. constructs. C. misnomers. D. stances. E. biases.

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B. constructs.

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One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical: A. kinship. B. family. C. descent. D. ascent. E. monogamy.

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C. descent.

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Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders? A. kinship and family B. family and hegemony C. nationalism and kinship D. hegemony and kinship E. nationalism and hegemony

answer

A. kinship and family

STUDY

Biology Evolutionary Biology Hardy Weinberg Equation Single Gene Traits

Study Guides for Chs. 10 & 11 – Flashcards 108 terms

Pat Coker

108 terms

Preview

Study Guides for Chs. 10 & 11 – Flashcards

question

Linnaeus

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contribution to evolutionary theory: developed a classification system to group organisms by their similarities that also reflect evolutionary relationships.

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Buffon

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contribution to evolutionary theory: suggested that species shared ancestors

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E. Darwin

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contribution to evolutionary theory: contended that all living things were descended from a common ancestor and that more complex forms of life arose from less complex forms.

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Lamarck

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contribution to evolutionary theory: proposed that changes in physical characteristics could be inherited and were driven by environmental changes over time.

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What two conditions must be true for a group of animals to be considered the same species?

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1. they must be able to reproduce 2. they must have fertile offspring

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Lamarck's ideas of evolution are known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics. What was incorrect about his theory of how organisms evolve?

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-he thought that greater use or disuse of a structure or organ would cause changes that could then be passed on to offspring

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In the 1700s, many people believed that species were fixed and did not change. How did plant hybridization-a type of crossing that could be observed in experiments- help change this view?

answer

-different species could be produced with hybridization showing that species could change

question

Catastrophism

answer

-the theory that natural disasters, such as floods and volcanic eruptions, have happened often during earth's long history. -these events shaped land forms and caused species extinction ex: the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs

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Gradualism

answer

-the principle that changes observed in landforms resulted from slow changes over a long period of time

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Uniformitarianism

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-a principle that states that the geological structure of Earth resulted from cycles of observable processes and that these processes operate continuously

question

What word refers to traces of an organism that existed in the past?

answer

-fossil

question

What is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors?

answer

-evolution

question

Events such as volcanoes, floods, and earthquakes are the basis of what geological theory?

answer

-catastrophism

question

What geological theory can be summarized by the phrase "the present is the key to the past"?

answer

-uniformitarianism

question

E. Darwin

answer

Charles Darwin's poetic grandfather

question

Lamarck

answer

Thought that a giraffe's long neck evolved from reaching high in trees

question

Linnaeus

answer

Grouped living organisms into categories based on what they looked like

question

Buffon

answer

Wrote *Historie Naturelle* (Natural History) in 1749

question

What is variation among members of *different* species called?

answer

-interspecific variation

question

What is variation among members of *the same* species called?

answer

-intraspecific variation

question

What island chain in South America was the source of many of Darwin's insights?

answer

-the Galapagos

question

Darwin saw populations of various species that seemed well-suited to their environment. What did this suggest?

answer

-the species may somehow be able to adapt to their surroundings

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Darwin observed fossils of huge animals such as *Glyptodon*, a giant armadillo. Why were these fossils of interest to him?

answer

-he thought modern animals might have some relationship to fossil forms

question

Many people in the 1700s thought the Earth was only about 6000 years old. How did the fossil organisms Darwin saw lead him to think Earth must be much older than that?

answer

-would take much longer than 6000 years for the changes to occur between the fossil organisms he saw and their modern day relatives

question

Darwin also observed fossil shells of marine organisms high up in the Andes mountains, and saw an earthquake move land that was underwater above sea level. How did he apply these insights to the evolution of organisms?

answer

-Darwin saw that in geologic processes great changes could occur slowly, over a long period of time. He extended this insight to the evolution of organisms.

question

Look at figure 2.2 in your textbook. What differences between the two Galapagos tortoises can you identify form the two pictures?

answer

-shell shape -edges of the shell -lengths of the neck -lengths of their legs

question

Variation

answer

the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs

question

Adaptation

answer

a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment

question

Adaptation

answer

a tortoise population lives in an area with high grass. These tortoises have longer necks than tortoises that live in other areas. The long necks are an example of this.

question

Variation

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one bird in a population has a slightly thicker beak than its relatives. This thicker beak is an example of what in the population.

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Why did artificial selection interest Darwin?

answer

-Darwin noticed breeders could produce a great amount of diversity in species

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Why must selected traits be heritable?

answer

-if a trait is not heritable it won't be passed down to offspring

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In natural selection, what must be true of traits that are passed down through generations?

answer

-the traits are selected only if they give advantages to individuals in their present environment

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What important idea from Thomas Malthus inspired Darwin?

answer

-human populations would grow geometrically if resources were unlimited. Instead, disease and a limited food supply kept the population smaller.

question

Overproduction

answer

producing many offspring, some of which may not survive

question

Variation

answer

individual differences that may be heritable

question

Adaptation

answer

a structure well-suited for the environment

question

Dissent with modification

answer

a heritable trait becoming common in a population

question

*Humans* are the selective agent in which type of process, artificial or natural selection?

answer

-artificial selection

question

*The Environment* is the selective agent in which type of process, artificial or natural selection?

answer

-natural selection

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What is the measure of the ability to survive and produce offspring relative to other members of the population called?

answer

-fitness

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What is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next called?

answer

-heritability

question

What are all the individuals of a species that live in an area called?

answer

-population

question

Vestigial structures

answer

-seem to lack any useful function, or are at least no longer used for their original purpose. List three examples.

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Many modern whale species have vestigial pelvic and leg bones. What does this suggest about the ancestry of modern whale?

answer

-that they lived on land

question

Homologous structure

answer

feature that is similar in structure in different organisms but has different functions -human arm and horse leg

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Analogous structure

answer

feature that performs a similar function in different organisms but is not similar in origin -example insect wing, bird wing

question

Analogous structure

answer

-is *not* evidence of a common ancestor

question

Vestigial structure

answer

remnant of an organ or structure that had a function in an early ancestor

question

Homologous structure

answer

examples include the wing of a bat and the hand of a human

question

Analogous structure

answer

examples include the wing of a bird and wing of an insect

question

Vestigial structure

answer

examples include the wing of an ostrich and appendix of a human, the tiny pelvic bones and hind limbs in many snakes

question

What are two reasons that the fossil record is not complete?

answer

1. most living things do not form into fossils after they die 2. fossils have not been looked for in many areas of the world

question

What is one example of a transitional fossil that has been found?

answer

-basilosaurus isis

question

Why are transitional fossils important?

answer

-demonstrate the evolution of traits within groups as well as the common ancestors between groups

question

DNA sequence analysis

answer

contribution to evolutionary theory: -the more related two organisms are the more similar their DNA will be. -Because there are 1000s of genes in even simple organisms, DNA contains a huge amount of information on evolutionary history.

question

Pseudogenes

answer

contribution to evolutionary theory: -they no longer function but can change as they are carried along with functional DNA through generations. -Similarities between pseudogenes must come from a common ancestor

question

Homeobox Genes

answer

contribution to evolutionary theory: -homeobox genes control the development of specific structures. -similar homeobox gene clusters are evidence of a common ancestor

question

Protein comparisons

answer

contribution to evolutionary theory: -similarities of proteins across organisms can be revealed by molecular fingerprinting and are evidence of a common ancestor.

question

What two things combine to make up our modern evolutionary theory?

answer

-the theory of natural selection combined with genetics

question

How has molecular evidence helped support fossil evidence in determining the early ancestor of our modern-day whales?

answer

-comparison of milk protein genes confirmed the fossil evidence that modern day whales descended from land mammals

question

What is meant by the phrase "Evolution unites all fields of biology"?

answer

-the basic principles of evolution are used in all fields of biology

question

How does paleontology contribute to evolutionary biology?

answer

-the study of fossils can provide new information and support hypotheses about how evolution occurs

question

What kind of variation must exist in a population that has a wide range of phenotypes?

answer

-genetic variation

question

How can a wide range of phenotypes increase the chance that some individuals will survive in a changing environment?

answer

-some individuals will have traits that allow them to survive in a new environmental condition

question

Mutation

answer

How it provides genetic variation: -can produce new alleles -mutations in reproductive cells can be passed on to offspring

question

Recombination

answer

How it provides genetic variation: -forms new genetic combinations that are passed on to offspring

question

Hybridization

answer

How it provides genetic variation: -new genetic information can be introduced into populations when species mate with other closely related species

question

How is a gene pool like a pool of genes?

answer

-it contains all of the genes or alleles of all the individuals in a poulation

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What does an allele frequency measure?

answer

-how common a certain allele is in a gene pool

question

What is a phenotypic distribution?

answer

-the distribution of different physical traits

question

What can you learn from looking at a phenotypic distribution?

answer

-how common each phenotype is in the population

question

In a population that is not undergoing natural selection for a certain trait, what does the phenotypic distribution look like?

answer

-a normal distribution

question

Directional Selection

answer

How it works: -favors phenotype at one extreme of a trait's range

question

Stabilizing selection

answer

-the intermediate phenotype is favored - selects against phenotypes at both extremes

question

Disruptive selection

answer

-favors phenotypes at both extremes of a trait's range

question

How is genetic drift different from natural selection?

answer

-changes in allele frequencies through genetic drift are due to chance alone -changes through natural selection are result of specific environmental pressures

question

Why is genetic drift more likely to occur in smaller populations?

answer

-there are less variety of alleles

question

What are some problems that can result from genetic drift?

answer

-loss of genetic diversity decreases the chance that some individuals will be able to survive new environmental conditions -genetically harmful alleles can build up in the population due to chance alone

question

Why is the cost of reproduction different for males and females?

answer

-males produce many sperm continuously -females are much more limited in the number of offspring they can produce in each reproductive cycle

question

What is sexual selection?

answer

-occurs when certain traits increase mating success

question

What variable remains constant, or in equilibrium, in the Hardy-Weinberg model?

answer

-allele frequencies

question

Name the 5 conditions required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

answer

-no genetic drift -no gene flow -no mutations -no sexual selection -no natural selection

question

Name two ways that population biologists can use Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

answer

1. study the degree in which real populations are evolving 2. better understand the five factors that can lead to evolution

question

Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

answer

p²+2pq+q²=1

question

p²

answer

-frequency of dominant homozygous genotype

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2pq

answer

-frequency of heterozygous genotype

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q²

answer

-frequency of recessive homozygous genotype

question

answer

-frequency of dominant allele

question

answer

-frequency of recessive allele

question

In what types of systems can the Hardy-Weinberg equation be used?

answer

-single gene traits in simple, dominant-recessive systems

question

What variables must be known in order to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

answer

-the phenotype and allele frequencies

question

What can be concluded if real genetic data do not match the frequencies predicted by the equation?

answer

-the population is evolving

question

Genetic drift

answer

How it can lead to evolution: -alleles change due to chance

question

Gene flow

answer

How it can lead to evolution: -gene flow changes allele frequencies

question

Mutation

answer

How it can lead to evolution: -new alleles created

question

Sexual selection

answer

How it can lead to evolution: -traits favored for mating

question

Natural selection

answer

How it can lead to evolution: -traits favored for survival

question

Behavioral isolation

answer

How it works: -changes in behavior between two populations can act as barriers that prevent mating

question

Geographic isolation

answer

How it works: -physical barriers that can divide populations

question

Temporal isolation

answer

-differences in mating periods or times of day when individuals are active can prevent mating between populations

question

What is speciation?

answer

-the rise of two or more species out of an existing species

question

Convergent evolution

answer

-distantly related species can evolve similar traits while adapting to similar environments

question

Divergent Evolution

answer

-closely related species can evolve different traits while adapting to different enviornments

question

Beneficial relationship

answer

How it works: -two or more species evolve in a beneficial way -it's a plus, plus -each involving characteristics that are beneficial to the other

question

Evolutionary arms race

answer

How it works: -two or more species evolve in a competitive way, each evolving characteristics that put some type of evolutionary pressure on the other ex: crab (pincers) and snail (harder shell)

question

Background extinction

answer

Possible causes: -local changes in environment such as changes in food supply Outcome: -a few species may go extinct in localized area (slow extinction)

question

Mass extinction

answer

Possible causes: -catastrophic event on a global level, ex: ice age Outcome: -many species go extinct around the world in a relatively short period of time (quick extinction)

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Evolutionary Biology Hardy Weinberg Equation Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Biology Chapter 13 93 terms

Donna Chou

93 terms

Preview

Biology Chapter 13

question

What is the definition of evolution?

answer

the idea that Earth's many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from those living today.

question

What is the definition of fossils?

answer

the imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past.

question

What did Darwin call evolutionary history of all life?

answer

descent with modification

question

What is the definition of adaptation?

answer

An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

question

What is Darwin's proposed mechanism for this descent with modification (evolution)?

answer

natural selection

question

What is the definition of artificial selection?

answer

Human selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits.

question

What is the definition of natural selection?

answer

A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals that do not have those traits.

question

What two inferences did Darwin conclude about natural selection?

answer

1. individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 2. This unequal production of offspring will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over generations.

question

Darwin recognized the connection between _____ _____ and the capacity of organisms to ______.

answer

natural selection/ overproduce

question

Darwin reasoned that if _____ _____ can bring about so much change in a relatively short period of time, then _____ ____ could modify species considerably over hundreds or thousands of generations.

answer

artificial selection/ natural selection

question

Natural selection will select for adaptations to new conditions, sometimes producing changes that result in the origin of a _____ species in the process.

answer

new

question

What are the three key points about evolution?

answer

1. Individuals do NOT evolve. 2. natural selection can amplify or diminish only HERITABLE TRAITS. 3. Evolution is NOT goal directed; it does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms.

question

An unsettling example of natural selection in action is the evolution of ______ _____ in hundreds of insect species.

answer

pesticide resistance

question

What two main points does evolutionary adaptation make about natural selection?

answer

1. natural selection is more of an editing process than a creative mechanism. 2. natural selection is contingent on time and place: It favors those heritable traits in a varying population that fit the current, local environment.

question

The study of ______ provides strong evidence for evolution

answer

fossils

question

Fossils document differences between ____ and _____ organisms and the fact that many species have become extinct.

answer

past / present

question

When do fossils result?

answer

When a dead organism captured in sediment decays and leaves an empty mold that is later filled by minerals dissolved in water.

question

What is the definition of fossil record?

answer

The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata.

question

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

answer

Because not all organisms live in areas that favor fossilization, many rocks are distorted by geologic processes, and not all fossils that have been preserved will be found.

question

How old is the oldest known fossils?

answer

3.5 billion years old

question

It was the geographic distribution of species, known as_____, that first suggested to Darwin that organisms evolve from ancestral species.

answer

biogeography

question

Anatomical similarities and differences between species give signs of common_____.

answer

descent

question

What is the definition of homology?

answer

Similarity in characteristics resulting from shared ancestry.

question

What is the definition of homologous structures?

answer

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

question

What does comparative anatomy illustrate?

answer

Evolution is a remodeling process in which ancestral structures that originally functioned in one capacity become modified as they take on new functions. (descent with modification)

question

What is the definition of vestigial structures?

answer

A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors.

question

Anatomical biology is not helpful in linking _____ _____ related organisms.

answer

very distantly

question

In recent decades, advances in ____ _____ have enabled biologists to read a molecular history of evolution in the DNA sequences of organisms.

answer

molecular biology

question

Darwin's boldest hypothesis was that____ life-forms are related.

answer

all

question

Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be shown on an ______ ____.

answer

evolutionary tree

question

What is the definition of an evolutionary tree?

answer

A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

question

Evolution occurs within_____.

answer

populations

question

What is the definition of a population?

answer

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.

question

What are some key features of populations?

answer

1. different populations of the same species may be isolated from one another, with little interbreeding an thus little exchange of genes between them. 2. members of one population are generally more closely related to each other than to members of other populations.

question

What is the definition of a gene pool?

answer

All the alleles for all the genes in a population.

question

What is an example of microevolution?

answer

When the relative frequencies of alleles in a population change like this over a number of generations, evolution is occurring on the smallest scale.

question

What is the definition of microevolution?

answer

A change in a population's gene pool over generations.

question

_____ and _____ _____ produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible.

answer

mutation / sexual reproduction

question

Is all variation in a population heritable?

answer

question

The phenotype results from a combination of the _____, which is inherited, and many______ influences.

answer

genotype/ environmental

question

New alleles originate by _____, a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA.

answer

mutation

question

_____ variation is necessary for a population to evolve, but variation alone does not guarantee that microevolution will occur.

answer

Genetic

question

The ____-____ equation can test whether a population is evolving.

answer

Hardy/ Weinberg

question

The shuffling of alleles that accompanies sexual reproduction___ ____ alter the genetic makeup of the population.

answer

does not

question

The letters _ and __ are often used to represent allele frequencies.

answer

p/ q

question

The frequency of the two alleles in the gametes will be the ____ as their frequencies in the gene pool of the parental population.

answer

same

question

The gene pool of this population is in a state of _____.

answer

equilibrium

question

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

answer

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.

question

p^2 represents what?

answer

Frequency of homozygous dominants

question

2pq represents what?

answer

Frequency of heterozygotes

question

q^2 represents what?

answer

Frequency of homozygous recessives

question

The Hardy-Weinberg equation tells us that something other than the ____ process of ____ reproduction is required to change allele frequencies in a population.

answer

shuffling/ sexual

question

For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, it must satisfy five main conditions. What are they?

answer

1. Very large population 2. No gene flow between populations 3. No mutations 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection

question

The smaller the population, the ___ likely that allele frequencies will fluctuate by chance from one generation to the next.

answer

question

When individuals move into or out of populations, they ____ or ____ alleles, altering the gene pool.

answer

add / remove

question

By ____ alleles or ____ or _____ genes, mutations modify the gene pool.

answer

changing / deleting / duplicating

question

If individuals mate ______, such as with close relatives, random mixing of gametes does ____ occur, and genotype frequencies change.

answer

preferentially / not

question

The _____ survival and reproductive success of individuals ( natural selection) can alter allele frequencies.

answer

unequal

question

Because it is rare that all five conditions are met in real populations, genotype frequencies ____ change.

answer

question

Another use for the Hardy-Weinberg equation is to estimate how many people carry _____ for certain inherited ____.

answer

alleles / diseases

question

What are 3 mechanisms of microevolution?

answer

genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow

question

If there were no natural selection, then all individuals in a population are ____ in ability to reproduce.

answer

equal

question

What is the definition of genetic drift?

answer

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.

question

Two situations in which genetic drift can have significant impact on a population are those that produce ____ ____ and the _____ effect.

answer

bottleneck effect / founder

question

What is the definition of a bottleneck effect?

answer

Genetic drift from a drastic reduction in population size. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

question

What are a few examples of the bottleneck effect?

answer

earthquakes, floods, or fires

question

What is the definition of the founder effect?

answer

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of that of the original population.

question

What is the definition of gene flow?

answer

The transfer of alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes.

question

____ _____ is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution.

answer

natural selection

question

Adaptive evolution is a _____ dynamic process.

answer

continuous

question

What is the definition of relative fitness?

answer

The contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.

question

Natural selection can alter variation in a population in ___ ways.

answer

question

What are the 3 ways that natural selection can alter variation in a population?

answer

1. stabilizing selection 2. directional selection 3. disruptive selection

question

What is the definition of stabilizing selection?

answer

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.

question

What is the definition of directional selection?

answer

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive and reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.

question

What is the definition of disruptive selection?

answer

Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range are favored over intermediate phenotypes.

question

____ selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females.

answer

sexual

question

What is the definition of sexual selection?

answer

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

question

What is the definition of sexual dimorphism?

answer

Marked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females.

question

What is the definition of intrasexual selection?

answer

Individuals competing directly with members of the same sex for mates.

question

What is the definition of intersexual selection?

answer

Individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates ( usually females)

question

Females prefer male traits that are correlated with ____ ____.

answer

good genes

question

The evolution of _____ resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern.

answer

antibiotic

question

In what ways do we contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

answer

1. Livestock producers add antibiotics to animal feed as growth promoter and to prevent illness. 2. Doctors overprescribe antibiotics 3. Patients may misuse prescribed antibiotics by prematurely stopping the medication because they feel better.

question

Diploidy and balancing selection _____ genetic variation.

answer

preserve

question

Having two sets of chromosomes helps to prevent populations from becoming genetically ______.

answer

uniform

question

What are 2 ways that genetic variation is preserved?

answer

1. diploidy 2. balancing selection

question

What are 2 types of balancing selections?

answer

1. heterozygote advantage 2. frequency-dependent selection

question

What is the definition of balancing selection?

answer

Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population.

question

What is the definition of heterozygote advantage?

answer

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.

question

What is the definition of frequency-dependent selection?

answer

Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population

question

Natural selection ____ ____ fashion perfect organisms.

answer

can not

question

What are several reasons why nature abounds with organisms that seem to be less than ideally engineered for their lifestyles?

answer

1. selection can act only on existing variations. 2. evolution is limited by historical constraints. 3. adaptations are often compromises. 4. Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.

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