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EverFi – Module 5 Higher Education – Flashcards 13 terms

Julia Rush

13 terms

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EverFi – Module 5 Higher Education – Flashcards

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Earning Potential

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The more money you invest in higher education = higher pay in the workforce

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Scholarships

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Students must apply for these funds and they do not have to be repaid. Awards are based on merit, financial need and/or combination of the two.

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FAFSA

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Free Application for Federal Sudent Aid - Main form used to apply for federal education grants and loans.

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Unsubsidized Loans

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Type of federal student loan in which the government does not pay the interest while student is in school.

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Subsidized Loans

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Type of federal student loan in which the government pays the interest that accrues while student is in school.

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Stafford Loan

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Most common type of federal loan awarded. Based on limits that are set for an individual loan as well financial need.

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Private Student Loans

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Financed by private companies rather than government. Since these interest rates and fees aren't capped by government, they cost more.

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Perkins Loan

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Another common federal student loan. These loans have a set 5% interest rate and a 10 year repayment period.

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Repayment Period

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Amount of time given to an individual to pay back money lent.

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Grace Period

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Amount of time you have to pay back the balance of loan before it starts accruing interest.

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Grants

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Given to students to help pay for education and do NOT have to be repaid. Similar to scholarships.

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Associate Degree

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A degree granted after two years of study, often by a community or junior college.

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Bachelor's degree

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A degree awarded by a college or university for completing undergraduate studies. Usually 4 years.

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Grants And Loans Labor Demand Curve Labor Economics Labor Supply Curve Skilled And Unskilled Workers United States

Labor Economics ECON 315 Lesson 7, 8, and 9 Concept Quizzes – Flashcards 52 terms

Ewan Knight

52 terms

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Labor Economics ECON 315 Lesson 7, 8, and 9 Concept Quizzes – Flashcards

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The equilibrium model of migration predicts that

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worker flows tend to equalize the overall value of the job package offered in each region.

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Immigration and outsourcing both reflect

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competition among workers.

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An increase in his or her expected career length will make a worker

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more likely to change jobs.

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The earnings of immigrants, when compared to those of similar native workers, start out

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below those of the native workers, but increase more rapidly

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For workers who emigrate to the United States from a country with a less equal distribution of earnings,

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the largest potential gain exists for unskilled workers

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When considering competition in the labor market due to immigrating workers, the substitution effect

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describes a situation where the immigrating workers are direct substitutes for domestic workers.

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If skilled and unskilled labor are gross substitutes and if an influx of unskilled immigrants drives down the wages paid to unskilled workers, it will also

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decrease the wage of skilled workers

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Which of the following would decrease the mobility of workers within a nation?

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an increase in the percent of jobs that are unionized, laws requiring a mandatory waiting period before persons moving into a community qualify for welfare benefits, and laws making it more costly for employers to fire workers

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Those who are willing to immigrate over a long distance and at a high cost are more likely to

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have low discount rates.

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The costs associated with moving do NOT include

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the risk-return trade-off.

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In an industry, a unit of output can be produced by 3 unskilled workers or by 1 skilled worker. From this information, skilled and unskilled workers are

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substitutes-in-production.

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Assuming the demand curve for labor does not shift, a given inflow of immigrants will lower wages more when

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Neither the labor demand curve being more elastic nor the domestic labor supply curve being more elastic will cause the wage to fall more.

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Which of the following is NOT an explanation for return and repeat migration?

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Family members in a family decision model of migration prefer being in the same location.

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An increase in the number of immigrants causes

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the labor supply curve to shift to the right.

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When considering competition in the labor market due to immigrating workers, the scale effect

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describes a situation where the immigrating workers are complements to domestic workers and lead to increased specialization.

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Under competitive conditions, immigration does NOT tend to

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lower the wages of immigrant workers.

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An individual is more likely to migrate, ceteris paribus,

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the lesser the length of the training time.

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Increased border control on the US-Mexico border directly affects

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the cost of migration

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The returns to immigration are generally larger for people

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who have greater educational attainment

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A firm could profitably pay for a worker's general training if

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the training program would also serve as a screening device

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Which of the following will not destroy at least part of the returns to the firm's investment in specific human capital?

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off-the-job training

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Which of the following is not an example of an industry-specific skill?

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literacy

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If a firm offers specific training to its workers, when the training is over,

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workers will most likely be paid a wage that is less than their marginal product.

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Initially, when a firm hires a fourth worker, its wage rate goes from $80 a worker to $90. The marginal revenue product of the fourth worker is $100. Then the government imposes a minimum wage of $90 a worker. If the firm now hires the fourth worker, its profits

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will increase by $10.

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The marginal product of a new worker is 80 units and the marginal expense of a new worker is $80. The marginal product of hiring current workers another hour is 10 units and the marginal expense of hiring current workers another hour is $12. If the firm needs extra hours of work (assuming the work could be done by either the new or current workers), it should

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hire new workers

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Which of the following is definitely NOT a quasi-fixed cost of labor?

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overtime pay

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Suppose that mobility costs incurred by workers are low. In this circumstance, the best way to provide incentives for on-the-job training is for

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employers and employees to share the costs of the investment

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Compared with general training, specific training will lead to a life-cycle earnings pattern that is

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flatter.

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Employment protection policies adopted in many European countries tend to

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reduce layoffs and reduce job creation

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Use of temporary-help agencies

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requires employers to pay more per hour than if they hired the worker directly.

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Two employers, A and B, pay the same wage but Employer A faces a more inelastic supply curve of labor than Employer B. Both firms are monopsonies but have similar outputs and technologies. Other things being the same, then in the long run

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Employer A will employ more capital than Employer B.

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All else equal, a firm will prefer to hire a worker who will

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stay at the firm for a long period of time

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A firm employs 10 workers at a weekly wage of $500. If it employs an eleventh worker, it has to raise all of its workers wage to $520. The eleventh worker adds $750 a week to revenues. If the firm hires the eleventh worker, its weekly profits will

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go up by $30.

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Under the most basic assumptions of the human capital model, ____ are more willing to pay for general training and ____ more willing to pay for specific investments.

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workers, firms

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The evidence suggests that on-the-job training increases with all but which of the following?

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layoffs

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An increase in quasi-fixed costs would probably lead to a(n) ________ in the number of employees hired and a(n) ________ in the number of overtime hours worked.

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decrease; increase

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Suppose the wages of both high school and college graduates decrease by $2,000 per year. In response to the opportunity cost, the number of people attending college will consequently ________.

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increase

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Which of the following is a cost of going to college?

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not the cost of living in a dorm and not the cost of college cafeteria food

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Which of the following is NOT an investment in human capital?

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buying stock in a company that publishes textbooks

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Present-oriented people discount future earnings ________ forward-looking people.

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at a higher rate than

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Increased grants and loans for college expenses would ________ the number of college graduates, while ________ wages paid to college graduates.

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increase; decreasing

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Which of the following will increase the value of attaining an education in the human capital framework?

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increased expected working lifespan

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Workers with relatively high levels of natural ability are quite likely to attend college. This can cause ________ bias when estimating educational returns because ________.

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an upward; ability increases earnings

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Fewer women leaving the labor market to raise children has yielded age-earnings profiles which are ________ than they were about twenty years ago.

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no different

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The psychic costs of college are usually lowest for

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students with relatively high ability.

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If both the demand for and the supply of college graduates shift to the left, then the equilibrium wage would ________ and the number of college graduates would ________.

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change ambiguously; decrease

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John is trying to decide whether to go to college or to start working right out of high school. College as an investment is most likely justified when ________ is greater than the cost of going to college.

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the present value of the difference between what John would earn as a college graduate and what he would earn as a high school graduate

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Firms use signals to estimate productivity so that they can

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save on the costs of more accurate estimates.

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Women generally receive ________ on-the-job training than men, causing their age-earnings profiles to be ________ than those of men.

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less; flatter

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Human capital is:

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any investment in a worker's skills.

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Students who attend college because they enjoy the lifestyle and freedom are treating college

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as a consumption good.

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Which of the following would likely, in the long run, reduce the observed rate of return from going to college?

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Educational reforms cause going to college to be fun and enjoyable.

STUDY

Economic And Monetary Union Grants And Loans Single European Act

The Government and Politics of the European Union – Flashcards 110 terms

Clarence Louder

110 terms

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The Government and Politics of the European Union – Flashcards

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What can the institutional structure of the EU be traced to?

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The institutional structure and operation of the EU can be traced back to the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

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How did WWII affect the idea of Unity in Europe?

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WWII was a catalyst for a renewed interest in European Unity. Nationalist rivalries are destructive.

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Who was Altiero Spinelli and what was he known for?

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Altiero Spinelli (Italian federalist), produces a blueprint for the United States of Europe. Contributing factor: fear of territorial ambitions of the USSR. This lead to deep involvement of the USA in European affairs in the late 1940s.

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How did the Marshall Plan (signed in 47) aid in Europe's quest for Unity?

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The essence of the Plan was an American offer of economic aid to Europe- condition: relief program collective

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What was the purpose of the 1947 Signature of Treaty of Dunkirk by the UK and France. Extended in 1948 by the Treaty of Brussels (incorporated the Low Countries)?

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Although listed as economic and cultural cooperation foremost mutual security pact. Served as basis for the Western European Union

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Council of Europe in 1949

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West European nations create the Council of Europe in 1949 (intergovernmental). It was a first step towards cooperation between them, but six countries wanted to go further.

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How did the schuman plan affect European relations ?

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Based on the Schuman plan, six countries sign a treaty to run their heavy industries - coal and steel - under a common management. The six are Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.

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European coal and steel community (ECSC)

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The product of a combination of integrationist impulses and ideas, national self-interest, and international circumstances Basis for European Union (40 years later)

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How did France's rejection of the EDC affect the progress towards European Unity?

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Prompted by Jean Monnet the French government proposed a European Defense Community (EDC) -Western European Army Failed when French National Assembly refused to ratify the Treaty in 1954 This led to the discrediting of the sectorial process of integration

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How did the treaty of Rome affect European nations

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A treaty, signed by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), sometimes referred to as the Common Market, to begin the process of eliminating tariff barriers and cutting restrictions of the flow of capital and labor.

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What was the structure of the European economic Community

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Institutional structure- modeled on that of ECSC -A quasi-executive and supranational European Commission (motor of integration) -Counterbalanced by Council of Ministers representing member states -Weak Assembly - European Parliament (EP)

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what were the goals of the EEC?

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Goals: completion of custom union and common market By 1961 EEC internal tariff barriers had been substantially reduced and by the end of the decade custom union completed. But by the early 1970s EEC nowhere near goal of common market

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How did the fear of losing sovereignty affect the advancing of the EEC towards a common market?

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In the 60s and ever since: issues of deepening and widening of the community along with enlargement Although supportive, French president Charles de Gaulle was suspicious of anything undermining French sovereignty

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france in the 60s

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1963 President de Gaulle vetoes British membership 1965 France walks out of the Council of Ministers and begins a boycott of EEC institutions France has a problem with extension of qualified majority voting (QMV) in the Council of Ministers And with financial arrangements for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

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Luxembourg Compromise

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1966, appease France, member allowed to veto a proposal that directly affected its national interests, but rather vague language of what that meant

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What made up the EC?

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EUROATM European Economic Community European Steel and Coal Community

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Hague summit

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happened in 1969 Inaugurated summitry as a new style of European Community decision-making -formalized with the establishment of the European Council in 1974 - leaders of national governments. Considers EC enlargement and supports greater policy cooperation and economic and monetary union

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How did they try to obtain monetary stability in the 70s?

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The EU's first plan for a single currency dates from 1970. To maintain monetary stability, EU members decide to allow their currencies to fluctuate against each other only within narrow limits. This exchange rate mechanism (ERM), created in 1972, is a first step towards the introduction of the euro, 30 years later.

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European Regional development Fund

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To show their solidarity, EU leaders set up the European Regional Development Fund. Its purpose is to transfer money from rich to poor regions to improve roads and communications, attract investment and create jobs. This type of activity later comes to account for one third of all EU spending.

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In what order were the following signed...

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The Single European Act (1986), The European Union (1992), and the Nice Treaty (2001) pg 33

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Which of the Following established the EU?

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The Maastricht treat (also known as the treaty of the european union) established the EU pg 35

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Two IGCs preceded the Treaty of the European Union. what were they about?

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EMU (european Monetary Policy) and political union pg.35

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European citizenship was created...

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...in addition to natinal citizenship european citizenship was conferred upon citizens of EU member states, in addition to their national citizenship status. pg 39

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Problems following the TEU

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Following the TEU (1992), there were fears that a three-tier EMU, national opt-outs, and the pillar structure all contributed to the fragmentation of Europe. pgs 35-7

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which European institution gained decision making power through the introduction of the cooperation procedure?

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The European Parliament is granted a second reading of proposed legislation under the cooperation procedure.

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The CFI(Court of first Instance) was created to?

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The Court of First Instance was created by SEA (1986) to support the work of the European court of Justice (ECJ) pg 34

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Constructive Abstention:

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Allows members states to abstain in the Council on Common Foreign and Security Policy decision, without blocking a unanimous agreement

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Conditionality:

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The principle that applicant states must meet certain conditions before they can become members of the EU

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Neo-functionalism:

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created by Ernest Haas ibegan in 1958 with the publication by Ernst B. Haas popular in the 50s and 60s but didnt fit the 70s-90s,has three core concepts: spillover, interest groups and political parties are key actors in integration forward, has an elitist point of view spillover,(functional): cooperation in one sector creates functional pressure for cooperation in another related area,political:more deliberate political process national and supranational actors make package deals in order to establish common agreement in a range of policy areas example: to establish the Single Market member states ended up accepting the regulation of certain aspects of the working environment Basically believes that integrations is driven by self-interest of groups rather than socialist ideologies integration tends to be driven by functional and technocratic needs. it relied on the permissive consensus of the people

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Eurozone:

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The economic area which covers the 12 countries that have so far joined the EU's single currency

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Convention (on the Future of Europe)

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A body set up in 2002 to debate alternative models and visions of the European Union, and to prepare a draft Constitution which could be used as the basis of discussion in the intergovernmental conference of 2004

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Cohesion

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Regional economic and social policy; a principle which favors the reduction of regional and social disparities across the European Union

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Community method

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The use of the established process of the established process of EC decision making in which involves a commission legislative initiative being agreed by the council, and now usually the European Parliament. It also implies that the Court of Justice will have jurisdiction over any decision taken

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Common Market

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An economic agreement that extends co-operation beyond a customs union, to provide for the free movement of goods services, capital, and labor

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Comitology

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Refers to the network of procedures of committees designed to oversee the agreement of implementing measures taken by the EU's executive bodies

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Exchange Rate Mechanism

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The main element of the European Monetary system-a mechanism which aimed to create a zone of monetary stability within Western Europe

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Constitutional treaty

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The Treat sometimes known as the EU Constitution, which was signed on 24 October 2004, but which has not been ratified, not least because of the negative referendums in France and the Netherlands

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Suprantaionl governance

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A theory of European integration proposed by Wayne Sandholtz and Alec stone sweet which draws on neo-functionalismm, and provides an alternative approach to Moravcsik's liberal intergovernmentalism

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Treaty of Rome

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Signed in 1957, the Treaty of Rome formally established the European economic Community (EEC) and EUROATM, the European Atomic Energy community

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Monnet, Jean

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(1888-1979) One of the founders of the European integration project. The driving force behind the 1950 Schuman Plan which led to the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), Monnet became the first head of the ECSC's high authority. He continued to play an active role in European integration throughout his life, though often h=behind the scenes.

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Codecision (Procedure)

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A complicated three-stage decision-making procedure that involves both the EU Council and the European Parliament in making European legislation, thereby enhancing the role of the Parliament in the legislative process. It was introduced in the Treaty on European Union at Maastricht (Article 251, ex. 189b) and simplified in the subsequent Amsterdam Treaty. Codecision refers to decision making jointly by the Parliament and the Council.

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Optimum currency area (OCA)

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A theoretical notion which implies that monetary union will only work effectively when the states participating are economically vary similar.

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Intergovernmentalism

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A theory of European integration which privileges the role of states -based off of Realism- states are rational actors that exist in an anarchical world. -Inter governmentalism a theory of European integration that favors states, based on realism:international politics concerns the interaction of self-interested states in an anarchic environment and no global authority can keep order, so the state interest is about survival --neo-realism sees states as self-regarding actors co-existing in an anarchical, however through international cooperation there is a potential for order. Therefore, the EU helps create order in the anarchical society -intergovernmentalism is characterized by state centrism, intergovernmentalism privileges the role of the nation state sees integration as a zero-sum game -claims integration is limited in policy areas that deal with sovereignty

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Lisbon Treaty

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Revises the Nice version of the TEU; was signed in 2007 and, after successful second Irish referendum in October 2009, entered into force in December 2009.

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Directives

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Legislative instruments that specify the aims to be achieved, but which generally leave the question of how to achieve those ends up to national governments or their agents.

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Schengen

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An approach to the EU policy making which is an alternative to regulation and which involves more informal means of encouraging compliance than hard legislation.

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Subsidiarity

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The principle that tries to ensure that decisions are taken as close as possible to the citizen

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Spillover

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A mechanism identified by neo-functionalist theorists who claimed that sectoral integration in one area would have knock-on effects in others, and would 'spill over', thereby increasing the scope of European integration.

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European Coal and Steel Community

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Established by six states in April 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, the ECSC allowed for the pooling of authority over coal and steel industries. As it was based on a 50-year treaty, the ECSC ceased to exist on 23 July 2002.

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Multi-level governance

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An approach to the study of EU politics which emphasizes the interaction of the many different actors who influence European policy outcomes.

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Legitimacy

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The idea that a regime's procedures for making and enforcing laws are acceptable to all its subjects; the right to rule.

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Convergence criteria

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The rules that member states had to meet before they could join Economic and Monetary Union in 1999.

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Conciliation (Process)

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The third stage of the codecision procedure, at which point, an equal number of representatives of the Parliament and Council get together to try to work out an agreement acceptable to all.

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Enlargement

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The expansion of the European Union to include new member states.

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Integration

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A general concept, which implies the act of combining parts to make a unified whole - a dynamic process of change. European integration is usually associated with the intensely institutionalized form of cooperation found in Western Europe after 1951.

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Europeanization

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Defined in various ways (see Chapter 22). For example, it may refer either to the process of European integration itself, or as a short-hand for the 'Europeanization of domestic institutions, politics and identities'.

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European Central Bank (ECB)

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Established in Frankfurt in 1999, the ECB is responsible for the single monetary policy of the 'euro-zone'.

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Intergovernmental conference (IGC)

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Structured negotiations among the EU's member states, which usually leads to a treaty revision.

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Differentiation

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The idea that subsets of member states might engage in European integration projects that do not involve all existing members; contrasts with the notion of the EU as a uniform Community.q

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Epistemology

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Theory of knowledge, which accounts for the way in which knowledge about the world is acquired.

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Acquis communautaire

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The acquis is the Community patrimony, the body of common rights and obligations which bind the member states together. It includes the content of the Treaties, legislation, international agreements and other measures.

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Intergovernmental (cooperation)

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Co-operation that involves sovereign states, and which occurs on a government-to-government basis, rather than implying the extensive involvement of supranational actors

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European Monetary System (EMS)

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A regulated exchange rate system established in the EC in 1979 after failures to set up an Economic and Monetary Union earlier in the decade. The EMS aimed to promote monetary co-operation and exchange rate stability.

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Cooperation procedure

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A legislative procedure introduced in the Single European Act (article 252 ex 198c), which allows the European Parliament a second reading of draft legislation. Since Amsterdam, it is now very little used, as most policies originally falling under cooperation now come under the codecision procedure.

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Single European Act (SEA)

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The first of the large-scale Treaty revisions, signed in 1986. It came into force in 1987, and served as a 'vehicle' for the single market programme.

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Qualified majority voting (QMV)

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System of voting in the EU Council, which attributes a number of votes to each member state (very roughly related to their size). A majority of these votes (currently 71%) is needed for legislation to be agreed in the Council, implying that some states will be outvoted, but will have to apply the legislation all the same.

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Joint-decision trap

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The idea promoted by Fritz Scharpf in 1988 that while it might be increasingly difficult in future for further integration to take place, it will also be impossible for states to go back on agreements already made. As such states were 'trapped' within the European integration process.

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Nice Treaty

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Treaty revision agreed at Nice in December 2000, signed February 2001, and ratified in 2002. It introduced a number of institutional reforms which paved the way for the enlargement of the Union in 2004 and after.

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European Political Co-operation (EPC)

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Foreign policy co-operation prior to Maastricht, set up after 1970 and formalized by the Single European Act.

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How does spillover happen politically?

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National and supranational actors make package deals in order to establish common agreement in a range of policy areas

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constructivist

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Emphasizing the significance of concepts, ideologies, and social practices to our understanding and making of (literally constructing) the world, The ideas of the European Community European security community and European citizenship is constructed through the use of languages, the development of ideas and the establishment of norms

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The composition of the Pillars After the Maastricht treaty

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After maastricht treaty Established in 93' it comprised not just supranational but also intergovernmental cooperation in foreign policy and the JHA critics said the idea made the EU less union like because of the lack of complete uniformity both politically and legally Pillar 1 The European Community (EC,ECsC, and EuroAtom) Pillar 2 Common Foreign and security policy (CFSP) Pillar 3 Justice and home affairs

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Pillar Structure After Amsterdam

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shifted JHA activity from pillar three to pillar 1 referred to as communitarization and pillar three was more focused on Police and Judicial cooperation in criminal Common Foreign and Security Policy Pillar 1 The European Communities (EC, EUROATOM, and EAEC-European Atomic Energy Committee) Pillar 3 Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal matters

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Critiques of Intergovernmentalism

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-Hoffman makes a rigid demarcation between high and low politics (with the spillover) Admits that spill over can exist as functional spill over but will never make it to high politics. -The European Political Cooperation (EPC) disproves the theory -The fact that the EU has a Single currency which takes authority away from states -The Common Foreign Security Policy takes power away from the states -Hoffman was also criticized for downplaying the constraints imposed on states as a consequences of their interdependence.

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critiques of liberal intergovernmentalism

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-Does not fit the facts (specific to EU politics studies) -Applies theory cases to intergovernmental negotiation where economic integration is the main concern where decisions were taken on the basis of unanimous voting in the council It cannot Explain how the EU works in modern politics -Moravcsik's conception of the state is too narrow (Too simplistic with economic and geopolitical concerns) -The theory understates the constraints faced by key policy makers -No full account to supply side actors -The commission functions as more than a facilitator -According to Wincott, Liberal Inter governmentalism is not a theory because it does not have spelled out conditions to be refuted or disproved and should be coined an "Approach" rather than a "theory"

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Critiques of Neofunctionalism

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Member states interests are on top (without the voice of the minority/majority groups heard) European cooperation is realistically ignored Undue emphasis on supranational component in regional integration Does not involve European citizens in momentous process of change, undemocratic. Ignores the context on how the European Union was formed and why supranationalism was

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Agenda setting role for the council

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the ability that is possessed by different members of the EU. For instance, those that are members of the Council of European Union have the ability to set the agenda based on intergovernmental lines pending on whether their member nation assumes the role of control (presidency, head of committees, etc. Though this is something that is notable for the intergovernmental abilities of the European Council, it is also obvious the the agenda setting role takes place in the commission as well. When it does occur in the college of commission, however, the agenda setting role is generally set in favor of a supranationalist agenda. Agenda setting role for policies under the first pillar are held by the European Commission

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Historical Institutionalism

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states are locked in integration through a path of dependence the more states integrate the more future options become constrained integration can only be stopped by a dramatic break with practice "a critical juncture" ex a war, economic crisis

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liberal intergovernmentalism

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A theory created by Andrew Moravcsik in 1993. Moravcsik's theory of liberal intergovernmentalism suggests that the classic theory of liberalism set precedent for a number of integrationist policies of the EU. The theory of Liberal intergovernmentalism suggests that nation states' governments are the major actors responsible for integration. He claims that states are rational actors that decided to integrate because there will be a mutual benefit through cooperation. As a result of observation, Moravcsik's analysis suggests that there will be an extent of supranational limited powers to further the extension of benefits at the state level. They feel as though it is appropriate to create common policies and institutions to gain security within each state.

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Commission services:

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-has 22 directorates (DGS, who are equivalent to the administrative components of national government depts)the political leadership is served by an administrative staff -they cover all policy fields:sectoral (DG Agriculture) and functional (DG Budget and Personnel) -recruitment into the services is based on meritocracy, and a quota system regulates the intake of new recruits on a geographical basis -there are between 300-400 temporary working committees and 150 advisory groups are established to do the preparatory work of the commission -national governments behave less intergovernmentally in commission committees than in council committees -As a whole the commission has to rely on member state administration since the--Commission itself does not possess agencies at this level consequently it results in a considerable variation in administrative practice across

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Treaty of Paris 1951

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Established the ECSC

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Treaty of Rome 1957

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Established the ECC the European Economic Community

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Merger Treaty 1965 or Treaty of Brussels

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Merger ECSC, EUROATOM, and EEC institutional structure one

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Single European Act 1986

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Act that set the ideal for the establishment of a Single Market objective

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Maastritcht Treaty OR TEU 1992

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Created the European Union and led to the creation of a single currency, the Euro

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Treaty of Amsterdam 1997

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Greater emphasis on the citizen rights of individuality more democracy with increased powers of the European Parliament community area of freedom security and justice beginning of CFSP

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Treaty of Nice 2001

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Reformed the institutional structure so that the EU may expand eastward

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Treaty of Lisbon

answer

Prominent changes included the move from unanimity to QMV in several policy areas in Council of Ministers, a change in calculating such majority to a new double majority, a more powerful EP forming a bicameral legislature alongside the Council ministers under the ordinary legislative procedure, a consolidated legal personality for the EU and the creation of a long-term President of the European council and a High representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The Treaty also made the Union's bill of rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, legally binding. Amends the TEU and the TFEU (Which is the treaty of Rome). 80 amendments (Bill of Rights)

question

What were the 6 original countries in EU?

answer

Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, 1957.

question

Who entered in 1973?

answer

(Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom)

question

Who entered in the 80's?

answer

1981 (Greece) 1986 (Spain, Portugal)

question

Who entered in the 90's?

answer

1995 (Austria, Finland, Sweden)

question

Who entered int eh 2000's?

answer

2004 (Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia). 2007 (Bulgaria, Romania)

question

Founding fathers of the EU...

answer

Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Sir Winston Churchhill, British prime minister Robert Schuman french foreign minister Jean Monnet, french economic advisor and politician Alcide de Gasperi italian prime minister Paul Henri Belgium prime minister Altiero Spinelli italian politician

question

Crisis of the 60s-

answer

President of France refuses to vote. Necessary Luxembourg Compromise more intensive integration should be pursued in 1965 France withdrew all French participation in Council Ministers business except for that dealing with low-level and routine technicalities which brought the EEC to a halt

question

The college of commissioners-

answer

-27 members,powerhouse of the commission and headed by a nominated president(who has become more important since the 90s) by national governments and approved by the European Parliament,based on consensus voting, and they meet once a week -Each commissioner is allocated a portfolio such as agriculture or competition which are normally involve oversight of one commission dept, by policy the president of the commission, they have a problem with finding enough serious jobs for the commissioners --each commissioner has a private staff of about 7 (a cabinet) who keep the commissioner informed on important developments in policy areas and they can be hired or fired at the discretion of the commissioner ---the cabinet members also have a staff of their own

question

What are the functions of the European Commission?

answer

has the agenda setting role for things that fall under the first pillar(even if initiatives originate from the outside range of f(n)s: policy initiation, the monitoring of policy implementation, the management of European programs. an important external relations role; also mediator amongst the 27 member states and between the European Parliament and the european council

question

What are the functions of the Council of Ministers (The Council of the European Union)?

answer

The exact membership of the configuration depends upon the topic; for example, when discussing agricultural policy the Council is formed by the twenty-seven national ministers whose portfolio includes this policy area (with the related European Commissioner contributing but not voting).

question

European Council

answer

Parliament elects the President of the Commission, and approves (or rejects) the appointment of the Commission as a whole. It can subsequently force the Commission as a body to resign by adopting a motion of censure.

question

European Parliament

answer

have formal approval power over all legislation and shares equal legislative and budgetary powers with the Council (except in a few areas where the special legislative procedures apply). It likewise has equal control over the EU budget. Finally, the European Commission, the executive body of the EU, is accountable to Parliament

question

European Court of Justice

answer

interpret EU law and make sure that it is equally interpreted across EU states make decisions about the legality of trade

question

How does the Council of the European Union make decisions?

answer

interpret EU law and make sure that it is equally interpreted across EU states make decisions about the legality of trade

question

How does the EP make decisions?

answer

Codecision procedure:joint acts of parliament and council QMV

question

European Court of Justice

answer

simple majority

question

European council

answer

QMV

question

European Socialization

answer

has to do with neo functionalism believed that ppl involved on a regular basis in the supranational policy process will tend to develop European loyalties

question

The European Commission

answer

A hybrid organization somewhere between executive and bureaucracy provides broad guidelines for the different nations Range of functions policy institutions the monitoring of policy implementation the management of European programs an important external relations role; also mediator the 27 member states and between the EU Council and the European Parliament (EP) It asserts its own European identity Intergovernmentalist see the Commission as insignificant, but institutionalist view it as having an independent impact on policy outcomes

question

The European Parliament

answer

it began as the Common Assembly the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU) since 70s and has 754 members SEA (87')gave EP introduced the cooperation procedure for some legislation and allowed the EP to propose amendments and draft legislation The TEU or Maastricht introduced the codecision procedure has the ability to exercise and irrevocable veto does not formally possess legislative initiative made up of multi-national parties based on political ideologies most of the work is done within the 20 committees

question

European Council

answer

27 heads of state 28th seat is with the President of the European Commission meets 2x a year formally (June/December) and at least 2x a year informally to discuss specific themes (e.g. institutional reform,budget, enlargement, foreign security/ defense policy, etc.) Introduced in the 1970s and formalized by 1974

question

Council of the European Union

answer

center of the EU decision making extensive legislative/executive power All proposals must be a approved by the commission before becoming law Function: To provide leadership and steer in the direction of European Integration (diplomacy, and foreign affiars) It is made up of different ministers that pertain to a specific policy area (Agriculture, Finance, Environment, etc.) participation of national ministers from each member state and hold domestic responsibility for their own sector 9 different councils 1.Widest Brief = General Affairs and the external relations council (GAERC) 2.ECOFIN 3.JHA 4.Employment, social policy, health, and consumer affairs 5.Competitiveness 6.Transport, Telecommunications, Energy 7.Agriculture and fisheries 8.Environment 9.Education, youth, culture Some meet every few days, some 2x a month, some 6x a year, etc.

STUDY

AP United States History Civil War Federal Regulatory Agency Grants And Loans Separate But Equal Waving The Bloody Shirt

Apush Ch 23-26 Answers – Flashcards 77 terms

Alicia Bennett

77 terms

Preview

Apush Ch 23-26 Answers – Flashcards

question

In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by "waving the bloody shirt" were reminding voters

answer

of the gory memories of the Civil War and the Republican party's role in the Union's victory.

question

New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of

answer

New York Times exposes and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.

question

The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved

answer

railroad construction kickbacks.

question

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

answer

the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South.

question

In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that

answer

"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.

question

The Pendleton Act required people applying for many federal government jobs to

answer

take a competitive examination.

question

Economic unrest and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to the rise of the pro-silver leader

answer

William Jennings Bryan

question

The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with

answer

land grants and loans.

question

The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad network was that it

answer

united the nation into a single, integrated national market.

question

Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called

answer

pools.

question

Wabash v Illinois

answer

the supreme court ruled that states could not regulate interstates between states commerce

question

Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration

answer

combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company

question

J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a(n)

answer

interlocking directorates

question

Bessemer process

answer

allowed for the price of steel to drop dramatically and for its production to be done with relative ease. The process involved blowing cold air on red-hot iron in order to ignite the carbon and eliminate impurities.

question

The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie

answer

held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money.

question

As a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington

answer

promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation.

question

Black leader, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

answer

demanded complete equality for African Americans.

question

The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian

answer

assimilation.

question

Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he

answer

had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.

question

In the aftermath of the Civil War

answer

waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.

question

A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was

answer

the expansion of more factories, railroads, and mines than existing markets would bear.

question

The political base of the Democratic party in the late nineteenth century lay especially in

answer

the white South and big-city immigrant machines.

question

The national railroad strike of 1877 started when

answer

the four largest railroads cut salaries by 10 percent.

question

In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress

answer

passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.

question

President James A. Garfield was assassinated

answer

by a deranged, disappointed office seeker

question

The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was

answer

the railroad network.

question

The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the

answer

Interstate Commerce Commission.

question

The single largest source of a critical raw material that fueled early American industrialization was the

answer

Mesabi iron range of Minnesota.

question

The major incentive that drove captains of industry to invent machines was

answer

that machines would enable them to replace expensive skilled workers with cheap unskilled workers.

question

Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the

answer

typewriter and the telephone.

question

One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was

answer

elimination of as much competition as possible.

question

John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal integration involved

answer

forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard oil or lose their business.

question

The first major product of the oil industry was

answer

kerosene.

question

Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that

answer

the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.

question

During the age of industrialization, the South

answer

remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.

question

One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was

answer

the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.

question

Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor

answer

corporations.

question

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the

answer

availability of industrial jobs.

question

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

answer

were culturally different from previous immigrants.

question

The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid to late nineteenth century were the

answer

Irish and Chinese.

question

While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because

answer

they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments.

question

The place that offered the greatest opportunities for American women in the period 1865-1900 was

answer

the big city.

question

The vast majority of employed female workers in the late nineteenth century were

answer

single

question

The religious denomination that was most positively engaged with the New Immigration was

answer

Roman Catholics.

question

Americans offered growing support for a free public education system

answer

because they accepted the idea that a free government cannot function without educated citizens.

question

During the industrial revolution, life expectancy

answer

measurably increased.

question

One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the

answer

stresses of urban life.

question

The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of

answer

middle class women.

question

In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they

answer

received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land.

question

The Buffalo Soldiers were

answer

African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars.

question

A new round of warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army began in 1874 when

answer

Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills

question

The buffalo were nearly exterminated

answer

through wholesale butchery by whites.

question

The mining frontier played a vital role in

answer

attracting the first substantial white population to the West.

question

One major problem with the Homestead Act was that

answer

160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.

question

A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was

answer

the scarcity of water.

question

After exploring much of the West, geologist John Wesley Powell warned in 1874 that

answer

land west of the 100th meridian could not be farmed without extensive irrigation.

question

In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because

answer

the idea of an endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.

question

The root cause of the American farmers' problems after 1880 was

answer

low prices and a deflated currency.

question

Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they

answer

were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.

question

In several states, farmers helped to pass the Granger Laws, which were designed to

answer

regulate railroad rates and grain storage fees.

question

The severe economic depression of the 1890s strengthened the Populists' argument that

answer

wage earners and farmers alike were victims of an oppressive economic system.

question

Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to

answer

demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.

question

President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that

answer

the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.This answer is correct.

question

Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw in the brutal Pullman episode

answer

proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts against working people.

question

The Pullman strike created the first instance of

answer

government use of a federal court injunction to break a strike

question

The depression of the 1890s and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a

answer

battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.

question

Which of the following was not among the qualifications that helped William McKinley earn the Republican presidential nomination in 1896? Selected:

answer

He was an energetic and charismatic campaigner

question

Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of the federal government was to

answer

provide aid to big business.

question

All of the following characteristics describe William Jennings Bryan in 1896 except he

answer

disliked the concept of class conflict.

question

Question 25 William Jennings Bryan gained the presidential nomination of the Democratic party primarily because he

answer

eloquently supported the farmers' demand for the unlimited coinage of silver.

question

In the election of 1896, the major issue became

answer

free and unlimited coinage of silver.

question

One key to the Republican victory in the 1896 presidential election was

answer

the huge financial and propaganda effort of Mark Hanna and the Republicans.

question

The strongest ally of Mark Hanna and the Republicans in the 1896 presidential election was

answer

fear of the alleged radicalism of William Jennings Bryan and his free silver cause.

question

The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that

answer

a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes.

question

The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long period of Republican dominance that was accompanied by

answer

diminishing voter participation in elections.

question

As president, William McKinley can best be described as

answer

cautious and conservative.

question

The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century eventually came as a result of

answer

an increase in the international gold supply.

STUDY

Continuing Education Units Grade Point Average Grants And Loans Part Time Jobs

crossword 6 2017 42 terms

Patsy Brent

42 terms

Preview

crossword 6 2017

question

Two-year college degree

answer

ASSOCIATE

question

Oregon college that begins with R

answer

REED

question

State of the Sooners

answer

OKLAHOMA

question

Ivy League university in Philadelphia

answer

UPENN

question

The state where you would find Purdue

answer

INDIANA

question

Michigan college with a strong study abroad program (Begins with K)

answer

KALAMAZOO

question

Most famous University of North Carolina basketball player

answer

MICHAEL JORDAN

question

Bates College mascot

answer

BOBCATS

question

University of Tiger Woods

answer

STANFORD

question

Princeton, Yale, Dartmouth, Columbia, Brown, Cornell, UPenn, and Harvard's League

answer

IVY

question

Small St. Petersburg, Florida college with strong marine science

answer

ECKERD

question

A good major to learn to write for magazines

answer

JOURNALISM

question

University of Texas mascot

answer

LONG HORNS

question

CSI major

answer

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

question

Popular Walla Walla, WA college Batman attended, begins with a W

answer

WHITMAN

question

Ohio liberal arts college begins with W

answer

WOOSTER

question

State of Dartmouth College

answer

NEW HAMPSHIRE

question

Ohio State University mascot

answer

BUCKEYES

question

Final test of the year

answer

EXAM

question

Portland, OR college with strong environmental science focus, also some explorers

answer

LEWIS AND CLARK

question

Duke mascot

answer

BLUE DEVILS

question

College major to study the weather

answer

METEOROLOGY

question

College with strong meteorology program in Vermont

answer

LYNDON STATE

question

Mascot of the University of Oregon

answer

DUCKS

question

Mascot of the University of Delaware

answer

BLUE HENS

question

Country of the University of Copenhagen

answer

DENMARK

question

Home state of the University of Dayton

answer

OHIO

question

College major combining biology and chemistry

answer

BIOCHEMISTRY

question

College home

answer

DORM

question

Home state of Boston University

answer

MASSACHUSETTS

question

Mascot of Notre Dame

answer

FIGHTING IRISH

question

Mascot of Bowdoin College

answer

POLAR BEAR

question

Primary major at Cosmotech

answer

COSMETOLOGY

question

Home state of Syracuse University

answer

NEW YORK

question

Home state of URI

answer

RHODE ISLAND

question

Small Northern New York engineering university (Begins with C)

answer

CLARKSON

question

Hometown of top marine biology program, UNC campus

answer

WILMINGTON

question

Home state of Champlain College, on Lake Champlain

answer

VERMONT

question

College major in the study of plants

answer

BOTANY

question

Bill for food at college

answer

BOARD

question

University of Lady Gaga

answer

NYU

question

Goal of a petroleum engineering major

answer

OIL

STUDY

AP World History Grants And Loans Military History Modern World History National Defense Education Act World History

WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 30 section 1 – Flashcards 72 terms

Cindy Krause

72 terms

Preview

WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 30 section 1 – Flashcards

question

Who became superpowers after WWII and created a military alliance made up of countries it protected, aided or occupied?

answer

US&USSR

question

Who included the US & Western European countries

answer

NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

question

What did the Warsaw Pact include?

answer

Russia and Eastern European countries

question

What was the nickname given to the border that separated NATO and Soviet dominated countries?

answer

The Iron Curtain

question

What was W Germany called?

answer

Federal Republic of Germany or FRG

question

What was E Germany called?

answer

German Democratic Republic(GDR)

question

W.Germany economy was?

answer

Capitalist and prospered

question

Who was split into 4 zones after WWII?

answer

Berlin

question

Communist economy and government was controlled by

answer

Stalin

question

The Berlin Wall was built in?

answer

1961

question

E Berliners made daring escapes into W Berlin

answer

...

question

Resistance to Soviet Domination in USSR countries/within the Iron Curtain in?

answer

E. Germany, Poland ,Hungary, Czechoslavakia.

question

Against mass arrests of noncommunist leaders governments seizure of?

answer

Private property

question

USSR responded with?

answer

Violence(invasions, tanks)

question

What began after WWII between US & USSR?

answer

Arms race

question

Both ( US&USSR)had nuclear weapons by?

answer

1949

question

US &USSR both had developed more dangerous hydrogen bombs by

answer

1953

question

Britain, France, and China had developed nuclear weapons by

answer

Late 1960's

question

Many nations signed the NPT ( nuclear non proliferation treaty) agreed to not develop nuclear weapons

answer

1968

question

SALT( strategic arms limitation talks) to limit number of nuclear weapons held by each side

answer

1969

question

SALT AND NPT signed in?

answer

1972 & 1979

question

START( strategic arms reduction treaty was signed on

answer

1991

question

Era of Détente( relaxation of tensions)

answer

Ended in 1979 when USSR invaded Afghanistan

question

After WWII, Soviets were aiding communist forces in china & korea

answer

...

question

US and allies formed the

answer

SEATO( SE Asia Treaty Organization) and the CENTO(Central Treaty Organization) hint for cento: BTIP

question

US also established army, navy, air force bases across Europe, Asia N America, Pacific Islands were encircled by US

answer

...

question

Soviet Union also formed alliances with goverments in?

answer

Africa and Asia

question

USSR relations with china lasted from?

answer

1949-1960

question

USSR and allies were known as?

answer

The soviet bloc

question

Superpowers(US &USSR) provided weapons, training, other aid to:

answer

Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia

question

Vietnamese invaded and ended Khmer Rouge genocide, implemented authorization government in

answer

1979

question

Cuba gained independence from Spain in

answer

1898

question

Fulgenico Batista pulled a military coup & obtained power in

answer

1953

question

Rebels led by F. Castro attacked Moncada Barracks

answer

July 26, 1953

question

Castro arrested and set free due to political connections, went to Mexico, planned revolution, bought"Granma"

answer

July 26, 1953

question

Fidel Castro called his movement the

answer

El movimiento 26 de julio

question

Batista left Cuba on

answer

December 31, 1958

question

Castro brothers entered Havana in triumph, prompt elections were never held, Fidel Castor became leader of Cuba

answer

January 1, 1959

question

Fidel Castro began nationalizing homes, businessess, land; restricted political freedom, many cubans left

answer

...

question

Bay of Pigs invasion to bring down communist regime originally supported by Dwight Eisenhower was not supportive, CIA went ahead with plan, but JFK did not send backup, many Cuban exiles were killed

answer

...

question

US trade embargo imposed on Cuba

answer

...

question

US had missiles in

answer

Turkey

question

USSR placed missiles in Cuba, US planes flying over Cuba spotted missiles on

answer

1962

question

JFK imposed naval blockade & demanded that Nikita Krushchev remove missiles from Cuba in

answer

October 1962

question

After a tense 13 days in October, US agrees to dismantle missiles in turkey and never to invade Cuba, which was not made public until

answer

1989

question

Became leader in 1953 when Stalin died, he criticized Stalin and reversed some of his policies

answer

Nikita Krushchev

question

Krushchev was removed from power in

answer

1964

question

Leonid Brezhnev held power from?

answer

Mid 1960s to 1982

question

The soviet network of prison/ labor camps for dissidents is called

answer

Gulag

question

Scientist who spoke out

answer

Andrei Sakharov

question

Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1975

answer

Andrei Sakharov

question

Arrested in 1980 when he criticized Soviet invasion of Afghanistan/ exiled to Gorky

answer

Andrei Sakharov

question

Hunger strikes in

answer

1980s

question

Was allowed to return to Moscow in 1986 by Mikhail Gorbachov

answer

Andrei Sakharov

question

Died of a heart attack in 1989

answer

Andrei Sakharov

question

Soldier during WWII p, wrote letter to a friend criticizing Stakin

answer

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

question

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn sent to a prison camp, released when Krushchev was in power in

answer

1945

question

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote about experiences as prisoner, exiled to W. germany and stripped of soviet citizenship in

answer

1974

question

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn died in/on

answer

Russia in 2008

question

Military rivalry as well as a competition between two contrasting economic and political value systems was

answer

Cold War

question

Free markets was based on?

answer

Cpatilsim

question

Capitalist countries have _______ economies

answer

Market

question

Prices are based on_____ & ______

answer

Supply and Demand

question

Most western countries have "_____" economies

answer

Mixed

question

Western European market & capatilist economies have more government control than in the US- they are

answer

"Socialists"

question

US policy toward the USSR-containment(strong support of governments facing invasion or internal communist rebellions

answer

...

question

US shelters were built as fallout shelters stocked with______

answer

Food

question

Fear reached a peak during Cuban missiles crisis on

answer

October 1962

question

Drills in schools reflected widespread fear of a _____ ___

answer

Nuclear war

question

Americans feared communists in US might try to undermine US government is called the

answer

Red Scare

question

This person led hunt for suspected American communists, became notorius for unproven charges, influence faded after he attacked patriotism of US army

answer

Sen Joseph McCarthy

question

HUAC( House Un-American Activities committee) had a campaign to identify supposed communists

answer

...

STUDY

AP United States History Coal And Steel Grants And Loans William Graham Sumner

APUSH P6 1865-1898 – Flashcards 44 terms

Amari Finch

44 terms

Preview

APUSH P6 1865-1898 – Flashcards

question

Why was US the leading industrial power in the world by 1900?

answer

raw materials (coal, copper, oil), abundant labor supply (immigrants), labor-saving technologies

question

Railroads encouraged _______.

answer

mass production, mass consumption, economic specialization, daily life changes (railroad time became standard time for all Americans), settlement on Great Plants, one great national market between West and East

question

2nd Industrial Revolution

answer

production of steel, petroleum, electric power

question

Steel industry

answer

Great Lakes region, Andrew Carnegie, vertical integration, United States Steel owned by J.P. Morgan

question

Oil industry

answer

John Rockefeller by applying the latest technologies and efficient practices; Standard Oil Trust; horizontal organization (former competitors brought under a single corporate umbrella)

question

Social Darwinism

answer

Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in biology

question

Gospel of Wealth

answer

Andrew Carnegie's article "Wealth" argued that rich had social responsibility

question

Horatio Alger Myth

answer

rags to riches through hard work: stories by Horatio Alger Jr.

question

industrial warfare

answer

lockout (closing the factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized), blacklists (names of pro-union workers circulated)

question

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

answer

strike on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Hayes sent fed. troops to end labor violence

question

National Labor Union

answer

skilled and unskilled, broad social program, lost support after depression 1873

question

Knights of Labor

answer

skilled and unskilled, Terence V. Powderly, abolition of child labor, blamed for Haymarket

question

Haymarket Bombing

answer

Chicago; someone throw a bomb and killed 7 police officers

question

American Federation of Labor

answer

skill workers only; Samuel Gompers; higher wages and improved working conditions

question

Homestead Strike

answer

Homestead Steel plant workers 20% wage cut, failure set back the union movement in steel industry

question

Pullman Strike

answer

George Pullman's company workers have cut in wages; Grover Cleveland forbad interference with mail

question

Gilded Age (1870s-1890s)

answer

seemed good, despite the corrupt politics and growing gap between the rich & poor

question

Problems with frontier life

answer

extreme weather, lonesome lives, falling prices for their crops; ultimately, dams and irrigation saved many western families

question

The Closing of the Frontier led to Turner's Frontier Thesis.

answer

Frederick Jackson Turners writes that the frontier has promoted independence, individualism, and was an important safety valve.

question

US Army massacre Indians at ______, marking the end of the Indian Wars on the prairie.

answer

Wounded Knee

question

A Century of Dishonor (1881)

answer

Helen Hunt Jackson supports Indian assimilation (formal edu, job training, conversion to Christianity)

question

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

answer

break up tribal organizations

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Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

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promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture

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With the closing of the frontier, Americans grew increasingly concerned about the loss of public lands.

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Forest Reserve Act (1891), Sierra Club

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South makes economic progress towards a a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values.

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Memphis has a lumbus industry; improved railroads

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South is still the poorest region of the country.

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late start at industrialization, poorly educated workforce, no technical and engineering schools

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Civil Rights Cases of 1883

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Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

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"separate by equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads

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Brooker T. Washington

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economic self-help, National Negro Business League, racial harmony and economic cooperation

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National Grange Movement (1868)

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Oliver Kelley, social and educational organization for farmers and their families, successfully lobbied for laws regulating rates charged by railroads

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Ocala Platform

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Farmers' Alliances met in Ocala, FA to attack problems of rural Amer. (lower tariff rates, graduated income), would evolve to the populist movement

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Old immigrants v. new immigrants

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W. Europe/S,E Europe; Irish,German/Russians,Greeks; literate/illiterate

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Jane Addams

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Hull House in Chicago (settlement houses taught English to immigrants, arts, music)

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Social Gospel

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applying Christian principles to social problems; Walter Rauschenbusch; Hell's Kitchen

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NAWSA

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National American Women Suffrage Association est. by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

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WCTU

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Woman's Christian Temperance Association, total abstinence from alcohol

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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equality for blacks, integrated schools, equal access to higher education for the"talented tenth" of African Americans

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Literature and arts were defined by _____ and ____.

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realism, naturalism (Mark Twain, Stephen Crane)

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Chester Arthur

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hired gov. employees on qualifications, approved modern American navy, questioned high protective tariff

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Grover Cleveland

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frugal,Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (first effort to regulate business), Dawes Act

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soft money or hard money?

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soft: borrow money at lower interest rates, pay off loans more easily hard (backed with gold): more value, no inflation

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Greenback Party

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pro-soft money

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How did Cleveland respond to the Panic of 1893?

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championing the gold standard, adopting a hands-off policy towards the economy, passed Wilson-Gorman Tariff that included a reduction in tariff rates and 2% income tax

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Coxey's Army

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demanded that fed. gov. spend $500 million on public works programs; arrested for walking on grass

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