General Purpose Computer Flashcards, test questions and answers
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American National Standards Institute
General Purpose Computer
International Organization For Standardization
Programming Languages
Programming Languages – Flashcards 20 terms
20 terms
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Programming Languages – Flashcards
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The oldest high-level programming language. Designed by John Backus for IBM in the late 1950s, it is still popular today, particularly for scientific applications that require extensive mathematical computations.
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FORTRAN
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Developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, It is the second-oldest high-level programming language (FORTRAN is the oldest). It is particularly popular for business applications that run on large computers. It is a wordy language; programs written in it tend to be much longer than the same programs written in other languages.
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COBOL
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A high-level programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth in the late 1960s. It is best known for its affinity to structured programming techniques. The nature of the language forces programmers to design programs methodically and carefully. For this reason, it is a popular teaching language. Despite its success in academia, it has had only modest success in the business world. Part of the resistance to it by professional programmers stems from its inflexibility and lack of tools for developing large applications.
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Pascal
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A high-level programming language developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s for the United States Defense Department. It was designed to be a general-purpose language for everything from business applications to rocket guidance systems. One of its principal features is that it supports real-time applications. In addition, it incorporates modular techniques that make it easier to build and maintain large systems. Since 1986, it has been the mandatory development language for most U.S. military applications. In addition, it is often the language of choice for large systems that require real-time processing, such as banking and air traffic control systems.
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Ada
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Developed in the 1960s at Dartmouth College to introduce novices to programming. Many of its latest versions are object oriented.
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BASIC
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Implemented in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories. It initially became widely known as the UNIX operating system's development language. Today, most of the code for general-purpose operating systems is written in it or C++.
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C
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An extension of C, it was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the early 1980s at Bell Laboratories. It provides a number of features that "spruce up" the C language, but more important, it provides capabilities for object-oriented programming.
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C++
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an object-oriented language based on C. It was developed in the early 1980s and later acquired by Next, which in turn was acquired by Apple. It has become the key programming language for the Mac OS X operating system and all iOS-powered devices (such as iPods, iPhones and iPads).
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Objective C
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Microsoft's ____ ____ language was introduced in the early 1990s to simplify the development of Microsoft Windows applications. Its latest versions support object-oriented programming.
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Visual Basic
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Microsoft's 3 primary object-oriented languages are Visual Basic, Visual C++ (based on C++) and Visual __(based on C++ and Java, and developed for intergrating the Internet and the web into computer applications.
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C#
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An open source server-side scripting language designed for Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. It is one of the first developed server-side scripting languages to be embedded into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. The code is interpreted by a Web server with a ___ processor module which generates the resulting Web page.
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PHP
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An object-oriented scripting language, released publicly in 1991 by Guido van Rossum and draws heavily from Modula-3. It is extensible because it can be extended through classes and programming interfaces. It's also a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability.
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Python
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It is the most widely used scripting language and used primarily to add programmability to web pages.
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Javascript
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Created in the mid-1990's by Yukihiro Matsumoto, it is an open-source, object oriented scripting language that's similar to Python.
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Ruby
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It's the combination of the scripting language Ruby with the Rails web application framework developed by 37Signals.
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Ruby on Rails
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Designed by Martin Odersky and released in 2003, it uses both the object-oriented and functional programming paradigms and is designed to integrate with Java.
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Scala (Scalable Language)
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A high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. The latest major stable revision is 5.16, released in May 2012. ____ 6 is a complete redesign of the language, announced in 2000 and still under active development as of 2012.
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perl
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A general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer programming language that is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to run on another.originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.
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Java
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A dynamically typed concatenative programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982. It is best known for its use as a page description language in the electronic and desktop publishing areas.
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Postscript
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An Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft that is modeled on Visual Basic. It is designed as a "lightweight" language with a fast interpreter for use in a wide variety of Microsoft environments. It uses the Component Object Model to access elements of the environment within which it is running.
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VBScript
Content Management System
General Purpose Computer
Technology Terms New Hire – Flashcards 153 terms
153 terms
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Technology Terms New Hire – Flashcards
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Access
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Software for creating and managing databases from Microsoft.
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Agile
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A type of development that calls for keeping code simple, testing often, and delivering small, functional bits of the application as soon as they're ready. The focus is to build a succession of parts, rather than delivering one large application at the end of the project.
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AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
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A web browser development feature that allows web pages to be more interactive and dynamic such that content can update without requiring manual page reloads. The "X" is a red herring, these days it's more common to use JSON than XML.
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Amazon Web Services AWS
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An Amazon-run service where a "cloud" of computers can be made available on-demand. This allows you to only pay for server capacity that you actually need when you need it. It includes Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Amazon S3.
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Android
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A mobile operating system developed by Google. It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
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AngularJS
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An open-source web application framework that addresses many of the challenges encountered in developing single-page applications. It aims to simplify both the development and the testing of such applications by providing a framework for client-side model-view- controller (MVC) architecture, along with components commonly used in rich Internet applications.
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Apache
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A widely-used free and open-source web server software. It is most commonly used on a Unix-like system, and the software is available for a wide variety of operating systems, including Windows, OS X, Linux, Unix, FreeBSD, Solaris, NetWare, OS/2, TPF, OpenVMS and eComStation.
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API (Application Programming Interface)
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A standardized module of program functionality that provides a specific service and can be re-used by multiple programs or developers.
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Application Developer
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A developer who writes standalone apps that run on desktop and laptop computers.
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ASP.NET (Active Server Pages on .NET Framework)
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A framework for developing custom web server applications on Microsoft Server Platform. The term includes the original ASP.NET known as Webforms and the newer ASP.NET/MVC.
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Augmented Reality (AR)
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A subset of graphics programming and things like image recognition, pattern recognition, face recognition; machine learning is also not unlikely to be involved.
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Azure
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Microsoft's cloud service, a competitor to Amazon Web Services. This is essentially a similar platform to Amazon Web Services (AWS) and the google cloud offerings.
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Back End Developer
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A developer who focuses mainly on the server side of code for a web application. They are knowledgeable about databases, server internals, system administration and technologies used once a site reaches scale.
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Big Data
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A buzzword for "data science" which means "working with very large amounts of data".
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Bug Tracking
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A database or project management system for tracking program bugs.
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Bug
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A program defect or erroneous behavior
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Build
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Verb = the act of compiling programs from their source human-readable form into computer executable format. Noun = the final executable output form itself as a "release."
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C (Pronounced "Sea")
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A general purpose programming language used to program low-level applications for embedded applications, device drivers, operating system kernels, etc.
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C# (Pronounced "Sea Sharp")
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A very common development language for ASP.NET platform. It is a general purpose language that is extensively used for Think Client (Silverlight) apps and Windows (WPF) apps.
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C++ (Pronounced "Sea Plus Plus")
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An object-oriented version of the "C" programming language, commonly used for developing desktop Windows and Linux applications. Competes with Java, C#.
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CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
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A combination of hardware and software that allows engineers to design a variety of objects.
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Cloud
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A service of another company managing your hardware. Using a cloud service means you don't own your own physical hardware, and you can add or remove servers on-demand without much up-front cost.
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Cocoa
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One of the Apple technologies, is a programming API for OS X.
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Code Coverage
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An analysis method that determines which parts of the software have been executed (covered) by the test case suite and which parts have not been executed and therefore may require additional attention.
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Codec (Short for "Coder Decoder")
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A device or program that converts signals or content from one form to another. Additionally, it may be used to refer to a standard that does such activities in a standard way. MP3 is an Audio CODEC for example.
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ColdFusion
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An Enterprise Web Development Framework sold by Adobe Systems used for developing Web applications.
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Content Management Systems (CMS)
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A database for content storage that is intended to help manage workflow and version tracking of content. Usually used as a way to have multiple people contributing to the content of a particular web-site and track all those revisions and history.
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CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
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A way to describe the presentation and formatting semantics separate from the actual textual content in HTML pages
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Database
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A collection of data stored in a computer in such a way that a program or a webpage can easily find, select, and/or manipulate the desired data. Typically, databases are organized by fields, records and tables. A field is one piece of data, a record is a collection of fields, and a table is a collection of records.
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Database Administrator
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A developer who has exceptional knowledge of the internal workings of a database server. Their primary roles are ensuring data integrity, backup, and performance efficiency.
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Data Modeling
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The analysis of data objects that are used in a business or other context and the identification of the relationships among these data objects.
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DBMS (Database Management System)
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Software for creating, reading and writing to a database.
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Debugging
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The process of finding and removing the causes of software failures.
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Deployment
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The process of moving compiled code (and other items - such as images, CSS, documentation etc...) from development to production. Common to web applications.
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Developer
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A person who solves technical problems and implements them primarily by writing software. Developers must be able to write working code.
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Development Environment
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The set of programming tools used to create software.
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DevOps ("Development + Operations")
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A software development practice that emphasizes close collaboration between software developers and other operational teams like system administrators, or a person who specializes in a hybrid developer-sysadmin role. Contrast this against the traditional model still in use at most companies called "waterfall", where Developer and Operations are given conflicting priorities and collaboration isn't encouraged.
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Django
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An open-source web framework written in Python
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Dreamweaver
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A web development application. Used to create and manage web page content and applications.
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Drupal
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A free and open source Content Management System that is written in PHP.
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Eclipse
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An Integrated Development Environment used to write Java code.
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ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
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The process of moving and transforming data between two systems, which are usually both very complex.
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Flash
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An Adobe proprietary multimedia platform for adding animation, video and various forms of interactivity to web applications. Normally realized as a downloaded application that runs via web browser client-side plug-in. Many Flash developers are proficient in ActionScript.
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Flash Builder 4
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An interactive development environment for build Adobe FLASH applications. See Flash.
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Flex
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Earlier versions of Flash Builder. See Flash Builder 4.
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Front End Developer
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A developer who focuses mainly on the part of the application that runs in the browser. They work directly with HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
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Full Stack Developer
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A developer that can get a website live on the internet all on their own. Requires the use of many technologies, including a database, operating system configuration (OS), server configuration, a server framework, HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
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Git
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A distributed source control system, where everyone who clones a project gets the complete history of it. It is possible to develop locally without any dependency on a central server.
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GitHub
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A website for hosting source code in Git. It is the most common place to share and collaborate on open source projects, and can also be used to host private repositories for companies.
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GO / golang
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A general purpose computer language developed by Google.
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High-level Programming Language
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A programming language that's designed to be easier to read and use. Provides more abstractions from the details of how computers work, may include natural language keywords (e.g. making some code read like English prose). Examples: Ruby, Python, C#.
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Hadoop
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An open-source big data framework written in Java.
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HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
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The language used to specify the content of web pages.
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IDE
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Stands for Integrated Development Environment. A software application that helps developers write code. Examples include Eclipse and Visual Studio.
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iOS
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A mobile operating system created and developed by Apple for Apple hardware. It presently powers many of their mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad and iPod touch.
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IIS (Internet Information Server)
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A software used to serve web site pages. Runs on Microsoft Windows Server.
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Illustrator
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A vector graphics based editor, Adobe Illustrator. This program allows graphics to be created using lines and various structured objects. Alternatively, Adobe Photoshop operates at the pixel level.
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Intranet
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A company's network - not usually accessible from outside company premises, though sometimes such access is available via a VPN (see VPN).
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Java (rhymes with lava)
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An object-oriented programming language that is associated with a write-once run-anywhere philosophy. Java applications can be run securely on any platform.
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JavaScript
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A programming language most commonly used for client-side web browser based applications to build interactive and dynamic web page content. However, its popularity in server-side programming has been increasing lately; see "node.js". This language has no association with Java.
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Joomla
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A free and open source Content Management System (CMS) for web servers written in PHP.
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jQuery
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A cross-browser JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. It is the most popular JavaScript library in use today.
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JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
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A lightweight way to move data for web applications. It's intended as a more efficient alternative to XML when the sophistication of XML is not needed.
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LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and Perl/PHP/Python)
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A fully free and open source technology stack usually used for development of Web Applications on Linux platforms. LAMP is a competitor to Microsoft ASP.NET stack with Microsoft SQL Server.
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Lean Programming
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A concept that emphasizes optimizing efficiency and minimizing waste in the development of a computer program; the concept is also applicable to all enterprise practices. The concept originated in manufacturing and is also known as the Toyota approach.
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Linux
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A computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The word Linux is used to describe a whole family of operating systems, the best known of which are Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, and Debian.
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Low-level Programming Language
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A programming language that provides few abstractions and allows programs to be written that resemble hardware instructions. This allows for code that is potentially harder to read but runs faster than a high-level counterpart. Examples: Assembly, C
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Magento
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An open-source E-commerce content management system written in PHP.
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Mobile Developer
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A developer who typically writes programs for smartphones and tablet computers using iOS, Android, or Windows Phone (less common).
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MongoDB
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A cross-platform, document-oriented database which makes the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster. Belongs to the family of NoSQL databases.
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MVC (Model View Controller)
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A design pattern for creating a separation of concerns where the user interface is separated from the data and business logic of the application.
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MySQL
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A relational database management system that is a popular choice for use in web applications. It is a central component of the LAMP open source web application software stack.
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.NET Framework
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A software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Windows. Programs written for the .NET Framework are most commonly written in C#, but can also be written in Visual Basic .NET, F# and several other languages. Microsoft has recently released the .NET framework under an open-source license.
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node.js
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An open-source, cross-platform runtime environment for server-side and networking applications. Node.js applications are written in JavaScript.
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NoSQL Database
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A database that provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases. NoSQL databases are increasingly being used in big data and real-time web applications. NoSQL databases are often contrasted with more traditional relational databases like MySQL, Postgresql, MSSQL and Oracle. Also called "a key-value" database because given a key (the item being looked up), the value (answer) is found.
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Object-Oriented Programming
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A programming model where data and code is combined together into a logical abstraction. A type of programming that helps improve the structure of programs so that common elements in the code could be structured more like the real world "objects" they represent. Many modern programming languages are object-oriented, including Java, C#, Python, Perl, Ruby, PHP, Objective-C and Swift.
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Objective-C
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An object-oriented version of the "C" programming language, commonly used on Apple platforms including Mac OS X and iOS for iPhone and iPad. Apple's answer to C++. Also see "Swift", which was created by Apple in 2015 and which has a good chance of mostly replacing Objective-C in the long run.
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Open Source
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A program whose source code is made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit. Other terms used are "Free Software" and "Libre Software" (less common) and the acronyms OSS, FOSS, and FLOSS; the difference between these terms is mostly philosophical.
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Photoshop
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A photo editing software made by Adobe.
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PHP
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A scripting type programming language with many powerful libraries. This language is commonly used to develop web server applications, especially on open source platforms such as Linux.
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Postgres
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A free and open object-relational DBMS. Used for storing and management of data via SQL. Competitors include Microsoft SQL, MySQL, Oracle, etc.
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Puppet
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A configuration management solution that allows you to define the state of your IT infrastructure, and then automatically enforces the desired state. It is primarily used on Linux and Unix systems. Competitors include Chef, Ansible, SaltStack, etc.
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Python
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An object-oriented programming language commonly used for web development and scripting applications.
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Rackspace Cloud, EC2, S3
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An example of cloud-based computing and cloud based storage applications.
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Ruby
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A dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language.
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Ruby on Rails
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An open-source web application framework written in Ruby. Ruby on Rails is a MVC (model-view-controller) framework, which provides default structures for a database, web service and webpages.
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SAN/NAS (Storage Area Network/Network Attached Storage)
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Dedicated devices and infrastructure for management of data intensive applications.
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Scala
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An object-functional programming language for general software applications. Scala source code is intended to be compiled to Java bytecode, so that the resulting executable code runs on a Java virtual machine.
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Scrum
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A development process that emphasizes writing software in short, iterative "sprints". The person responsible for facilitating the process is called the Scrum master.
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SiteCore
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A web-based content management system written in C#.
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Source Control
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A database that tracks changes to software source code. Common source control systems include Git, Subversion, Team Foundation Server and Mercurial (source).
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SQL (Structured Query Language)
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A (mostly) standardized syntax for accessing and updating data in a database management system (DBMS). Common SQL databases include MySQL, Postgresql, Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL) and Oracle.
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Stack
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The core set of technologies used to implement solutions. Generally companies that describe their stack are web development companies because most standalone app and mobile developers use a much smaller set of tools. A product has a specific stack, but a company can use different stacks for different products.
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Swift
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A modern programming language created by Apple for iOS and OS X development.
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System Administrator (sysadmin)
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A person responsible for building and maintaining server infrastructure.
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Titanium
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A cross-platform mobile development kit -- the idea is that when using it you don't need specific knowledge of iOS/Android/Windows Phone to write apps for all three.
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Unit Testing
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A method by which individual units of source code are tested to determine if they are fit for use. A unit is the smallest testable part of an application. The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are correct. A unit test provides a strict, written contract that the piece of code must satisfy.
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UNIX
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An early operating system developed in the C programming language. Many current operating systems such as Linux and Mac OS X are based on UNIX.
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User Interface (UI)
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The human interface aspect of a computer application or device. The user interface is what the end user/human sees and uses.
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UX ("User Experience") Developer
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A developer that is responsible for the design and workflows of the user-facing part of the application.
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VBA (Visual Basic for Applications)
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The programming environment used to develop application on top of the Microsoft Office Suite such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
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VB (Visual Basic)
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A Microsoft Programming language. See VBA.
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VB.NET (Visual Basic .NET)
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A version of Visual Basic that runs on the .NET framework and Runtime.
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VB6 (Visual Basic Version 6)
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A legacy Microsoft version of the BASIC programming language.
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Version Control Systems
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See Source Control
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Visual Studio
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An Integrated Development Environment used to write .NET code.
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VPN
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Stands for Virtual Private Network. It extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet.
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WCF Web Services (Windows Communication Foundation)
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An API under Microsoft .NET for creating service oriented applications in a distributed environment.
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Web developer
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A developer who works on applications that run in the browser.
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WordPress
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A web-based Content Management System (CMS) typically used for blogging. Written in PHP.
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Wowza Media Server
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A commercial server built for efficiently delivering rich media streaming content over the web - like videos, images or audio files.
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Xcode
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An IDE that contains a suite of software development tools developed by Apple for OS X and iOS.
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XML (Extensible Markup Language)
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A set of standard rules and syntax for encoding any type of structured data. XML is commonly used as a data interchange format in web applications and various document types.
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XAML (Extensible Application Markup Language)
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A Microsoft flavor of XML used in .NET development of desktop or rich client applications with WPF and Silverlight.
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Information Technology or IT
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Refers to any use of computers in processing data. It is used interchangeably with IT, IS (Information Systems) and MIS (Management Information Systems)
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Hardware
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Any physical, tangible piece of equipment. Monitors, printers, keyboards, disk drives, tape drives, etc. are all considered hardware.
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Software
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Set of programs that tell the computer what to do. Software can be classified into systems software and applications software.
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Systems Software
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Controls a computer and makes it possible for users to enter and run their own programs. It allows the computer to recognize keystrokes and display messages on the screen. Systems software allows the computer to recognize and obey commands typed by the user.
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Applications Software
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Set of instructions that performs a specific function or solves a specific problem. Common types of application software include word processing applications such as MS Word or spreadsheet applications such as MS Excel.
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Operating System
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The "brain or engine" of the computer. The operating system controls hardware, runs applications and organizes information.
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Unix
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The oldest operating system still in widespread use. It is a multi-user, multitasking operating system originally licensed by AT&T's Bell Laboratories. Unix is written in C language so can be easily updated and modified.
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Windows
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Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft that, together with some commonly used business applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel, has become the "standard" for individual users in most corporations as well as in most homes. Windows introduced to home and business PC users many of the graphical user interface (GUI) ideas.
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Language
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Instructions for your computer
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Object Oriented
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An approach to programming that treats data and processing as independent objects which can be reused and interchanged between programs. Objects are stored in libraries and programs are built by combining objects to accomplish a task.
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Script
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A prewritten set of commands
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GUI (Graphic User Interface)
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Software that allows access to computer systems via graphical methods such as icons and pull down menus. GUIs can be found in operating systems, application development systems and database systems.
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Embedded System
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Embedded systems usually contain both operating and application system programs. The programming in an embedded system is written permanently into the system's memory, rather than being loaded into RAM (random access memory), as programs on a personal computer are. An example would be the program in a car that tells the driver when the lights are left on.
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Network
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A combination of hardware and software that connects two or more computers so they may communicate with one another.
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LAN (Local Area Network)
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A computer network that connects computers within a small geographic area, such as an office or a building.
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WAN (Wide Area Network)
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A computer network that connects computers across a large geographic area, such as a city or country. A WAN can transmit information by telephone line, microwave or satellite.
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Router
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Communication device used to connect two networks that operate under the same network layer. Specifically, a computer configured to determine the best path to transfer information to reduce traffic congestion.
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Protocol
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Set of rules agreed to for data communications.
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Database
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Section of the system that stores data.
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End User
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Refers to the recipients of the work of the IT department. The individuals sitting at their desks utilizing PC's for their daily jobs.
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Client/server
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Describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program, the client, makes a service request from another program, the server, which then fulfills the request.
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Mainframe
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A large computer manufactured for the commercial applications for businesses with large scale computing purposes. Historically, a mainframe is associated with centralized rather than distributed computing.
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Web
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A system for linking information on internet computer systems that allows users access to sound, graphics and text not available through traditional Internet connections.
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Workstations
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PCs attached to a LAN that in turn shares the resources of one or more large computer. Since they are PCs they can be used independently of the mainframe assuming they have their own applications installed and their own hard disk storage.
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Device Drivers
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A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on. When you buy an operating system, many device drivers are built into the product. However, if you later buy a new type of device that the operating system didn't anticipate, you'll have to install the new device driver. A device driver essentially converts the more general input/output instructions of the operating system to messages that the device type can understand.
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HIPAA
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Signed by President Clinton in 1996. The ideology is to move healthcare transactions into an electronic environment. HIPAA will impact hospitals, group health plans, health insurers and business partners.
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Compiler
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A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language such as C, C++ or Cobol, and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses.
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
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An older term for processor and microprocessor, the central unit in a computer containing the logic circuitry that performs the instructions of a computer's programs.
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Microprocessor
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A microprocessor is a computer processor on a microchip. It's sometimes called a logic chip. It is the "engine" that goes into motion when you turn your computer on.
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ASIC
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(application-specific integrated circuit) - A microchip designed for a special application, such as a particular kind of transmission protocol or a hand-held computer. An ASIC can be pre-manufactured for a special application or it can be custom manufactured by an ASIC designer for a particular customer application.
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Real Time
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Real time is a level of computer responsiveness that is fairly immediate. For example, to present visualizations of the weather as it constantly changes is Real Time. Real-time is an adjective pertaining to computers or processes that operate in real time. In the days when mainframe batch computers were predominant, an expression for a mainframe that interacted immediately with users working from connected terminals was online in real time.
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Telecommunications
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Sending data over communications lines to allow for processing data over distances.
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Analysis and Design
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Performed by internal associates and/or Business Analyst.s Meetings between the business people and the users to determine what the current system is like vs. what they want it to be able to do. The systems analyst or architect designs what the system will look like physically and logically.
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Programming
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Performed by Programmer or Software Engineer Writing of the code as set forth in the design phase.
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Testing
answer
Performed by Quality Assurance (QA) Testers. Usually gets involved at the design phase so they are aware of how the system is supposed to work. Ensures desired results by testing the code.
question
Documentation
answer
Performed by Technical Writer. Systems Documentation - Provides the coding logic. This is useful for system changes down the road, especially if the original developer is no longer there.. User Documentation - Describes how to use the features and functions of the system for the user.
question
Implementation
answer
The system goes live!
question
Training
answer
Performed by Technical Writer or Programmer
question
Maintenance
answer
Performed by Programmer, QA Testers, and support personnel. Additions and modifications to existing system. Regression testing
General Purpose Computer
Inventions
Technological History
World War
computer ch 1 – Flashcards 74 terms
74 terms
Preview
computer ch 1 – Flashcards
question
who is considered to be the first computer programmer
answer
Ada Lovelace
question
what resembles incandescent lights, give off a lot of heat, and are not notoriously reliable
answer
vacuum tubes
question
what is a complex, integrated circuit
answer
microprocessor
question
what is the binary code that can represent most currently used language characters as well as mathematical and graphic symbols
answer
Unicode
question
what type of portable computer is the smallest
answer
netbook
question
what are high-end desktop computers used in a business environment called
answer
workstations
question
what are devices such as smart phones and tablets which are small computers that we carry with us
answer
mobile devices
question
what shares the processing of a task across multiple computer systems
answer
distributed computing
question
computers in traffic lights, at supermarket checkouts, and in appliances are examples of what type of computers
answer
embedded
question
what is an example of convergence
answer
smart home
question
computers convert data into information using the information processing cycle
answer
true
question
first generation computers used switches and vacuum tubes
answer
true
question
today's computers use transistors and microprocessors
answer
false
question
Moore's law states that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit will double roughly every 18 months to 2 years
answer
true
question
ASCII contains codes for all of the languages in use today
answer
false
question
ergonomics allows you to design a workspace for your comfort and health
answer
true
question
all-in-one is another name for a notebook computer
answer
false
question
users connect to servers via clients
answer
true
question
GPS was originally built by the military
answer
true
question
the idea that computers are all around us is called embedded computing
answer
true
question
a computer is a programmable machine that converts raw data into what
answer
info
question
the development of what made the creation of the microprocessor possible
answer
integrated circuit
question
the use of what in place of vacuum tubes allowed second-generation computers to be more powerful, smaller, more reliable, and able to be programmed in far less time
answer
transistors
question
what was the first working, digital, general-purpose computer
answer
ENIAC
question
what design creates a work environment designed to reduce illness and musculoskeletal disorder
answer
ergonomic
question
what computers are built by Apple and run the OS X operating system
answer
mac
question
what is a hands-free computer designed to be worn on the body
answer
wearable
question
what are computers that provide services, such as Internet access, email, or file and print services, to client systems
answer
servers
question
what are very expensive computer systems that are used to perform complex mathematical calculations, such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research
answer
supercomputers
question
what is technology that is invisible to us called
answer
ubiquitous computing
question
A desktop system unit that houses the computer's processor, memory, and monitor in a single unit.
answer
all-in-one computer
question
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most common format for text files in computers and on the Internet. In an ASCII file, each alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with a 7-bit binary number (a string of seven 0s or 1s). 128 possible characters are defined.
answer
ASCII
question
How the computer communicates using ones and zeros using digital information patterns. This is transformed into analog for us to understand.
answer
binary code
question
The number system used by computers; it has only two numbers, 0 and 1, called binary digits, or bits.
answer
binary number system
question
Application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data
answer
bioinformatics
question
smallest unit of digital information
answer
bit
question
8 bits
answer
byte
question
what users use to connect to minicomputers/ midrange servers
answer
client
question
manageable machine that converts raw data into useful information
answer
computer
question
integration of technology
answer
convergence
question
the raw form of info
answer
data
question
Computer designed so the system unit, input devices, output devices, and any other devices fit entirely on or under a desk or table.
answer
desktop computer
question
A form of computing where systems in different locations communicate and collaborate to complete a task.
answer
distributed computing
question
a specialized computer found in ordinary devices
answer
embedded computer
question
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was the first large scale, electronic, digital computer.
answer
ENIAC
question
How a user sets up his or her computer and other equipment to minimize risk of injury or discomfort.
answer
ergonomics
question
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
answer
GPS
question
Environmentally conscious computing consisting of three major components: power management, virtualization, and e-waste management.
answer
green computing
question
is an approach to high performance computing that uses the spare processing capacity of computers connected to a network. Each computer is given a small portion of the task to process in its spare time.
answer
grid computing
question
A portable computer that is small enough to be held in one's hand.
answer
handheld
question
Data converted into a meaningful and useful context
answer
information
question
the process a computer uses to convert data into information
answer
information processing cycle
question
3rd generation computers - A group of tiny transistors and electric wires built on a silicon wafer, or chip.
answer
integrated circuit
question
a personal computer manufactured by Apple
answer
Mac
question
A large expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously.
answer
mainframe
question
4th generation computer - A small circuit board that controls all the CPU within a computer.
answer
microprocessor
question
smallest multiuser computer
answer
minicomputer
question
a portable computer that you take everywhere
answer
mobile device
question
Accurately predicted that computer processing power would double every 18 to 24 months
answer
Moore's law
question
A system that allows multiple, simultaneous users to connect to it, allowing for centralized resources and security. Multiuser computers are also more powerful than personal computers.
answer
multiuser computer
question
a small laptop computer designed primarily for accessing Internet-based applications.
answer
netbook
question
A ____ (or laptop) is a portable version of a desktop system. It often has similar hardware and runs similar software.
answer
notebook
question
a small microprocessor-based computer designed to be used by one person at a time
answer
personal computer
question
A computer in a network that provides access to other computers in the network to programs, web pages, data, or other files and services, such as printer access or communications access.
answer
server
question
A specially designed computer that can perform complex calculations extremely rapidly; used in situations in which complex models requiring intensive mathematical calculations are needed (such as weather forecasting or atomic energy research).
answer
supercomputer
question
A type of notebook computer that has an LCD screen on which the user can write using a special-purpose pen, or stylus.
answer
tablet PC
question
A small electronic device used in a circuit as an amplifier or switch
answer
transistor
question
The condition in which computing is so woven into the fabric of everyday life that it becomes indistinguishable from it.
answer
ubiquitous computing
question
A coding scheme similar to ASCII that attempts to represent characters in most of the world's languages using 2bytes for each one.
answer
Unicode
question
An electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum and represents binary data; used in the construction of first generation computers.
answer
vacuum tube
question
Embedded with computing chip that enables an individual to play interactive games with video technology
answer
video game system
question
a form of distributed computing that relies on the processing power of hundreds or thousands of volunteers' personal computers
answer
volunteer computing
question
A computer designed to be worn on the body.
answer
wearable
question
A computer connected to a network at which users interact with software stored on the network.
answer
workstation
Computer Applications
General Purpose Computer
Information Processing Cycle
Computer Literacy Chapter 1 – Flashcards 20 terms
20 terms
Preview
Computer Literacy Chapter 1 – Flashcards
question
A computer is a programmable machine that converts raw ___?
answer
data
question
Give an example of convergence
answer
smartphones
question
What kinds of computers are found in automobiles, ATMs, and appliances?
answer
embedded computers
question
In which step of the information processing cycle is data manipulated, calculated, or organized to create useful information?
answer
Processing
question
What is the binary code that can represent most currently used language characters and is the standard used on the Internet?
answer
Unicode
question
What was the name of the mechanical computer designed, but not built, in the early 19th century by mathmatician Charles Babbage?
answer
Analytical Engine
question
What is the name of the measure of a computer's ability to display intelligent behavior?
answer
Turing test
question
What is the branch of science concerned with making computers behave like humans?
answer
artificial intelligence
question
What is the name of a tiny electrical switch that made second-generation computers faster and more reliable than their predecessors?
answer
Transistors
question
What is the name of a complex, integrated circuit?
answer
microprocessor
question
What are desktop computers attached to a network in a business setting called?
answer
workstations
question
What type of portable computer is thin and light and has high-end processing and video capabilities?
answer
all-in-one computer
question
What computers are built by Apple and run the OS X operating system?
answer
Mac computers
question
What does the GPS use to determine the location, time and velocity of an object?
answer
triangulation
question
What is the ability to run older programs on newer hardware called?
answer
backward compatibility
question
What kinds of computers provide to client systems services such as internet access, email, file, and print services?
answer
client
question
What kind of computer can perform millions of transactions in a day?
answer
Mainframe/enterprise servers
question
What is it called when a group of computers shares the processing of a task in one location?
answer
Multiuser computers
question
What is the name of the very expensive computers that are used to perform complex mathematical calculations, such as those used in weather forecast and medical research?
answer
Supercomputers
question
What kind of design creates a work enviorment designed to reduce illness and musckoskeletal disorders?
answer
Ergonomics
Computer Applications
Electrical Engineering
General Purpose Computer
Information Processing Cycle
COSC TEST #1 – Flashcards 155 terms
155 terms
Preview
COSC TEST #1 – Flashcards
question
All in one computer
answer
a compact desktop computer with the system unit integrated into the monitor
question
ASCII
answer
an 8 bit binary code with 256 characters
question
Backup
answer
the process of copying files to another location for protection
question
BIOS
answer
a program stored on a chip on a motherboard that is used to start up a computer
question
Bit
answer
a binary digit; the smallest unit of digital information
question
Bug
answer
a flaw in software programming
question
Byte
answer
consists of 8 bits and used to represent a single character in modern computer systems.
question
Cell
answer
the intersection of a row and a column in a spreadsheet
question
Client
answer
a computer that connects to, or requests services from, another computer called a server
question
Cloud computing
answer
a type of computing that moves processing and storage off your desktop and business hardware and puts it in the cloud- on the Internet, it consists of three parts: infrastructure-as-a-a-Service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
question
Computer
answer
a programmable machine that converts raw data into useful information
question
Convergence
answer
the integration of technology on multifunction devices such as smartphones.
question
Data bus
answer
a wire on a motherboard over which information flows between the components of a computer.
question
Database
answer
a collection of information that is organized in a useful way, these records are organized into one or more tables.
question
DVD
answer
an optical disc that can hold more information than a CD. A single layer can hold about 4.7 GB of information, a double layer can hold 8.5 GB
question
Ergonomics
answer
the study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces
question
EULA
answer
a license agreement between a software user and the software publisher
question
Expansion slot
answer
an interface on a motherboard that expansion cards plug in to
question
Field
answer
a single piece of information in a record in a database. For example, in a phone book record, it would be name, address, and phone number
question
File extension
answer
the second part of a file name, it is assigned by the program that is used to create the file and is used by the operating system to determine the type of file
question
File properties
answer
information about a file, such as authors, size, type, and date, wshich can be used to organize, sort, and find files more easily
question
File name
answer
the property of a file that's used to identify it using a name and a file extension
question
Flash drive
answer
a small, portable, solid state drive. Also called a key drive, thumb drive, pen drive, or jump drive
question
Folder
answer
a container used to store and organize files on a computer
question
GPS
answer
a system of 24 satellites that transmit signals that can be picked up by a receiver on the ground and used to determine the receivers location, time, and current velocity through triangulation of the signals
question
Hotfix
answer
a software update that addresses a individual problem when it is discovered. Also called a patch
question
Inkjet printer
answer
a printer that sprays droplets of ink onto a piece of paper
question
Internet of Things (IoT)
answer
the connection of the physical world to the internet. Objects are tagged and can be located, monitored, controlled using small embedded electronics
question
Keyboard
answer
an input device that translates key strokes into a signal that a computer understands; the primary input device for entering text into a computer
question
Laser printer
answer
a printer that uses a laser beam to draw an image onto a drum. The image is electrostatically charged and attracts a dry ink called toner. The drum is then rolled over paper, and the toner is deposited onto the paper. Finally, the paper is heated and pressure is applied, bonding the ink to the paper
question
Library
answer
a tool used to gather files that are located on a windows computer
question
MAC
answer
a personal computer manufactured by apple. Also referred to as a Macintosh.
question
Memory
answer
temporary storage that computer uses to hold instructions and data
question
Modem
answer
a communication device used to connect a computer to a telephone line, most often for dial-up internet access, short for modulator-demodulator
question
Monitor
answer
a video output device that works by lighting up pixels on a screen. Each pixel contains three colors- red, green, and blue and all colors can be created by varying the intensities of these three colors
question
Motherboard
answer
the main circuit board of a computer, which houses the processor (CPU) and contains drive controllers and interfaces, expansion slots, data buses, ports and connectors, the BIOS and memory. It provides a way for devices to attach to the computer
question
Mouse
answer
an input device that may include one or more buttons and a scroll wheel that works by moving across a smooth surface to signal movement of the pointer
question
Netbook
answer
a lightweight, inexpensive notebook computer designed primarily for Internet access; with built-in wireless capabilities, a small screen, and a limited computing power and storage.
question
Network adapter
answer
a communication device used to establish a connection with a network. The adapter may be onboard, an expansion card, or a USB device and may be wired or wireless. Also, called a network interface card (NIC).
question
Notebook
answer
a portable personal computer. Also, referred to as a laptop.
question
Office Application Suite
answer
a suite of productivity applications sucha as a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, program, database, And personal information manager integrated into a single package
question
Open source
answer
software that has its source code published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify, and redistribute it without paying fees.
question
OS
answer
system software that provides the user with an interface to communicate with the hardware and software on a computer, and also manages system resources
question
Patch
answer
a software update that addresses an individual problem when it is discovered, also called a hotfix
question
Path
answer
a sequence of folders to a file or folder
question
Personal computer
answer
a small microprocessor based computer used by one person at a time
question
Photo printer
answer
a printer designed to print high quality photos on special photo paper, these printers can be inkjet printers or dye sublimation printers
question
Pixel
answer
short for picture element. A single point on a display screen. Each one contains three colors: Red, green, and blue
question
Port
answer
a connection point that is used to attach a peripheral device to a motherboard
question
Portable apps
answer
application software that can be run from a flash drive.
question
RAM
answer
a volatile form of memory that holds the operating systems, programs, and data the computer is currently using.
question
Record
answer
a row of data in a database table that describes a particular entery in the database, for example a customer of a project
question
Resolution
answer
the number of horizontal by vertical pixels, for example 1280 x 1920, on a display screen
question
Scanner
answer
an input device that can increase the speed and accuracy of data entry and convert information into a digital format that can be saved copied and manipulated.
question
Servers
answer
a multiuser computer system that runs a network operating system (NOS) an provides services such as internet access, email, or file and print service to client systems
question
Service pack
answer
a large planned update that addresses multiple problems or adds multiple features and includes previous patches and hotfixes
question
Smartphone
answer
a multifunction device that blends phone, PDA, and portable media player features
question
Spreadsheet
answer
an application that creates electronic worksheets, composed of rows and columns. They are used for mathematical applications, such as budgeting, grade books, and inventory
question
System requirements
answer
the minimum hardware and software specifications required to run a software application.
question
Table
answer
a database object in which data is stored. It's arranged in rows and columns
question
Tablet
answer
a handheld mobile device that falls somewhere between a computer and a smartphone.
question
Thermal printer
answer
a printer that creates an image by heating specially coated heat sensitive paper, which changes color where the heat is applied
question
USB
answer
a standard port type that is used to connect many kinds of devices, including printers, mice, keyboards, digital cameras, cell phones, and external drives. Up to 127 devices can share a single port
question
Wearables
answer
a computer worn on the body
question
Word processor
answer
an application that is used to create, edit, and format text documents. The documents can also contain images
question
turning test
answer
The_______ is a measure of a computer's ability to display intelligent behavior.
question
vacuum tubes
answer
First-generation computers used ________ to process data.
question
microprocessor
answer
A _______is a complex integrated circuit that contains the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer
question
unicode
answer
What is the binary code that can represent most currently used language characters and is the standard used on the Internet?
question
workstations
answer
What are desktop computers attached to a network in a business setting called?
question
subnotebook
answer
What type of portable computer is thin and light, has high-end processing and video capabilities, and a 13-15 inch screen?
question
supercomputers
answer
_________ perform complex mathematical calculations, such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research.
question
bioinformatics
answer
______ is a field of study in which information technology is applied to the field of biology.
question
smartphone
answer
A(n) _____________ is an example of convergence.
question
T
answer
T/F: Computers convert data into information using the Information Processing Cycle.
question
F
answer
T/F:Third-generation computers used vacuum tubes.
question
F
answer
T/F: Today's computers use transistors and integrated circuits.
question
F
answer
T/F:Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit will double roughly every 18 years.
question
T
answer
T/F: Unicode contains codes for most of the languages in use today.
question
F
answer
T/F: Bioinformatics allows you to design a workspace for your comfort and health.
question
F
answer
T/F:All-in-one is another name for a tablet computer
question
T
answer
T/F: Users connect to servers via clients.
question
T
answer
T/F: Volunteer computing projects harness the idle processing power of hundreds or thousands of personal computers.
question
F
answer
T/F: The idea that computers are all around us is called convergence.
question
data, information
answer
A computer is a programmable machine that converts raw [Q1v1]into useful [Q1v2].
question
analytical engine
answer
The _____ _____ was a mechanical computer designed, but not built, in the early 19th century by mathematician Charles Babbage.
question
integrated circut
answer
Developed in the 1960s, _____ _____ are chips that contain large numbers of tiny transistors fabricated into a semiconducting material called silicon.
question
ergonomic
answer
_____ design creates a work environment designed to reduce illnesses and musculoskeletal disorders.
question
binary code
answer
_____ _____ is a system that represents digital data as a series of 0s and 1s that can be understood by a computer.
question
byte
answer
A _____ consists of 8 bits and is used to represent a single character in modern computer systems
question
Servers
answer
____ are computers that provide services, such as Internet access, email, or file and print services, to client systems.
question
distributed computing
answer
_____ _____ shares the processing of a task across a group of computers.
question
smart grid
answer
A _____ _____ is a network for delivering electricity to consumers that includes communication technology to manage electricity distribution efficiently
question
spreadsheet
answer
Which application would be the best choice for creating a budget?
question
open source
answer
Software that has the source code published and made available to the public—enabling anyone to copy, modify, and redistribute it without paying a fee—is called ________ software.
question
report
answer
Which object displays selected information?
question
google drive
answer
________ is an online alternative to office application suites
question
personal information management
answer
_____ software helps you manage email, calendars, and tasks.
question
shareware
answer
______ can be used for a limited period that allows the user to try it out before purchasing a license.
question
laaS
answer
Which cloud computing service enables a company to use servers in the cloud instead of purchasing and maintaining them?
question
service pack
answer
A(n) ________ is a large, planned software update that addresses multiple problems, or adds multiple features.
question
T
answer
T/F: In a business environment, Microsoft Excel is the most popular spreadsheet application.
question
F
answer
T/F: A field is the intersection of a row and a column in a spreadsheet.
question
T
answer
T/F: Apache OpenOffice can open and work with documents created in Microsoft Office.
question
T
answer
T/F: Documents created with a word processor can also contain images
question
F
answer
T/F: A project management system enables a company to save, share, search, and audit electronic documents throughout their life cycle.
question
T
answer
T/F: A Gantt chart shows the schedule and progress of a project.
question
F
answer
T/F: If your computer doesn't meet the minimum system requirements for a piece of software, it will probably still run on your system.
question
F
answer
T/F: Trialware is a form of freeware where the developers accept donations, either for themselves or for a nonprofit organization
question
F
answer
T/F: Web mail is an example of PaaS.
question
F
answer
T/F: It is generally safe to download mobile apps from unknown sources.
question
form
answer
A _____ is a database object used to enter data into a database table.
question
DMS
answer
A _____ _____ _____ is used to save, share, search, and audit electronic documents throughout their life cycle.
question
dontationware
answer
_____ is a form of freeware where the developers accept donations, either for themselves or for a nonprofit organization.
question
SaaS
answer
Part of cloud computing, _____ is the delivery of applications—or web apps—over the Internet.
question
file tab
answer
Which part of a File Explorer window contains commands to open and close the windows, as well as access to system Help?
question
finder
answer
What tool is used to find and organize files on a Mac?
question
file history
answer
The backup utility included with Windows is called______.
question
NOT
answer
Which Boolean operator excludes certain words from the search results?
question
F
answer
T/F? Folders within folders are also called paths.
question
F
answer
T/F? The folder structure created by Windows is a library.
question
F
answer
T/F? Windows File Explorer is a tool used to navigate the Internet.
question
T
answer
T/F? You can change some of the properties of a file.
question
T
answer
T/F? If you change the file extension of a file, you may be unable to open it.
question
T
answer
T/F? The Finder is a tool used in OS X to work with files and folders.
question
T
answer
T/F? A file compressed with a lossless compression algorithm can be decompressed to its original form.
question
T
answer
T/F? Searching using the Boolean operator AND limits the search results.
question
F
answer
T/F? The default program that opens a file can't be changed.
question
file management
answer
The processes of opening, closing, saving, naming, deleting, and organizing digital files are collectively called _____ _____.
question
hiearchy
answer
The folder structure created by Windows is a _____.
question
library
answer
A _____ is used to gather files that are located in different locations on a Windows computer.
question
algorithem
answer
An _____ is a procedure for solving a problem
question
default program
answer
The _____ _____ is the program that's associated with a particular file type that automatically opens when a file of that type is double-clicked
question
control unit
answer
The ________ is part of the processor that manages the movement of data through the CPU.
question
multi core processor
answer
A(n) ________ consists of two or more processors that are integrated on a single chi
question
OLED
answer
What type of monitor is composed of extremely thin panels of organic molecules sandwiched between two electrodes?
question
laser
answer
What type of printer produces the highest quality text?
question
F
answer
T/F: Pipelining requires multiple processors or cores.
question
F
answer
T/F: The terms CPU and system unit mean the same thing.
question
T
answer
T/F: Bluetooth is a short-range, wireless technology used to connect peripheral devices to a computer.
question
T
answer
T/F:Random access memory (RAM) loses the information stored in it when power is turned off.
question
F
answer
T/F: SSDs store data optically.
question
T
answer
T/F: Hard drives store data magnetically on metal platters.
question
F
answer
T/F: QWERTY keyboards were designed to improve ergonomics.
question
T
answer
T/F: LCD monitors consist of two layers of glass that are glued together with a layer of liquid crystals between them.
question
T
answer
T/F: Adaptive technology includes the hardware and software used by individuals with disabilities to interact with technology.
question
F
answer
T/F: Analog signals are superior to digital signals because they don't have to be converted for use by computers and other digital devices.
question
gigahertz
answer
A computer's clock speed is measured in _____.
question
ALU, control unit
answer
The [ch4Q2v1] performs arithmetic (addition and subtraction) and logic (AND, OR, and NOT) calculations, and the [ch4Q2v2] manages the movement of data through the CPU
question
heat sink
answer
To keep the processor from overheating, a _____ _____ and cooling fan are installed above the processor to dissipate the heat the processor produces.
question
hot swappable
answer
A device that can be plugged and unplugged without turning off the computer is known as _____.
question
NFC
answer
_____ technology enables devices to share data with each other by touching them together or bringing them within a few centimeters of each other.
question
infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
answer
a company uses servers in the cloud intead of purchasing and maintaining them
question
platform as a service (PaaS)
answer
provides a programming envirornment to develop, test, and deploy custom web applications
question
software as a service (SaaS)
answer
involves the delivery of applications over the Internet or web apps
