10. How do the media contribute to gender role socialization?

Gender socialization: The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media and family. Children’s toys, picture books, and television programs all tend to emphasize male and female attributes. Toy stores and mail-order catalogues usually categorize their products by gender. The activities of males and females also differed. The males engaged in adventurous pursuits and outdoor activities demanding independence and strength. When girls did appear, they were portrayed as passive and were confined mostly in indoor activities. Girls cooked and cleaned for the males or awaited their return. Much the same was true of the adult characters. Women who were not wives and mothers were imaginary creatures such as witches and fairy godmothers. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/3-socialization-and-the-life-cycle/

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Counseling Psychology Gender Role Socialization Person Centered Therapy Therapy

more nace 9 – Flashcards 224 terms

Carol Rushing

224 terms

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more nace 9 – Flashcards

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Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy

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To make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality. To assist clients in reliving earlier experience and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual awareness.

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Goals of Adlerian Therapy

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To challenge client's basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals. To develop the client's sense of belonging.

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Goals of Existential Therapy

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To help people see that they are free and become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom.

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Goals of Person-Centered Therapy

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To provide a safe climate conducive to clients' self-exploration, so that they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness.

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Goals of Gestalt Therapy

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To assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. Aim not to analysis but at integration.

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Goal of Reality Therapy

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To help people become more effective in meeting their needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory.

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Goal of Behavior Therapy

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Generally, to elimiant maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To focus on factors influencing behavior and find what can be done about problematic behavior. Clients have an active role in setting tratment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met.

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Goal of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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To challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate. Helping clients seek out their dogmatic beliefs and vigorously minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts and to change them.

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Goal of Feminist Therapy

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To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. For individual clients the goal is to assist them in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate on the basis of gender.

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Goal of Family Systems Therapy

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Most approaches are aimed at helping family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and create new ways of interacting to relieve their distress. Some approaches focus on resloving the specific problem that brings the family to therapy.

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Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy

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The key techniques are interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference. All designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego. Diagnosis and testing are often used. Questions are used to develop a case history.

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Techniques of Adlerian Therapy

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Pay more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques. Some techniques include gathering life-history data (family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities) sharing interpretations with clients, offering encouragement, and assisting clients in searching for new possibilities.

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Techniques of Existential Therapy

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Few techniques flow from this approach, because it stresses understanding first and technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches and incorporate them in an existential framework. Diagnosis, testing and external measurements are not deemed important. The approach can be very confrontive

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Techniques of Person-Centered Therapy

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Therapy is relationship centered not technique centered. Counselors use active listening, reflection of feeling, clarification, summarization, confrontation, direct or open ended questions and "being there" for the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning or probing for information. Counselors refrain from giving advice or solutions, moralizing, or making judgments.

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Techniques of Gestalt Therapy

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A wide range of exiperiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings. Experiments are co-created by therapist and client through I/Thou dialogue. Therapists have latitude to invent their own experiments. Formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy.

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Techniques of Reality Therapy

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An active, directive, and didactic therapy. Various techniques may be used to get clients to evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they are willing to change. If they decide that their present behavioris not effective, they develop a specific plan for change and make a commitment to follow through.

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Techniques of Behavior Therapy

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The main techniques are systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, flooding, eye movement and desensitization reprocessing, reinforcement techniques, modeling, cognitive restructuring, assertion and soical skills training, self management programs, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and various multimodal therapy techniques. Diagnosis or assessment is done at the outset to determine a treatment plan. Questions are used, such as "what" "how" and "when" but not "why". Contracts and homework assignments are also typically used.

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Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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An active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments, gathering data on assumptions one has made, keeping a record of activities, forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one's language and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, and confronting faulty beliefs.

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Techniques of Feminist Therapy

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Practitioners tent to employ consciousness raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization on their lives. Other techniques frequently used include gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention, bibliotherapy, journal writing, therapist self-disclosure, assertiveness training, reframing and relabeling, cognitive restructuring, identifying and challendging untested beliefs, role playing, psychodramatic methods, group work and social action.

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Techniques of Family Systems Therapy

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There is a diversity of techniques, depending on the particular theoretical orientation. Interventions may target behavior change, perceptual change, or both. Techniques include using genograms, teaching, asking questions, family scuppting, joining the family, tracking sequences, issuing directives, anchoring, use of countertransference, family mapping, refraining, paradoxical interventions, restructuring, enactments, and setting boundaries. Techniques may be experiential, cognitive, or behavioral in nature. Most are designed to bring about change in a short time.

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Repression

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preventing painfull or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness, feelings, thoughts, and memories are pushed down and stored in the unconscious as recall may be painful.

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Reaction formation

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is taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety, unconsciously exhibiting overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings

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Denial

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another name for suppression, is to argue against the anxiety by denying that the anxiety exists, deal with anxiety by closing his/her eyes

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Projection

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asking your partner if he is mad at you, when you are mad at him, placing unacceptable behavior in oneself onto another.

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Displacement

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discharging or transferring pent-up feelings, usually of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotions, being angry at the boss and therefore coming home and kicking the dog

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Rationalization

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an attempt to provide reasonable explanations for questionable behaviors to appear logical, rational, or valid, used to react to guilt, claiming no remorse over the promotion you did not receive in order to conceal your disappointment.

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Sublimation

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gratifying frustrated sexual desires in substitute non-sexual activities and socially acceptable or creative activities. An athlete may unconsciously choose his/her profession to release anger, positive form of displacement.

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Regression

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returning to a previous stage of development, reverting to a less-mature state, a teenager whose parents are contemplating divorce starts wetting the bed.

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Compensation

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or substitution to attempt to make up for some feeling of inadequacy by excelling, covering up weaknesses by emphasizing desirable trait or making up for frustration in one area by overgratification in another, a person with total deafness becoming a master painter.

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Identification

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Increasing feelings of worth (attitudes, values, standards, characteristics) by identifying with person or institution of illustrious standing, usually exercised with others of power and status, a high school drop-out joining a gang.

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Introjection

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incorporates the attitudes of the parents and assumes those are his/her own, incorporate external values and standards into the ego. Person will assume responsibility for events outside of their control and blame oneself such as failed marriage or loss of a ballgame, an abused child becoming an abuser.

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Fantasy

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(daydreaming-escape, anticipation of the future) gratifying frustrated desires in imginary achievements

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Adlerian Therapy

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Relationship based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. This is followed by a reeducation of the client toward a useful side of life. The main aim of therapy is to develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest.

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Retroflection

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doing to oneself what one would like to do to someone else.

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Attending

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the attention the counselor pays to the client during a session, includes listening to the client and both verbal and nonverbal interaction. In task-facilitative attending behavior the counselor's attention is on the client. In distractive attending behavior the counselor's attention is on her or her own concerns.

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Empathy

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the ability to recognize, perceive, and understand the emotions of another.

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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Techniques

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Sessions involve teaching and confrontation - techniques include homework assignments and bibliotherapy.

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Transaction Analysis Techniques

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Counselor acts as teacher - techniques include contracts for change, interrogation, confrontation, and illustration.

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Behavioral (& Cognitive Behavioral) Therapy Techniques

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Counselor is the expert, teaching and directing - techniques include positive and negative reinforcement, environment planning, desensitization, implosion, flooding, and stress inoculation.

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Stress Inoculation

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Developed by Donald Meichenbaum as part of his "Self-Instructional Therapy". It has three phases: 1. Educational: in which the problem is identified and the client is given information about what to expect, 2. Rehearsal, in which the client practices the stressful event or behavior while using relaxation techniques 3. Implementation: in which the client uses the new skills to deal with the stressful situation.

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Racket

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in Transactional Analysis a set of behaviors that originate from a childhood script

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Collecting Trading Stamps

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in Transactional Analysis, the saving up of enduring, non-genuine feelings, then "trading" them for a script milestone such as a drinking binge or an anger outburst.

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Reality Therapy

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after establishing a relationship with the client, the counselor acts as teacher and model - techniques promote responsibility, working in the present, and stress freedom without blame.

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Psychoanalysis

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Exploration of the unconscious through such techniques as free association, and the analysis and interpretation of dreams.

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Adlerian

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The counselor exhibits empathy and support - techniques include modeling and education with homework and goal-setting assignments

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Person Centered

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Counselor exhibits acceptance and empathy - techniques include open-ended questions and active/passive listening

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Existential

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Emphasis is on free will and personal responsibility for choices - techniques include the use of literature, modeling, and sharing of experiences - anxiety is used as a motivator.

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Flooding therapy

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The exposure of the client to the actual anxiety stimulus in conjunction with response prevention. Care is necessary to insure that overexposure does not increase anxiety.

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Behavioral rehearsal

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A role-playing strategy in which a client acts out a behavior he wants to change or acquire. Can be quite useful in assertiveness training.

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Fixed role therapy

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A treatment method created by George Kelly in which the client is instructed to read a script at least three times a day, then act, speak and think like the script's character.

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Implosive therapy

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A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety.

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Aversive conditioning

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The application of an unpleasant stimulus in an effort to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior.

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Systematic desensitization

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A type of behavioral therapy to help overcome anxiety and phobias. The client is taught relaxation techniques, and then uses those techniques to react to and overcome situations in a hierarchy of fears.

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Umwelt, Mitwelt, & Eigenwelt

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in Existential philosophy the three components of the conscious experience of being alive - is biological, is social, and is psychological.

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Paraphrasing

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the counselor rephrases what the client has said.

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Summarization

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the counselor sums up or reviews what has happened in a session or in the course of therapy.

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aversion therapy

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Is associated with punishment?

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loss of objectivity

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According to Caplan, the most common reason for a request for consultation is

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Reality

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According to this theory, individuals many times act in inappropriate ways to get the love they need, to feel they are loving others, and to feel they have self-worth

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Mandating continuing education, Indicating minimum proficiency, Protecting the public

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Certification serves the purpose of------- Certification serves to signify to the public that an individual has attained a minimum level of knowledge, education and experience. This intended thereby to protect the public as much as possible, from incompetent practitioners. Certification indicates to the public a minimum level of proficiency in the field and mandates that a practitioner is continuing to upgrade his/her education so as to stay current in new information and ideas. It has nothing to do with allowing a therapist to practice.

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Person-Centered (Carl Roger)

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reflection vs. advice, Conditions for Growth:Empathy, Genuineness / Congruence, Unconditional (+) regard, -> self actualization

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Fertz Perls

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Created Gestalt Therapy, empty chair technique (individual can work on opposing feeling); underdog; topdog

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Aaron Beck (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist)

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Is a Cognitive therapy for depression that aims to replace negative or irrational thoughts with more reasonable, adaptive ones

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Joseph Wolpe (systematic desensitization) steps

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Came up with relaxation training, construction-anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, in vivo desensitization.

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therapeutic cognitive restructuring (REBT)

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irrational thinking - core of emotional disturbance, cognitive dispution-refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.

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(REBT) ABCDE

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Affecting agent, Belief system, Consequence, Disputing the irrational belief, Effective new philosophy.

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Reality Theory (William Glassier)

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like a friend asking what is wrong, client and counselor be persistent and never give up past... not a primary focus, successful behaviors little use of diagnostic labels.

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Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)

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Therapy where the individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization

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Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)

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Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script

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Gestalt (Fertz Perls)

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People are not bad or good. People have the capcity to govern life effectively as "whole". People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.

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REBT (Albert Ellis)

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People have a cultural / biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently

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Reality Therapy (William Glasser)

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Individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.

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psychological positions in the family

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One of the reasons for the life style assessment phase of Adlerian Therapy is to determine the client's

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Empathy

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In Person-Centered counseling, when the counselor accurately senses the client's feeling and personal meaning, the counselor is displaying

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Non-directive. experiential, reflective, passive

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Which of the following best describes the Person-Centered counselor?

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geuineness

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When the Person-Centered counselor is fully oneself, spontaneous and role-free in all therapeutic relationships, the counselor is displaying

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genuineness, and to provide a climate of safety and freedom

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Main conditions for a psychological growth promoting climate in the Person-centered approach is and A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is

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actualizing tendency

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Which of the following is a major concept of Person-Centered therapy?

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a symbol of social bonding

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In Jungian terms, transference is

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humanistic

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The Person-Centered approach is a form of ________therapy.

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to provide a climate of safety and freedom

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A basic goal of the Person-Centered approach is and Which of the following techniques would be most emphasized in Person-Centered therapy?

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actual, present behavior

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The "here and now" orientation of Gestalt therapy refers to

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unfinished business

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In Gestalt therapy, situation that are unresolved and are forced into the client's background that continue to influence his/her present behavior are

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bi-polar role play, unfinished business

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Enactment is a strategy Gestaltists use with and The concept of figure-ground in Gestalt therapy can best be understood by which of the following?

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Psychoanalytic

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From which major approach to psychotherapy were most other approaches developed or evolved?

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Adlerian

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Family constellation and family dynamics, early childhood memories, birth order, and past and present ecological factors are important data in ____theory.

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Adlerian

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A technique call "spitting in the soup" of the client would most likely be used by a therapist employing______theory.

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Jungian

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For client who came from a culture that placed a great deal of emphasis upon spiritual aspects of living and problem-solving________therapy would probably be helpful.

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Gestalt

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The concepts of figure-ground, polarities, and contact are identified with _____therapy.

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Gestalt

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The principle of, "awareness as curative" is an essential tenet in _____therapy.

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Reality therapy

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A counselor refuses to listen to a client's explanation as to why the client was unable to carry out plans made in their previous sessions. This counselor is most likely practicing

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it is based on the scientific method

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What clearly distinguishes behavior therapy for other approaches is

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move toward greater self-realization

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According to Jung, the aim of therapy is to help the client

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the person is given unconditional positive regard, the therapist is non-directive

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In Rogers' approach to therapy

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the unique way we develop our own style of life

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When Adler spoke of individuality, he referred to

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Social interest

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In Adler's theory, an innate sense of kinship with humanity is called

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Superiority and individual psychology

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According to Adler, the ultimate goal in life is_________and Adler's theory of personality is called

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striving to maintain balance and taking responsibility for one's actions

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In Gestalt therapy, people are motivated by and Gestalt therapy involves

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taking responsibility for one's actions

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A major goal of reality therapy is

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as the end result of a process of discouragement

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How would the Adlerian therapist view the personal problems of clients?

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it allows clients to relive their past in therapy

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Analysis of transference is central to psychoanalysis because

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archetype

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To Jung, inherited personality building blocks of the unconscious are called

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irrational thinking and behavior

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RET view neurosis as the result of

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a unitary way to approach peoples' problems

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The multimodal orientation emphasizes

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thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting

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The four functions of Jungian consciousness are

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universal patterns, and represented by religions

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Jungian archetypes are

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Freud's Id

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The Jungian concept of the "shadow" may best be compare to

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individuation

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For Jungian therapy, _____is the ultimate goal for the client.

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The Center for Application of Psychological Type

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One current measure of the popularity of Jungian psychology is

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eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning

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The main goal of behavior therapy is

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the principles of learning

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Behavior therapy is grounded in

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reciprocal exchanges

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Bandura's social learning theory explains behavior as

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Insight strategies

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____________ are concerned with the client's own self-discovery.

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fixation

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Of the defense mechanisms discussed in psychoanalytic therapy, ________, described a psychological stunting of growth where the person fails to move from one developmental stage to another. (Fear of leaving the old for the new.)

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regression

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A person who exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is likely to be using which ego defense?

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Addictive empathy

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Is most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness

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Subtractive empathy

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The counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated.

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Social Influence core

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This core focuses on: expertise, attractiveness and trustworthiness

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Human relations core

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This core focuses on: empathy, positive regard ( or respect) and genuineness

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Existential therapy is a process of searching for the value and meaning in life.

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What is existential therapy?

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Attention is given to clients' immediate ongoing experience with the aim of helping them develop a greater presence in their quest for meaning and purpose.

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What is attention given to in Existential Therapy?

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The therapist's basic task is to help clients recognize that they do not have to remain passive victims of their circumstances but instead can consciously become architects of their lives.

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What is the therapist's basic task for Existential Therapy?

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Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, James Bugental, and Irvin Yalom.

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Who are 4 key figures in existential therapy?

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Frued and Adler

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Who were Viktor Frankl and Rollo May influenced by?

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The capacity for self-awareness, the tension between freedom and responsibility, the creation of an identity and establishing meaningful relationships, the search for meaning, accepting anxiety as a condition of living, and the awareness of death and nonbeing.

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What are the 6 basic dimensions of the human condition?

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The greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom.

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What is the relationship between awareness and freedom?

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Awareness is realizing that: -we are finite; time is limited, we have the potential/the choice to act or not to act, meaning is not automatic; we must seek it, we are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and isolation.

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What are the 4 key points of Awareness?

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Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chose not to choose. It is the guilt experienced from not living authentically.

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What is existential guilt?

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Identity is the courage to be. We must trust ourseves to search within and find our own answers. Our greatest fear is that we will discover that there is no core, no self.

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What is the idea of "identity" in existential therapy? What is our greatest fear?

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Relatedness: humans crave ties with others and with nature.

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What is "relatedness" in existential therapy?

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At their best, our relationships are based on our desire for fulfillment, not our deprivation. Relationships that spring from our sense of deprivation are clinging, parasitic, and symbiotic.

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What must relationships be based on to be healthy?

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Meaning: like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. Finding meaning in life is a by-product of a commitment to creating, loving, and working.

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What is the Search for Meaning?

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The will to meaning is our primary striving. Life is not meaningful in itself; the individual must create and discover meaning.

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What is "the will to meaning"?

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The person-to-person relationship is key and the relationship demands that therapists be in contact with their own phenomenological world

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What's important about the therapy journey taken by therapist and client (in existential therapy)?

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respect and faith in the client's potential to cope and sharing reactions with genuine concern and empathy

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What is the core of the therapeutic relatioship in existential therapy?

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existential and phenomenological - it is grounded in the client's "here and now"

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What type of therapy is Gestalt Therapy?

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For clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW.

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What is the initial goal of Gestalt Therapy? For clients to gain awareness of...

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GT promotes direct EXPERIENCING rather than the abstractness of TALKING ABOUT situations. Ex: Rather than TALK about a chldhood trauma, the client is encouraged to BECOME the hurt child.

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How does Gestalt Therapy help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW?

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The present, the now and has not yet arrived

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in Gestalt, the "power is in the..." and nothing exists except the... and the past is gone and the future...

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lost and they may focus on past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future.

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For many people, the power of the present is...

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unexpressed and associated with distinct memories and fantasies and feelings not fully expressed linger in the background and interfere with effective contact

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GT believes that feelings about the past are...

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Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness, oppressive energy, and self-defeating behavior.

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What is the result of feelings of the past being left unexpressed?

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Contact is interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's individuality.

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What is CONTACT?

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Resistance to contact is the defense we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully.

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What is RESISTANCE TO CONTACT?

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Introjection (tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them to make them congruent with who we are), Projection (reverse of introjection; we disown certain aspects of ourselves and assign them to the environment), Retroflection (doing to ourselves what we would like to do to others. ex. Aggression), Deflection (process of distraction so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact), Confluence (a blurring of the differentiation between the self and the environment)

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What are the five major channels of resistance?

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They are used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal and also used to allow client to experience emotions in the here and now

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What are the experiments in Gestalt Therapy used for?

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So that they can feel comfortable suggesting them, so that they can understand what the client is experiencing, and so that they can accurately judge when an experiment is appropriate for a particular client.

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Why is it important for therapists to personally experience the power of Gestalt experiments before they try them on their clients?

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A relationship must be established so that clients will feel trusting enough to participate. Therapists should ask clients if they are willing to try an experiment and also tell clients that the can stop when they choose to--the power is with the client.

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Why/how must clients be prepared for Gestalt Experiments?

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internal dialogue exercise, making the rounds (group), rehearsal exercise, reversal technique, exaggeration, staying with the feeling

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What are the various types of Gestalt Experiments?

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Carl Rogers

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Who developed Person-Centered Therapy and the humanistic movement in psychotherapy?

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his family life and background

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What in Rogers's life impacted the development of the theory?

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Non-judgemental listening and acceptence

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What are the 2 core themes of the theory of person-centered therapy if clients are to change?

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he applied it by training policymakers, leaders, and groups in conflict. He was nominated for a Nobel Peace prize.

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how did Rogers apply person centered therapy to world peace later in his professional career?

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PCT challenges the assumption that the "counselor knows best"

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What does Person-Centered Therapy challenge about assumptions of the counselor?

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PCT challenges the validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation

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What does PCT challenge the validity of?

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PCT challenges the belief that clients cannot understand and respove their own problems without direct help.

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What does PCT challenge about assumptions of the client?

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persons. PCT challenges the focus on problems over persons.

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What does PCT focus on, problems or persons?

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given a particular therapeutic climate, individuals will choose for themselves a growth producing and psychologically healthy direction for their lives.

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What does PCT assume given a particular therapeutic climate? (main point of PCT)

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Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people, the person's innate striving for self-actualization, the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship, the counselor's creation of a permissive "growth promoting climate", people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship,

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PCT emphasizes these 5 things:

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congruence (genuineness or realness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring but not approval of all behavior, accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world -- helper attitudes are more important than knowledge)

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What 3 things make up a growth promoting climate in PCT?

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1. Two persona are in psychological contact, 2. The client is experiencing incongruency, 3. The therapist is congruent/integrated in the relationship, 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard/real caring for the client, 5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client, 6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved

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What are the 6 conditions that are necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur in PCT?

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The therapist...focuses on the QUALITY of the therapeutic relationship, Serves as a MODEL of a human being struggling toward greater realness, Is GENUINE, integrated, and authentic, without a false front, Can OPENLY EXPRESS feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client.

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What are the 4 things that are important for the therapist in Person-Cenetered Therapy?

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Independence and integration of the individual

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What does the person-centered approach aim toward a greater degree of?

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the growth process

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What does PCT assist clients in?

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...a climate conducive to helping the individual becom a fully functioning person.

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The underlying goal of the PCT approach is to provide...

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masks or the facades that clients are wearing

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What does PCT help remove?

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an openness to experience, a trust in themselves, an internal source of evaluation, a willingness to keep on growing

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Rogers states that once the masks are removed, clients can become increasingly more actualized by (4 things):

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That they have the same underlying problem

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What do reality therapists believe about most clients?

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They are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship

answer

What are most clients' problems when they come to reality therapy?

question

their inability to connect, get close to others, or to have a satisfying or successful relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives

answer

What are clients problems usually caused by?

question

That clients choose their behaviors as a way to deal with the frustration caused by an unsatisfying relationship

answer

What do therapists recognize about clients' behaviors?

question

responsibility

answer

What is the emphasis in reality therapy?

question

To keep therapy focused on the present

answer

What is the therapist's function in Reality Therapy?

question

We often mistakenly choose misery in our best attempt to meet our needs

answer

Why do we often mistakenly choose misery?

question

when we meet our needs without keeping others from meeting their needs

answer

When do we act responsibly?

question

meeting one or more of our basic human needs

answer

What is all internally motivated behavior geared towards

question

Belonging, Power, Freedom, Survival (Physiological needs)

answer

What are the 5 basic needs, according to reality therapy?

question

A control system to get us what we want....and to continually monitor our feelings to determine how well we are doing in our lifelong effort to satisfy these needs.

answer

What does our brain function as?

question

Choice theory states that all we ever do from birth to death is behave and with rare exceptions, everything we do is chosen.

answer

What does choice theory state?

question

WDEP: W - Wants (what do you want to be and do? -your picture album), D - Doing and Direction (what are you doing? Where do you want to go?), E - Evaluation (does your present behavior have a reasonable chance of getting you what you want?), P - Planning (SAMIC)

answer

What are the procedures that lead to change?

question

S - Simple (Easy to understand, specific and concrete), A - Attainable (Within the capacities and motivation of the client), M - Measurable (Are the changes observable and helpful?), I - Immediate and Involved (What can be done today? What can you do?), C - Controlled (Can you do this by yourself or will you be dependent on others?)

answer

What are the rules for planning for change? (SAMIC)

question

DOING (active behaviors), THINKING (thoughts, self-statements), FEELINGS (anger, joy, pain, anxiety), PHYSIOLOGY (bodily reactions)

answer

What comprises total behavior?

question

a set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research.

answer

What is behavior therapy?

question

principles f learning that are systematically applied and Treatment goals are specific and measurable.

answer

What is behavior therapy based on?

question

specifically it is used to help people change maladaptive behaviors to adaptive behaviors and client's current problems

answer

What does behavior therapy focus on?

question

skills of self-management

answer

What does behavior therapy teach clients?

question

to identify specific goals at the outset of the therapeutic process

answer

What is the hallmark of behavior therapy?

question

The client determines what behavior will be changed but the therapist determines how this behavior can be best modified and an active and directive role

answer

What kind of role do behavior therapists assume?

question

GESTALT Therapy

answer

Focus on awareness of moment to moment experiencing and the belief that people are responsible for their own behaivor and their active participation in here and now. "AH HA" moments. Chief figure is Fritz Perls

question

Existential Therapy

answer

A process of searching for the value and meaning of life. The individual must find the "will for life" People have freedom to find meaning in what they do and what they experience including the spiritual beliefs and therefore responsible. Chief figures Viktor Frankl and Rollo May

question

Gestalt Therapy Techniques

answer

1. Dream Work - Clients present dreams 2. Empty Chair - Clients talk to and focus is an empty chair 3. Confrontation - Counselors point out behaviors 4. Making the Rounds - used in group responses by each member 5. I take responsibility - client makes statement and .....6. Exaggeration - overly expressing movements or gestures to make meaning apparent

question

Reality Therapy

answer

The underlying problem of all clients is the same: they are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship. Primary need is to be love, belong, and feel worthwhile "WDEP" W= wants and needs; D= direction and doing; E= evaluation; and P = planning and commitment. Chief figures is William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding

question

Behavior Therapy

answer

Based on the belief that all behavior is learned. Goals of therapy are to eliminate maladaptive behavior while learning adaptive behavior. Stresses current behavior and measurable treatment goals. the behaviorists theorized that human activity was based on a learning model depending upon trial and error. Behavior that produced a pleasurable or useful result was retained and all other behavior was ignored and abandoned over time. Clarify behavior, target behavior, goals of therapy, implement change, evaluate, follow-up assessemnt. Chief figures are Skinner, Bandura, Lazarus, and Wolpe.

question

Classical Conditioning

answer

links a stimulus with a response

question

Positive reinforcement

answer

Receiving something desirable as a consequence of a given behavior ( getting a hug for cleaning up your room)

question

Negative reinforcement

answer

withdrawal or termination of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing a desired behavior ( removing the punishment after it is completed. No longer being grounded and the bedroom is clean)

question

Transactional Analysis

answer

Focus on interaction, communication, early (in life) decisions , and the ability of each person to move these early decisions. Life Scripts - eache person makes one by the age of five based on interpretations of external events. 'I'm ok, you're OK, and I'm not OK and you're not OK Chief figure is Eric Berne

question

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

answer

Stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing; helping people realize that they can live more rational and productive lives, assisting people in changing self-defeating thoughts and behaviors, and encouraging clients to be more tolerant of themselves and others. Belief that thoughts influence feelings and behaivor. If a person changes a way of thinking, then feelings and behaviors will be modified as a result 1. A - Activating event 2. B - Belief about A 3. C - Consequence (emotinal reaction to B) Focus on dispelling irrational beliefs through confrontation and re-education Recommended for clients with mental impairments. Chief figure is Albert Ellis.

question

Family Therapy / Transgenerational Family Therapies

answer

Families and other natural systems respond in organized pattern behaviors. Goal is to help individuals differentiate from their family's emotional togetherness. Chief figure is Murray Bowen

question

Experiential Family Therapy/ Brief Faimly Therapy

answer

stresses the importance of congruent communication both between others and within self. If individuals are able to become more in touch with the messages within themselves, they are then able to communicate more congruently with others. Focus on pwer games in family and solving problems using creative strategic interventions designed to bypass resistance. Chief figures are Virginia Satir and Carl Whittakerm Kyuge; Luige Boscolo, Gianfranco Cecchia

question

Family Systems Theory

answer

Individuals are best understood within the context of relationships and through assessing the interactions within the entire family. Neither the individual nor the family are to "blame" . Genograms (family diagrams) are used to explore the family's process and rules. Chief figures a0 Alfred Adler (Adlerian family therapy) b. Murray Bowen (Multigenerational family therapy) c. Virginia Satir (Human validation process model) d. Carl Whitaker (Experiential.symbolic family therapy) e. Salvador Minuchin (Structural family therapy)

question

Genograms (family diagrams)

answer

Are used to explore the family's process and rules. May include birth order and family birth dates, cultural and ethnic origins, religious affiliations, socioeconomic status, type of contact among family members, as well as proximity of family members.

question

Group Counseling

answer

four stages of group development include. Stage 1 - Initial Stage - orientation and exploration, Stage 2 - Transition Stage - dealing with resistance Stage 3 - Working Stage - cohesion and productivity Stage 4 - Final Stage - cosolidation and termination. Members must beleive that change is possible. Individuals learn that others have the same bad thoughts and feelings. Deveolpment of techniques (social skills), model behaviors, and learn one must take ultimate responsibility for the way he/she lives their life no matter how much guidance and support is given by others. Small Group Process/Stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.

question

Feminist Therapy

answer

Feminist therapists emphasize that societal gender-role expecations profoundly influence a person's identity form the moment of birth and become deeply ingrained in adult personality. Children learn society's view of gender and apply it to themselves. Cultural feminist believe opprssion stems from society's devaluation of women's strengths. Radical feminist focus on oppression of wome that is embedded in partriarchy and seek to change society thorug activism. Feminists challenge all forms of oppression through insight, intorspection, or self-awareness to free women (and men) of roles that have prohibited them from realizing their potential.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Psychanalytic Therapy

answer

Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior. Irrationa forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and agressive impulses. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Adlierian Therapy

answer

Humans are motivated by soical interest, by striving toward goals, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Existential Therapy

answer

The central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate. responsibility, anxiedty, the search for a unique meaning in a meaningless world, being alone and being in relation with others, and facing the reality of death.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Person-Centered Therapy

answer

The view of humans is positive; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client actualizes potential and moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Gestalt Therapy

answer

The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The view is antideterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes personal choice and responbility

question

The Basic Philosophy of Reality Therapy

answer

Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we are by nature social creatures and we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problemsare the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanaion of human nature and how to best achieve good relationships.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Behavior Therapy

answer

Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. No set of unifying assumptions about behavior can incorporate all the existing procedures in the behavioral field.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

answer

Individuals tend to incorporae faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This isa psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Feminist Therapy

answer

Feminists criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts and practices of being: androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. The constructsof feminist therapy include being gender-free, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-0riented.

question

The Basic Philosophy of Family Systems Therapy

answer

The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspecitve. Clients are connected to a living systeml a change in one part of the systme will result in a change in other parts. The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave. Treatment is best focused on the family unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well.

question

Psychoanalytic Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

Normal personality development is basedon successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Id, ego, and superego constitute the basis of personality structure. Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior.

question

Adlerian Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

It stresses the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspecive, and the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developeing aunique lifestyle, andunderstanding the family constellation. Therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective.

question

Existential Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

It is an experiential therapy. Essentially an approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on th euniqueness of each individual. Sense of self develops from infancy. Self-determination and a tendency toward growth are central ideas. Focus is on th present and on what one is becoming; that is, the approach has a future orientation. It stresses self-awareness before action.

question

Person-Centered Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means toreslove them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. Focus is on the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings

question

Gestalt Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

Emphasis is on the "what" and "how" of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept their polarities. Key concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business and avoidance, contact, and energy.

question

Reality Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them. People create their feelingsby the choices they make and by what they do. The approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconsicious, and dwelling on one's past.

question

Behavior Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and initation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning. This approach stresses present behavior.

question

Cognitive Behavior Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

Although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, they are perpetuated through reindoctrination in the now. A person's belieft system is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plasy a central role in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs.

question

Feminist Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

Core priniciples that form the foundation for practice of feminist therapy are the personal is political, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, women's experiences are honored, definitions of distress and mental illness are reformulated, emphasis on gender equality, and commitment to confronting oppression on any grounds.

question

Family Systems Therapy - Key Concepts

answer

Focus is on communication patterns with a family, both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on form generation to generation. Symptoms are viewed as ways of communicating with the aim of controlling other family members. Key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, family rules governing communication, and dealing with here-and-now interactions. The present is more important thatn exploring past experiences.

STUDY

Full Time Job Gender Role Socialization Introductory Sociology Social Anthropology Sociology

sociology – Flashcard 10 terms

James Hopper

10 terms

Preview

sociology – Flashcard

question

Primary socialization

answer

for a child is very important because it sets the ground work for all future socialization. Primary Socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. It is mainly influenced by the immediate family and friends. For example if a child saw his/her mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behavior is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.

question

sex vs gender

answer

Sociologists make a clear distinction between the terms sex and gender. Sex refers to one's biological identity of being male or female while gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with being male or female. Sex is biologically assigned while gender is culturally learned.

question

gender roles

answer

Gender roles are cultural and personal. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. Learning plays a role in this process of shaping gender roles. These gender schemas are deeply embedded cognitive frameworks regarding what defines masculine and feminine. While various socializing agents—parents, teachers, peers, movies, television, music, books, and religion—teach and reinforce gender roles throughout the lifespan, parents probably exert the greatest influence, especially on their very young offspring.

question

glass ceiling

answer

In economics, the glass ceiling is "the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements."[1] Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women

question

glass escalator

answer

Sociologist Christine Williams first coined the term and in her research found that often men are subtly pushed to move up in their professions and as if on a moving escalator, they must work to stay in place. Because of these expectations, men starting in "pink-collar" fields can face negative stereotypes and gender-based discrimination from the public. On the other hand, men might also receive benefits because of their underrepresentation in these fields. NPR noted how male teachers can serve as a healthy male role model for children who may not otherwise have one; therefore they may be given special privileges among teaching staff.

question

endogamy

answer

Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group, rejecting others on such basis as being unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.

question

exogamy

answer

Exogamy is a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside of a social group. The social groups define the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. In social studies, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. A form of exogamy is a dual exogamy, in which two groups engage in continual wife exchange.[1] Cultural exogamy is the marrying outside of a specific cultural group. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy, a marriage within a social group.

question

credentialism

answer

Credentialism is the over-emphasis on credentials when hiring staff or assigning social status.[1] An employer may require a diploma, professional license or academic degree, say, for a job which can be done perfectly well applying skills acquired through experience or mere informal study. Since blue-collar types of work have relied more commonly upon the apprentice system for confirmation of skills, the phenomenon is considered more prevalent among employers of white-collar labor.[citation needed]

question

social epidemiology

answer

Social epidemiology is defined as "The branch of epidemiology that studies the social distribution and social determinants of health,"[1] that is, "both specific features of, and pathways by which, societal conditions affect health."[2] Social epidemiology may focus on individual-level measures, or on emergent social properties that have no correlation at the individual level; simultaneous analysis at both levels may be warranted.[3] Use of such multilevel models (also known as hierarchical and mixed effects models) has grown in recent years, but as for all observational epidemiology, this approach suffers from theoretical and practical concerns.[4] Social epidemiology overlaps with fields in the social sciences, most notably medical anthropology, medical sociology, and medical geography. However, these latter fields often use health and disease in order to explain specifically social phenomenon (such as the growth of lay health advocacy movements), [5] while social epidemiologists generally use social concepts in order to explain patterns of health in the population.

question

culture bound syndrome

answer

In medicine and medical anthropology, a culture-bound syndrome, culture-specific syndrome or folk illness is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture. There are no objective biochemical or structural alterations of body organs or functions, and the disease is not recognized in other cultures. While a substantial portion of mental disorders, in the way they are manifested and experienced, are at least partially conditioned by the culture in which they are found, some disorders are more culture-specific than others. Folk illnesses tend to carry psychological and/or religious overtones.[1]

STUDY

Animal Behavior Despite The Fact Early 20th Century Gender Role Socialization Single Parent Families

Study Guide Four Chapters: 11,12,14 – Flashcards 150 terms

Robert Lollar

150 terms

Preview

Study Guide Four Chapters: 11,12,14 – Flashcards

question

Which term refers to the social, psychological, and cultural attributes of men and women?

answer

B. gender

question

Gender is best understood as what type of status?

answer

A. achieved

question

Ethologists study:

answer

C. animal behavior

question

Sociobiologists take the position that social behavior in people:

answer

C. has a genetic basis

question

Critics of sociobiology assert that:

answer

D. it is not valid to generalize from animal to human behavior

question

What are finding regarding heart attacks and gender?

answer

D. all of the above

question

_______ is much more common among women than men.

answer

D. All of the above

question

Which of the following is true of the American medical community's historical treatment of women?

answer

D. all of the above

question

In her pioneering research, Margaret Mead found that:

answer

E. male and female behavior varied greatly due to differing cultural expectations.

question

Murdock's study of preliterate societies found that females were usually engaged in:

answer

B. gathering food

question

Most sociologists agree that:

answer

B. biological factors have some influence, but cultural factors are more important determinants of gender roles.

question

A patriarchal ideology is:

answer

D. the belief that men are superior to women and should control all aspects of society.

question

What did Comte, the founder of modern sociology, write about women?

answer

A. Women are the mental and physical inferiors of men.

question

Patriarchal ideology:

answer

C. declares inherent male superiority.

question

In traditional India, women are cut off from the outside world because they:

answer

A. are considered strongly erotic and therefore threatening.

question

Functionalists argue that:

answer

A. the division of labor between men and women is efficient in preindustrial societies.

question

Functionalists argue that the family functions best when:

answer

A. the father assumes the instrumental role and the mother the expressive role.

question

Critics of the functionalist view of gender argue that:

answer

C. cross-cultural studies show that gender stratification is not inevitable.

question

According to the functionalist model of the modern family, males are expected to be:

answer

A. dominant

question

According to conflict theories:

answer

E. both b and c

question

What factor does a conflict theorist see as the basis for gender inequality?

answer

B. economics

question

Engles stated that:

answer

D. only socialism could eliminate gender inequality.

question

The lifelong process whereby people learn the values, attitudes, motivations, and behavior considered appropriate for each sex in their culture is known as:

answer

A. gender-role socialization

question

Research indicates that a core gender identity seems to be established:

answer

C. by the second or third year

question

According to Erik Erikson, the most important task in adolescent socialization is:

answer

C. establishing a sense of identity

question

Traditionally, adolescent girls have been rewarded for their:

answer

B. marriage goals

question

Social psychologist Erik Erikson argued that in Western society it is more difficult for girls than boys to:

answer

A. achieve a positive identity

question

In adolescent socialization, boys are:

answer

A. encouraged to compete and be prepared for occupational roles.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the way women use language, according to the research of Deborah Tannen?

answer

C. Women are acutely aware of the status differences implied in the speaking styles.

question

Jobs dominated by women emphasize which cultural behavior?

answer

B. nurturance

question

Today, approximately what percent of all American women are in the paid labor force?

answer

D. 60%

question

In traditional Hinduism in India:

answer

E. all of the above

question

Which of the following is a profession dominated by women?

answer

D. all of the above

question

compared with working men, working women:

answer

D. all of the above

question

On the average, women with college degrees earn:

answer

E. substantially less than men with college diplomas.

question

Women earn less than men in:

answer

E. almost every occupation

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways women experience discrimination in the business world?

answer

C. Women are fired more often than men.

question

In which areas do women outnumber men?

answer

D. both a and b

question

If men own and control more private property than women, the result is that:

answer

A. men will politically and socially dominate women

question

The main cause of medical science dedicating more equal study to women's issues is:

answer

B. changes in federal law making it illegal to exclude women from medical research.

question

In the United States, the number of "traditional" families (married couples with children) has been:

answer

C. decreasing steadily

question

Which of the following is a function of the family?

answer

E. all of the above

question

Which of the following statements regarding the family's regulation of sexual behavior is correct?

answer

D. all of the above

question

The family is best suited to socialize young children because:

answer

B. family members are most knowledgeable of the child's abilities and needs

question

Attitudes toward religious intermarrigate:

answer

B. vary somewhat from one religious group to another

question

A nuclear family consists of:

answer

B. a husband-wife pair and their dependent children.

question

Which marriage pattern allows a man to have more than one wife?

answer

D. polygyny

question

Dwayne and Katrina are a married couple. They have two children and live with Katrina's brother's family. This is an example of what type of family?

answer

A. extended

question

Tracing you kinship through your father and other males in the family is an example of what type of kinship?

answer

D. patrilineal

question

Through what type of relationship do most American families trace descent?

answer

E. bilateral

question

The rise in the matriarchal families in America is due in large part to:

answer

A. the rise of single-parent families headed by mothers

question

Marriage is:

answer

D. all of the above

question

Which of the following is NOT a feature of marriage in all societies?

answer

C. romantic love as an important characteristic of the relationship

question

A young couple lives with wife's family. This is an example of:

answer

C. matrilocal residence

question

Which of the following is a feature of romantic love?

answer

E. all of the above

question

The family created by a marriage union is called a(n):

answer

B. family of procreation

question

In the society where Oscar lives, members are encouraged to marry someone within their cultural economic and religious group. This is an example of:

answer

D. endogamy

question

Tina is from a social group that encourages its members to marry people from different cultural and social backgrounds. This group uses the rule of:

answer

E. exogamy

question

The marriage pattern that provides for on spouse at a time for each member is called:

answer

B. monogamy

question

The reason polygamy occurs relatively infrequently is that:

answer

C. it is expensive and only a few can afford it.

question

Which is the most common pattern of marriage in the world today?

answer

E. monogamy

question

Joel and Rachel marry and take up residence away from their relatives. What type of residence is this?

answer

C. neolocal

question

Jose and Melinda have just been married. they are expected to settle down within or near Jose's father's household. What type of residential pattern is this?

answer

E. patrilocal

question

Which type of residence occurs when a married couple may choose whether to live with the husband's or wife's family of origin?

answer

c. bilocal

question

Homogamy refers to:

answer

C. the tendency to choose a spouse with a similar social and cultural background.

question

Len and Ramona are both teachers. They grew up in the same city and are about the same age. They teach at the same school and spend a lot of time together, which eventually results in dating. Should they marry, we would characterize their relationship as:

answer

B. homogamy

question

Kenneth and Elaine are a young American couple about to be married for the first time. It is likely that:

answer

A. Kenneth and Elaine will be about the same age, with Kenneth being slightly older

question

If mate selection were random:

answer

A. African Americans would be more likely to marry whites than other African Americans

question

Over the last forty years, the median age at first marriage in the United States has:

answer

C. risen

question

Interracial marriage in the United States:

answer

D. has risen slightly over the past twenty years.

question

The most common type of interracial marrige in the United States involves a marrigate between a:

answer

B. white man and nonwhite woman who is not African American.

question

Interracial marriages in the United States are more likely to involve:

answer

D. all of the above

question

By far the state with the highest percentage of interracial marriages is:

answer

A. Hawaii

question

Social status homogamy in the United States is maintained by:

answer

D. all of the above

question

Industrial society requires a family structure that allows for:

answer

D. all of the above

question

The Industrial Revolution:

answer

B. encouraged the formation of isolated nuclear families.

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the nuclear family as it evolved in early 20th-century industrial society?

answer

D. increased links with kinship networks

question

How does the marriage rate at the end of World War II compare with today's marriage rate?

answer

A. It is higher

question

World War II affected the structure of the American family by:

answer

A. encouraging women to enter the work force.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the significant changes in the family that has occurred in the past 25 years?

answer

E. The divorce rate has fallen by half

question

About what percent of high school seniors think cohabitation is a good idea before getting married?

answer

D. 62%

question

In 2010, the number of divorces per 1,000 people was:

answer

C. 3.6

question

Today, approximately what percent of single-person households consist of the elderly?

answer

A. 39%

question

What percentage of all household in the United States consist of husband and wife?

answer

B. less than 50%

question

In 2010, nearly 41% of all births in the United States were to:

answer

A. unmarried women.

question

Households of gay and lesbian couples:

answer

D. face problems similar to heterosexual households, including insurance, benefits, and parenting.

question

In regard to the divorce rate and remarriage:

answer

A. the majority of people who divorce eventually remarry

question

Which of the following is not one of the patterns of homogamy in the U.S.?

answer

E. family of origin

question

Why doesn't the high divorce rate produce a crisis in the reproduction of society?

answer

A. most people remarry and successfully raise their children

question

What is the relationship between divorce and social visibility?

answer

C. The more visible divorce has become, the more socially acceptable it is as a model.

question

In the United States, the coordinated national policy toward education for the gifted is called:

answer

C. There is no national policy for the education of the gifted.

question

According to the functionalist view, which of the following is NOT a function of education?

answer

B. screening and tracking students

question

The introduction of African American and women's history into our schools resulted largely from:

answer

B. political activism

question

Proponents of bilingual education argue that it:

answer

C. eases the transition of non-English-speaking children into the all-English mainstream.

question

What was the basic message of the report titled "A Nation At Risk?"

answer

D. It attacked the effectiveness of the American educational system.

question

The back-to-basics movement:

answer

A. focuses more on the fundamentals

question

The "back-to-basics" movement has improved:

answer

B. the scores of the lowest level-students.

question

Today the scientific research in the United States is:

answer

C. primarily supported by corporate and government funding.

question

The single most important factor contributing to continuing innovation in American society is the:

answer

C. performance of high-caliber academic and research universities.

question

Which of the following is a latent function of education?

answer

A. providing child care

question

One of the latent functions of the education system in the United States is:

answer

D. all of the above

question

Since 1980, the majority of college students have been:

answer

A. female

question

As of 2011, what is the approximate total enrollment in two and four year colleges in the United States?

answer

D. 19.7 million

question

The fastest growing group of college students is currently:

answer

B. people 25 years and older.

question

According to conflict theorists, schools:

answer

C. socialize students into values dictated by the powerful.

question

Conflict theorists refer to the social attitudes and values taught in school that prepare children to accept the requirements of adult life and to fit into the social, political, and economic statues the existing society provides as the:

answer

A. hidden curriculum

question

According to conflict theorists, America's educational system:

answer

B. encourages social conformity.

question

The stratification of students by ability, social class, and various other categories is referred to as:

answer

B. tracking

question

Dropping out of school affects the larger society because:

answer

E. all of the above

question

Nancy has been labeled a "slow learner." She is placed in classes along with other "slow learners" on the basis of various testing and evaluation procedures. This testing and placement is known as:

answer

C. tracking

question

Which of the following characterizes the "credentialized society?"

answer

D. all of the above

question

Manuel returned to school for certification in computer science despite the fact he has ten years of work experience in this field. Schooling will not affect his performance, but will get him a raise. This is an example of:

answer

E. the credentialized society

question

Jonathan Kozol went on a hunger strike to protest what he believed was the unfairness of:

answer

D. No Child Left Behind.

question

In Brown vs Board of Education decision in 1954, what did the United States Supreme court ban?

answer

A. de jure segregation.

question

Which of the following was NOT a conclusion of the Coleman report of 1966?

answer

D. The United States egalitarian beliefs counterbalance class inequalities in education.

question

The amount of money spent on education per pupil:

answer

C. cannot outweigh the influence of family background in students.

question

Which of the following is the most important factor in school achievement?

answer

B. the child's friends and family

question

Urban school segregation has been especially difficult to eliminate due to the phenomenon of:

answer

B. white flight from the central cities.

question

Which of the following is true with respect to home schooling?

answer

A. there is a self-selection factor because parents are highly motivated to bring quality education to their children

question

When the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, "In the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place," what was NOT addressed?

answer

C. de facto segregation and white flight

question

Since the mid-1980s, the number of black undergraduates attending American colleges and universities has:

answer

C. not increased appreciably.

question

Approximately what percent of the nation's white students attend central-city schools?

answer

A. 3%

question

The term "white flight" refers to the:

answer

A. movement of white Americans to suburbs

question

Regarding racial segregation and education, today it is generally agreed that:

answer

C. no significant progress on desegregation in urban areas has been made.

question

Many minority students do not apply to college because:

answer

E. their families cannot afford to pay tution

question

Which of the following helps explain the low college graduation rates of minorities?

answer

B. They are poorly prepared and perceive themselves as not welcome

question

Which factor(s) influences the educational success of foreign-born children?

answer

C. parental income, parents; educational attainment, and age of entry

question

The goal of _______ is to teach academic subjects to immigrant children in their native languages at the same time as they learn English.

answer

D. bilingual education

question

Approximately what percent of children aged give to 17 in the United States speak a language other than English at home?

answer

C. 14%

question

Over the past 90 years, the percentage of Americans in the adult population who have not completed high school has:

answer

B. decreased substantially

question

High school dropout rates are higher among:

answer

C. racial and ethnic minorities

question

Which of the following is associated with dropping out of high school?

answer

B. low family income and speaking a foreign language at home

question

In a nation built by immigrants, which function of education became more important than family of place of origin?

answer

A. cultural transmission

question

What percent of male students in grades 9 through 12 report being threatened or injured with a weapon in school property?

answer

B. 10%

question

Which of the following is one of educator John H. Holt's findings to support home schooling?

answer

D. The best learning takes place when children are allowed to pursue their own interests

question

To guard against bias in standardized test construction, the Educational Testing Services hires:

answer

C. staff, teachers, college students, and professors

question

A new immigrant family with Spanish-speaking children going to public schools in the U.S. for the first time should make sure which of the following is available?

answer

A. bilingual education

question

What is the difference between de jure and de facto segregation?

answer

E. De jure is by law and de facto is what factually exists.

question

What is the pattern of high school dropouts in the U.S. over the last century?

answer

A. The dropout pattern has declined overall.

question

Florida and Illinois depend on which of the following to offer wider opportunities for home schooling?

answer

A. Internet-based education

question

Compared to traditional societies, in modern industrial society, no distinction is made between education and socialization.

answer

False

question

Most experts would argue American schools have been successful in quipping children with the academic skills needed to function effectively in society.

answer

False

question

An important latent function of the American education system is to slow the entry of young adults into the job market.

answer

True

question

The enrollment of older, non-traditional students has been a major factor in the ability of colleges to maintain student numbers.

answer

True

question

According to conflict theorists, the hidden curriculum of schooling subtly promotes creativity and imagination.

answer

False

question

Conflict theorists argue that in order to succeed in school, students must learn both the official and the hidden curriculum.

answer

True

question

Conflict theorists argue the most important aspect of obtaining a degree from Harvard, Yale, or another lite college is that it is a guarantee that a person has received quality training.

answer

False

question

When children in the United States attend neighborhood schools today, they are usually taught in an environment that is racially segregated.

answer

True

question

According to the findings of the Coleman report, the amount of money spent on education per pupil has a significant impact on students' academic success or failure.

answer

False

question

De facto segregation is a result of residential patterns.

answer

True

STUDY

Gender Gender Role Socialization Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Sexology Social Construction Of Gender

Psychology Quiz 4-B – Flashcards 61 terms

Joan Grant

61 terms

Preview

Psychology Quiz 4-B – Flashcards

question

Gender identity refers to

answer

the sense of being male or female.

question

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

answer

gender schema.

question

When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him, Jorge protested, "I'm not going to play a girl's game!" Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of

answer

gender schemas

question

Girls typically play in ________ groups than do boys and, during their teens, girls spend ________ time with friends than do boys.

answer

smaller; more

question

Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a

answer

role.

question

Hormone injections exposing a female embryo to excess testosterone sometimes cause female infants to be born with

answer

masculine appearing genitals.

question

The social roles assigned to women and men

answer

differ widely across cultures.

question

Women are more likely than men to

answer

tend and befriend.

question

A gender role refers to

answer

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

question

In comparison to parental influence, peer influence is

answer

more likely to affect a child's language accent.

question

Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)

answer

increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.

question

Norms are best described as

answer

rules for socially acceptable behavior.

question

It has been suggested that our sensitivity to peer influence is genetically predisposed because it has facilitated the process of human mating. This suggestion best illustrates

answer

an evolutionary perspective.

question

People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by

answer

cultural diversity.

question

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

answer

social harmony.

question

The gender gap in aggression is LEAST likely to involve hurting others by

answer

excluding them

question

Voluntary migration, a sparsely populated environment, and shift to a capitalist economy have most clearly fostered

answer

individualism.

question

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of

answer

individualism.

question

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

answer

independence; interdependence

question

Which of the following would you MOST likely observe on extended visits to foreign countries?

answer

more men than women involved in fistfights

question

Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking outfits because she wants to be treated like a woman. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

gender typing.

question

Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates their use of

answer

gender schemas.

question

Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

answer

a biopsychosocial approach.

question

Compared with many Asian and African parents, today's Westernized parents are more likely to teach their children to value

answer

personal independence

question

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by

answer

individualism.

question

Premature infants who are regularly touched and massaged are more likely than their unstimulated counterparts to show signs of

answer

rapid weight gain.

question

For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to

answer

prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons

question

Failing to understand the norms of the community into which we have recently moved is most likely to contribute to

answer

culture shock.

question

An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence, the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity.

answer

wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

question

Compared with females, males use conversation to

answer

communicate solutions.

question

As people progress through adulthood, women become

answer

more assertive and men become more empathic.

question

A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________ chromosome.

answer

an X; either an X or a Y

question

Although Adam didn't care for the taste of fried green tomatoes, he began eating them when he saw that his classmates were doing so. His behavior best illustrates the importance of

answer

peer influence.

question

Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates

answer

selection effect

question

The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of

answer

culture

question

Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in

answer

the human gene pool.

question

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from

answer

cultural influence.

question

The male answer syndrome suggests that men are less likely than women to demonstrate

answer

social modesty

question

Voluntary migration, a sparsely populated environment, and shift to a capitalist economy have most clearly fostered

answer

individualism.

question

Compared with people in individualist cultures, those in collectivist cultures are

answer

more likely to display signs of humility and more likely to defer to others' wishes.

question

Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of

answer

eating disorders.

question

People whose gender identity feels mismatched with their biological sex are

answer

transgender.

question

Those who suggest that choices we make today determine what our future will be like are emphasizing the importance of

answer

human responsibility

question

Sex reassignment surgery today would most likely be recommended for individuals who are

answer

transgender

question

The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

answer

cultural influence.

question

Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

norms

question

Cultural diversity best illustrates our

answer

adaptive capacities.

question

An awareness that children's temperaments influence parents' child-rearing practices should inhibit our tendency to

answer

blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics

question

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

answer

person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.

question

A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of

answer

individualism.

question

People expect men to be ________ hungry for political power than women. When men and women are both perceived to be politically power hungry, men are ________ likely than women to suffer voter backlash.

answer

more; less

question

Female children are more likely to be labeled "tomboys" if they were exposed to excess ________ during their prenatal development.

answer

testosterone

question

Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a

answer

role

question

In everyday behavior, men are LESS likely than women to

answer

smile at others.

question

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

answer

gender schema

question

A boy who consistently exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates

answer

gender typing

question

Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Eskenazi's contribution to the gender typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by

answer

social learning theorists.

question

Men and women are most likely to differ in their

answer

aggressiveness

question

When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by

answer

collectivism.

question

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

answer

social harmony.

question

People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing

answer

family loyalty

STUDY

Abnormal Psychology Autonomy And Independence Duties And Responsibilities Ethics Gender Role Socialization Social Construction Of Gender Third Party Payers

Flashcards on Final for Ethics Psych 93 terms

Sara Graham

93 terms

Preview

Flashcards on Final for Ethics Psych

question

In order to distinguish between the ethical and legal aspects of clinical supervision, the legal aspects involve: a. supervisors qualifications, along with their duties and responsibilities b. issues with dual relationships c. consent of trainees, clients, and third-party payers d. issues related to confidentiality, liability, the supervisor's duty to protect, and standards

answer

question

Supervisees in training programs do not have the right to: a. be fully informed of their supervisor's approach to supervision b. continual access to any records maintained during the supervisory relationship c. expect that the supervisor will be their personal therapist if needed d. confidentiality with reguard to disclosure, unless mandated by law

answer

question

Supervisors are ethically vulnerable because: a. there is a power differential between participants b. of the "therapy like" quality of the supervisory relationship c. they are faced with protecting the welfare of clients, supervisees, the public and the profession. d. all of the above

answer

question

It is not the responsibility of the supervisor to: a. preform the role of teacher, counselor, or consultant as they are appropriate b. promote knowledge and skills required to efficiently work with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds c. assist supervisees to recognize their personal limitations and protect the welfare of their clients d. independently decide the needs of the trainee, including the course of therapy they will need

answer

question

Which of the following statements is not accurate? a. Supervisors are ultimately responsible, both ethically and legally, for the actions of their trainees b. Supervisors should not supervise more trainees then they can responsibly manage at one time c. Supervisors are not expected to maintain records pertaining to their work with supervisees d. it is essential that supervisors are familiar with the case loads of their supervisees

answer

question

All of the following are ways in which supervisors can promote the personal and professional development of their superivsees except for: a. neogating mutual decisons, rather than making unilateral descions, about the needs of the trainee b. proforming the role of teacher, counselor, or consultant when needed c. avoiding an evaluative role, lest the supervisee feel judged and develop pr d.

answer

Need to ask someone on this question

question

A major professional issue for consultants is the degree to which their personal values will have an impact on their actions and decsions in the consultation process. It is critical that: a. difficult descions be made for the consultees and support them with the follow-up action b. the consultant investigates the goals of the orgainization to determine if they need to be changed c. consultants present qualifications to show that they are competent to deliver the services being contracted d. consultants male consultees aware that they may be providing services that are beyond their competency

answer

question

A good consultant contract: a. is a general in nature until it can be determined what the problem is b. leaves an open time frame until both parties are statisfied that the task has been accomplished c. is a form of legal protection for both parties and can assist in developing clear understanding of the consultitation process d. allows the consultant to act in combo with the role of a counselor

answer

...

question

The authors style of supervision: a.focuses largely on the intrapsychic dynamics of supervisees b. emphasizes a // process that operates between a counseling model and a supervisory model c. focuses on interpersonal dimensions d. b and c

answer

d. b and c

question

Impairment is a condition: a. that some counselors may experience b. that some supervisors may experience c. that is always caused by unresolved personal experience d. all off the above

answer

d. all off the above

question

Leanne began to feel overwhelmed with her job at the counseling center. In addition to her regular duties... If a client of one of her neglected trainees and decide to file a lawsuit, it is likely that Leanne would bear: a. Vicarious liability b. Direct liability c. No liability (b/c her employer would be held responsible) d. A and B

answer

d. A and B

question

Supervisors adopting the __________ model attend to be the social construction of gender and the role of lanuage in maintaing a gendered society, a. feminist supervision b. social-consructividm superviosn c. development supervision d. gender-equality based supervison

answer

question

Olivia, a new supervisor, is creating a template for a supervisory contract that she can use with supervisees. In the contract, she should include info related to a. her background b. methods to be used in supervision c. evaluation of job performance d. complaint procedures and due process e. all of the above

answer

question

Which of the following topics would be appropriate to discuss during the initial supervisory session? a. the supervisors expectations regarding supervisee preparedness for supervisory meetings b. the supervisors expectations regarding supervisee preparedness for supervisory meetings c. the supervisor's expectations regarding formal evaluations d. all of the above

answer

question

Supervisors should provide supervision only a. after they obtain the needed education and training to ensure b. if they can devote the required time to provide adequate oversight c. if they are competent both in practice of supervision and in the area of counseling being supervised d. all of the above

answer

question

Supervisors have responsibilities to a. supervisees current clients b. supervisees future clients c. both a and b d. their supervisees, but not to their supervisee's clients e. themselves only

answer

question

It is essential that a good portion of the supervisory session focus on a. the personal stress experienced by the supervisory sessions focus on b. the interpersonal relationship between supervisee during client-counselor interactions c. the supervisee's personal life d. the supervisor's countertransference to the supervisee's clients

answer

question

The essential elements of the supervisor-supervisee relationship include all of the following except a. trust b. self-disclosure c. understanding transference and countertransference d. acknowledging diversity e. minimizing boundaries

answer

question

The following statement is not true with resepect to counselor competence. a. practitioners are required to practice within boundaries of their competence b. only when the thearpist completes a doctoral progam, are they competent to practice with all specialities c. the practitioner can develop competency by working with professionals with more experience d. confrences, workshops and continuing education are means towards developing competency

answer

question

According to the authors, a good training program encourages students to: a. build on their life experiences and personal strengths and provides oppertunities for expanding self-awarness b. emphasize skill traning w/out consideration of personal development c. achieve a high enough GPA to persue a doctorate d. specializes in 1 theory with the techniques and stratiges that are unique to that theory

answer

question

As a part of the process of screening canidates for a therapist training program, counselor educators should: a. provide candidates with information about what will be expected of them b. encourages candidates to screen the program to ensure a good fit c. place a great deal of emphasis on candidates GRE scores d. both a and b

answer

question

The argument for teaching a multimodal, systematic, technically electric model in training program is that: a. the variety of techniques and strategies taught can be applied to a wide range of problems with diverse clients b. it gives the student an opportunity to specialize in 1 theoretical approach c. there are few bureaucratic constraints when teaching this type of approach d. the student can ;earn to diagnose clients to fit the basic concepts of the theory being taught

answer

question

Which of the following statements about competence is false? a. striving for competence is a lifelong endeavor b. competence at 1 point in our career does not assuire competence at a later time c. practitioners cannot develope competence both as generalists and as specialists d. being competent in 1 area of counseling does not mean that we are compentent in other areas

answer

question

______ represents the least degree of regulation of professional practice a. certification b. licensure c.registration d. accreditation

answer

question

An argument put forth in favor of legisiation to regulate the delivery of mental-health services is that: a. professionalism builds up a rigid bureacracy designed to protect the client b. the public is ptotected by setting min standards of service and holding professionals accountable c. there are as many certified chariatans as there are uncertifed, competent practitioners d. it contributes to professional specializations that pit one against the other

answer

question

Within the counseling profession, a speciality is officialy recognized when: a. practitioners active a speciatly accrediation through a group or certification through a professional organization b. the practitioner recieves a doctorate degree c. the counselor works in a specific area for atleast 2 years d. there is state regulation of the practice of that particular counseling specialization

answer

question

Most professional orginizations support efforts to a. require pro bono work at the rate of at least 20% of the work week for all professionals b. write regulators that encourage competition c. make continuing education a manditoty condition of reicesing d. require personality tests from all practitioners to ensure that those who enter the field are in good mental health

answer

question

____ is an organized system by which practitioners within a profession assess one another's services. a. networking b. mentoring c. monitoring d. Peer review

answer

question

Barriers to dissmising a student who demonstrates dysfunctional interpersonal behavior from a training program include: a. lack of adequate procedures in place to support a dismissal decision b. fear of legal reprisal by the trainee c. the potential for receiveing criticism from other faculity members who were not involved in the trainee's remedication d. all of the above

answer

question

Chaka, a new counselor trainee, appears to be emotionally stable and well-adjusted. 1 might say that she demonstrates: a. charater b. psychological fitness c. borderline personality disorder d. resilience

answer

question

Referring clients to other professionals is: a. appropriate when counselors don not have the clinical training or expertise to with certain clients b. unethical since it ,eaves the client feeling abandoned c. indicative of poor character d. illegal in some states e. non of above

answer

question

In order to apply our knowledge and skills competently, a. we must be perfectly healthy b. we must attend to our physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being c. self-care routines must be rigidly adhered to on a daily basis d. all of the above

answer

question

Even though mental health professionals may not intend to harm clients _______ often is a major contributing factor in causing harm. a. lack of competence b. unconsious impulses of an agressive nature c. participation in training program that is not CACREP accredited d. a decreased emphasis on ethics in training programs

answer

question

According to the American Counseling Assocaiation, conselors pratice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their a. education and training b. supervised experience c. state and national professional credentials d. appropriate professional experience e. all of the above

answer

question

To qualify as a substance abuse counselor, the CACREP (2009) standards identify specific knowledge, skills, and practice in all of the following areas except a. foundations b. counseling, prevention, and intervention c. diversity and advocacy d. research and evaluation e. none of the above

answer

question

______ is a developmentally informed process that provides useful feedback during 1's training and throughout 1's professional career a. formative assessment b. summative assessment c. developmentally-informed assessment d. both a and b

answer

question

Those who are responsible for education and training mental health professionals are ethically and professionally obligated to a. focous exclusively on mentoring trainees b. invest all of their efforts into mentorinig trainees as well as being advocates for them and thier clients c. balance their roles as advocates and mentor of trainees with their gatekeeping role d. focus exclusivly on their gatekeeping responsibilites

answer

question

When therapists extend the boundaries of their new practice, or when they branch out an area requiring speciality competence, they should a. be sufficiently prepared if they read books and journal articles pertaining to the new speciality area b. seek consultation with a competent practitioner c. return to graduate school and recieve another degree d. gain competence on their own before consulting with other professionals

answer

question

Researchers recommend that students be taught ways of implementing wellness stratiges into their daily lives a. in amanner silmilar to the way they are taught to implement techniques into their counseling b. by having them read self-books c. viaPowerpoint lecture d. by asking them to mediate on a daily basis

answer

question

Training programs have a responsibility to a. honor their commitment to the students they admit b. protect future consumers who will be sereved by those who graduate c. screen candiates for their appropriateness d. all of the above

answer

question

Dr. Geller is a faculty member in a training program that graduates trainees who he beileves are incompetent. He has tried to address these issues with the program administrators and facility; however, to no avail. Dr. Geller a. should make the conflict unknown to the institution and then adhere to his ethical duties

answer

question

In most training programs, students are expected to a. engage in appropriate self-disclosure and participate in various self-growth activities b. disclose their deepest and darkest secrets c. undergo psychoanalysis c. all of the above

answer

question

When a practitioner has a license, he or she is a. competent to work with all populations b. competent to work with most, but not all populations c. not competent to work with all populations d. finally exempt from having his or her competence evaluated

answer

question

Joe has a counseling practice and is also teaching psychology part-time at a university. He is well liked and trusted by students and some have asked for private counseling. Joe has decided to wait until semester break before taking them on as clients. Joe would be: a. exhibiting ethical behavior by telling his students that he will counsel them at the end of the semester b. in a dual relationship with his students which may cause ethical problems c. playing favortism by not counseling all of his students d. not qualified to counsel his students because he is a part-time instructor

answer

question

The following is true concerning dual relationships: a. there is a clear censensus among practitioners regaurding nonsexual relationships b. due to the fact that there are clinical, ethical, and legal risks, all blending of roles must be avoided c. objectivelt in counseling is enhanced with dual relationships d. counselors need to make every effort to avoid dual relationships with clients that could impair professional judgement or increase the risk of harm to clients

answer

question

Ted is a counselor educator and also acts as therapeutic agent for his students personal development since personal awareness is considered to be an intrinsic part of developing counselor skills in the program at the university in which he teaches. Ted is: a. totally unethical in attempting to guide his students towards self-awareness b.involved in a situation in which he will become so subjective that he will be unable to teach students c. involved in role blending which is inevitable in the process of educating and supervision counselor trainees d. in a situation that automatically leads to a conflict of interest

answer

question

Departures from commonly accepted practices that could potentiallity benefit clients are reffered to: a. unethical boundaries b. boundary crossing c. boundary violations d. interpersonal boundaries

answer

question

The following action would max the risks inherent in dual or multiple relationships

answer

dont have 5 for ch.7

question

dont have 6

answer

answer is d

question

In regaurds to boundaries in the counseling relationship, Lazrus takes the position that: a. certain ethics and boundaries actually diminish theraputic effectiveness b. all boundaries should be eliminated because they destroy the counseling relationship c. strong boundaries must be maintained in order to avoid malpractice suits d. traits such as flexability, spontaneously, and warmth tend to be characteristics if therapists who maintain strong boundaries

answer

question

Dual or multiple relationships can occur a. simultaneously b. consecutively c.either a or b d. neither a nor b

answer

question

Which of the following situations has the potential to harm or exploit a client? a. entering a business venture with a client b. developing a sexual relationship with a client c. establishing a social relationship with a client d. all of the above

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Marty is counseling with an Asian client who recently returned from a trip to Japan to visit relatives. His client wants to give him an inexpensive souvenir. It is important for Marty to: a. refuse the gift on ethical grounds b. explain that the gift would change their relationship nd create a conflict of interest c. be a ware that accepting the gift may be culturally appropriate with this client d. explain that he cannot accept the gift until the counseling relationship is over

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A counselor is likely to adopt strictor social boundaries and will be concerned about polluting the transference relationship if he/she is: a. psychologically oriented b. behavioral therapists c. working with culturally diverse clients d. already engaged in an active social life

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Boundary management is: a. not an issue in sparsely populated areas b. less challenging in rural areas than in urban areas c. equally as challenging in rural and urban areas d. more challenging in rural areas than in urban areas

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A common reaction of therapists who realize that they have sexual feelings towards their clients is to: a. feel angry at themselves b. speak openly about the matter to client c. investigate to see if the client feels the same d. feel guilty and fearful of lossing control and being critized

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Therapists can deal with powerful attractions to clients by: a. repressing their feelings of attraction b. asking the client if the feeling is mutual c. terminating the relationship immediately d. monitoring boundaries by setting clear limits on physical contact, self-disclosure, and client requests for personal info

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Which of the following is not considered a guideline to min the liklihood of sexual transgressions by clinicians? a. seeking professional support during times of personal loss or crisis b. knowing the difference between sexual attraction to clients and acting out c. avoiding terminating the theraputic relationships, even when sexual feelings obsecure objectivity d. monitoring feelings and behaviors toward clients

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Bonnie became sexually involved with her therapist soon after therpy began. This action was initiated by the therapist who saw Bonnie's provocatice behavior as an invitation to become intimate. the following is a possible on-going consequence for the client being sexually exploited: a. substance abuse b. suicidal ideation c. distrust for therapists and the therapeutic process d. impared social adjustment and distrust of oposite sex e. all of the above

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Clients can file a legal complaint against a therapist for sexual miscondut by: a. filing ab ethical complaint with the therapist's professional association b. filling an ethical complaint with the therapist's licensing board c. lodging a complaint or civil suit d. filing a criminal complaint e. all of the above

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According to the professional codes of ethics, sexual relationships between client and counselor and considered to be ethical under which of the following circumstances? a. if the therapist is really in love with the client b. if there is consent by the client c. these relationships are not considered to be ethical under any circumstances d. if the sexual relationship begains within 6 months of termination

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Robert is romantically attracted to his client and he suspects that the feeling is mutual. In order to take an ethical action, Robert should: a. seek consultation with an experienced colleague, supervisor, or personal therapists who could help him decide on a course of action b. terminate therapy so they can develope a romantic relationship c. repress his feelings and continue therapy with the client d. explore his reasons for the attraction and tell th eclient why he is attracted to her

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In the author's view, non-erotic touching between counselor and client should be: a. a spontaneous and honest expression of the thearpist's feelings b. incongruent with what they feel c. a thearpeutic techinque used to extinguish catharsis d. considered unethical

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Clinicans who oppose any form of psychical contact with their clients (e.g., non-erotic touching) believe that: a. it can promote dependency b. it can interfere with the transference relationship c. it can be misread by clients d. it can become sexualized e. all of the above

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Miguel has been provideing couples counsleing to Saundra and Steven for a couple of years and was recently invited to attend their 20th wedding aniversary party. Attending this event is an example of a. a boundary violation b.a potentially benefical non-professional interaction c. an unprofessional interaction d. lapse of judgement

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The notion that certain actions will inevitably lead to a progressive deterioration of ethical behavior is commonly referred to as: a. the slippery slope phenomenon b. therapist decay c. the ethical deterioration phenonmenon d. role erosion

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In contrast to the past, the American Psychological Association now views multiple relationships in a ________ manner and emphasizes the importance of _____ in making ethical decisions. a. more flexibility; context b. less flexibility; unbending ethical rules c. skeptical; being conservative d. both a and c

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Mentors often balance a multiplicity of roles. Which of the following would not be considered these roles? a. teacher b. counselor c. guide d. friend e. none of the above

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contemporary theories of counseling: a. Are grounded on assumptions that are a part of Eastern culture b. Emphasize the uniqueness of the individuals, self- assertion, and ego strength c. Focus on interdependence, and losing self in the totality of the cosmos d. Emphasizes the social and cultural factors of human esistence

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Practcing counseling without ab explicit theoretical rationale is somewhat like a. Driving a car with GPS device b. Tryng to sail a boat without a rudder c. Flying a plain without a co-pilot d. Taking a train ride

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When a counselor works in a managed care system, client's goals need to be: a. Long-term and all encompassing b. Aimed at character reconstruction c. Geared towards the client gaining insight into his or her problems and movement towards self-actualization d. Highly specific, limited to reduction of problematic symptoms, and often aimed at teaching coping skills

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________ is a general term covering the process of identifying an emotional or behavioral problem and making a statement about current status of a client. a. Medical diagnosis b. differential diagnosis c. Psychodiagnosis d. cognitive apparaisal

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Practitioners who argue against diagnosis: a. spontaneity b. creativity c. intentionality d. ambiguity

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Practioners need to function with ________; they must have a clear understanding of the techniques they employ and have a sense of the expected outcomes of their interventions. a. spontaneity b. creativity c. intentionality d. ambiguity

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The following is not true concerning therapeutic use of the DSM-IV-TR to diagnosis clients: a. emphasis is on pathology, deficits, limitations, problems, and symptoms b. the process of determining a diagnosis requires clients to meet a number of criteria stated in the DSM-IV-TR c. It is based on the assumption that assumption that distress in a family or social context is the result of individual psychology d. it is based on a systematic approach that views the source of distress as being within the entire system, rather than on the individual

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The term ______ is described in the text as a "grab bag of diagnostic leftovers at the back of the DSM-IV-TR that rarely qualify for reimbursement". a. T-codes b. X-codes c. Y-codes d. V-codes

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Emperical research _______ the centraility of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcomes a. downplays b. exaggerates c. strongly and consistently supports d. inconsistently

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According to professional ethical principles on testing, it would be unethical for a counselor to: a. preform testing and assessment services for which they have not been adequately trained b. develop, administer, score, interpret, or use asessment procedures that are appropriate for the situation c. test within the clients's socialized behavioral or cognitive patterns d. consider the validity of a given test and interpret data in the context of cultural characteristics of the client

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John is seeking counseling through his managed care provider and he needs to be informed that: a. the managed care company may request the entire clinical record of a client b. he has the right to expect unlimited sessions c. his insurance provider will not have acess to his records d. no referrals will be made upon termination of therapy

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A. A graduate course and family systems therapy B. Fully resolving ones on the family of origin issues C. Years of training and supervision D. Natural ability to think systematically

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A. Acquire self-knowledge, especially with regard to family of origin issues B. Learn basic counseling techniques to use with families and couples C.learn and practice specialties such as systems therapy D. Understand the effective intervention techniques used when working with families and couples

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A. Raising consciousness concerning the role cultural factors influencing the outlook and behaviors of individuals and families B. Overcoming trainee gender bias and sex-role stereotyping C. Understan ding the collaborative nature family therapy D. Direct clinical contact with all members of the family system

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A. Classroom lectures and readings B. Both personal therapy and workings of one's own family of origin C. Films in videotapes of family therapy sessions D. Discussion

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A. would set her values aside and work with any decision that her clients choose to me about their marriage B. Would place the primary focus on helping each person examine what is the best course of action for themselves C. Might let it be known that she believes in the preservation of marriage and when urgent a couple to work on her issues D. Will consider divorce as a viable option if the couple of them happy with the relationship

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A. Anagram B. Genogram C. Famogram D. Pathogram

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A. Assuming that remaining married May not be the best choice for a woman B. Demonstrating equal interest in both the woman's career and the man's career C. Encouraging couples to except the fact that child rearing its primary the responsibility of the mother D. Having the same reaction to a woman's extramarital affair as a man's affair

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A. "Hidden agenda" are seen as material that should be brought out into the open during a family session B. Therapists should not divulge in a family session any information given to any individual session C. Therapists need to inform clients that any info given during private sessions will be divulged in accordance with the greatest benefit to the family D. Family therapists are exempt from reporting information that can harm the family system

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A. Vicarious supervision B. Live supervision C. Family consultation D. None of the above

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Which of the following statements is consistent with the values under grinding the feminist perspective and family therapy? A. Therapist should empower their clients to make their own choices B. Therapists demystify the therapeutic process for their clients C. Therapist challenge traditional gender roles and the impact this socialization has a relationships and families D. All of the above

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Many believe it is wise to have a(n) _________ when counseling couples due to the complexity of the work A. "No secrets" policy B. Attorney C. Hidden agenda D. Three year contract

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Charles, a couples therapist, recently met with a new couple seeking his services. During the initial meeting, Charles learned that the wife and husband are both in individual therapy. As an ethical practitioner, he should A. Ask his new clients permission to consult with her individual therapists B. Not asked to consult with her therapist since it is none of their business C. Not accept them as clients so as to avoid any ethical conflicts D. Make it a condition that they start meeting with her individual therapist if they want his services

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Which of the practitioners described below when not been effective their family therapist? A. One who demonstrates acceptance, interest, and caring B. One who works in patterns C. One who downplays the influence of diversity D. One who is assertive and confident

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A(n) _________ approach to supervision is necessary I mention no training for therapists who want to work with families. A. Adlerian B. Family of origin C. object relations D. Attachment theory based E. Both C and D

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