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Chapters 8-10 – Flashcards 110 terms

Ken Ericksen

110 terms

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Chapters 8-10 – Flashcards

question

A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the

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water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush pulp, and press oil

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In northern Europe, increasing use of the heavy-wheeled plow between 800 and 1050 coincided with

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fundamental changes in patterns of peasant settlement

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Despite the potential advantages of the manorial system, _________ played the dominant role in creating it.

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lords

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Serfs were treated like slaves in parts of medieval Europe with the major exception that:

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serfs could not be sold apart from their historic lands

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The rotation of crops

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spread labor evenly over the course of the year

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During the 11th century, the most spectacular developments in long-distance trade took place in

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northern Italy

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One factor that contributed to the growth of some urban centers such as Paris and London was

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their ability to draw on the wealth of the immediate area around the city

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Major towns and cities in the High Middle Ages

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sustained their population only through continuous immigration from the countryside

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The two fundamental factors driving the high medieval European economy were

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population growth and an increasingly efficient market for goods

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Between 1000 and 1300 in western Europe, social mobility

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and social inequality both increased

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One response to the Viking invasions of the 10th century was the development of

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castles

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Self-governing elites most frequently developed in areas of western Europe where

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royal authority was either weak or nonexistent

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Ruling from their castles, lords claimed the right to

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collect taxes, administer justice, wage war, and mint money

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Central to the establishment of fedual monarchies was the

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personal relationship among individuals at each level of feudal society

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The term feudal comes from the Latin feudum, which refers to

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"fief" or a gift that created a contractual relationship

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The 10th century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and

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an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy

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Many Christians believed in the special protective and curative powers of objects associated with saints such as a fragment of bone or cloth from their garment. Such relics

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were displayed in elaborate reliquaries to demonstrate the prestige and wealth of a church or monastery; demonstrate a growing spirituality of medieval people; showed the great devotion people had toward the Church; prompted incidents of "holy theft"

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The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that it

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undertook the establishment of a large number of subordinate "daughter houses" also free of control by local lords

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One of the many reforms undertaken by the Cluniac monasteries was to enforce the monastic vow of celibacy on all priests. Some segments of the Church rejected this reform claiming that

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the church fathers, such Ambrose, had been married

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In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the

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College of Cardinals

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The importance of the investiture Conflict was that it

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formally, though not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics

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The expansion of the Byzantine empire during the 10th and early 11th centuries was assisted by

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Christian missionary activity in Russia and the Balkans

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Relations between Muslims and Christians in the area Christians referred to as the Holy Lands were upset when Jerusalem was captured in 1071 by the

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Seljuq Turks

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When Alexius Comnenus asked for Western help against the Seljuq Turks, he was hoping for a

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force of heavily armored knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish cavalry

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The First Crusade

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weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean

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When preaching the First Crusade, some churchmen in western Europe offered crusaders

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a plenary indulgence, promising that those who died would immediately go the heaven

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The most devastating consequence of the Crusades was the

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new religious and political ethos that informed the reconquest of Iberia; development of Islamic and Christian doctrines of holy war; underlying justification of the English wars against the Welsh and Scots; justification for the massacre and dispossession of the "heretics: of southern France

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The Muslim world was far advanced over Europe in the area of medicine as evidenced by the writings of

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IbnSina

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The Muslim philosopher known in Europe as Averroes attempted to resolve a perceived problem in philosophy of

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reconciling the Greek idea of the freedom individuals had in the world and the view that God determined everything that happens in the world

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From the Islamic world come some of the best-known poetry in the world, among which is the poetry of

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Umar Khayyam

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Europe was transformed radically in the 12th and 13th centuries because of

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the emergence and growth of universities; technological innovations; the new vernacular literature; the emergence of large-scale territorial monarchies

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The High Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a new political structure known as the

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national monarchy

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The codification of canon law and the extension of papal powers and authority had, at least in part, its germination in

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the dispute between Henry II and Thomas Becket

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The Magna Carta was signed by King John

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to define the rights of nobles and limit his power, doing so only because his barons forced him into it

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By the early 14th century, the English Parliament had emerged as a

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representative assembly, legislative body, political body; financial body

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The French kingdom of the Capetians had shrunk dramatically under the rule of _______, who lost his wife and lands to the English king.

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Louis VII

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The tradition of French administration that balanced local diversity of custom with bureaucratic centralization in Paris began

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Philip II, "Augustus

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In which country did certain nobles successfully claim and exercise the right to elect their king, regardless of the claims of hereditary succession to the throne

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Germany

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To the territories he inherited from his father, Frederick Barbarossa, King Henry VI added

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Sicily

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King Frederick II of Germany

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pursued his grandfather's policy of supporting the German princes while enforcing imperial rights throughout the empire

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Compared to the popes active in the Middle Ages, popes in the High Middle Ages were

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more concerned with establishing a reputation for justice

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Innocent III was the most successful pope in the High Middle Ages because he

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successfully disciplined kings and heretics, and defined the central dogmas of the Church

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The emphasis on visible works of Christian piety and devotion in the High Middle Ages served to

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clearly distinguish Christian groups from their non-Christian neighbors

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The Fourth Lateran Council

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defined the central dogmas of the Church; set rules for the behavior of priests; established distinctive apparel for non-Christians; established free primary schools in major European cities

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In the 12th century, the central focus for Christianity was

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the mass

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Which Christian figure became the center of a rapidly expanding "cult" in the 12th century and the namesake of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris as well as other places?

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the Virgin Mary

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In addition to the expansion of "Inquisition" trials, what mechanism did the Latin Church use to control popular heresy in the 13th century?

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The Church launched a full-scale internal crusade against the Cathars

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Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order

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apostolic poverty and an imitation of the life of Christ

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Waldes's reform movement in the late 12th century was considered heretical by the Church because the Waldensians did not

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accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching

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The increasing persecution of European Jews in the 13th and 14th centuries should be interpreted in the context of

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general Christian concerns about heresy and the growing suspicion of Jews at all levels of society

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The growth of schools in the 12th century Europe can be attributed primarily to

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the general economic revival and the emergence of strong government

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The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum was comprised of the

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trivium and quadrivium

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The rise of lay education in 12th and 13th century Europe was important because through it

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people were increasingly able to pursue nonreligious line of inquiry, and Western culture ultimately became more independent of religion than other cultures

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By 1200, most of the boys who entered schools

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were not members of the clergy and never intended to be

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Medieval scholastics taught that

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there was a fundamental compatibility between human reason and experience in the teachings in the Bible

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Modern universities can trace their origin ultimately back to the

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Abelard at Notre-Dame in Paris

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Anselm argued that

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God, as a perfect being, must exist simply by definition

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The term university orginially meant a

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corporation or guild

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Upon admission to university, medieval students typically studied the liberal arts, which meant

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advanced work in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic

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Students who attended medieval universities

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were generally rowdy; regarded themselves as privileged; thought of themselves as separate from the surrounding town; needed to work hard to master their studies

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In the second half of the 11th century, educated Westerners vastly increased their knowledge when

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important works of Greek and Arabic literature were translated into Latin

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Compared to Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas seems to have

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placed a greater value on the use of reason and the study of the physical universe to know God

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Chivalry

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was a means of legitimizing social positions acquired through either bravery or skill

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Courtly love emphasized the ennobling effect of

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the love of a noble woman upon a knight

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Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet known primarily for his

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story depicting the search for the Holy Grail

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The most representative genre of literature popular during the High Middle Ages was the

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fabliau

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Dante's Divine Comedy stresses that

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the route to knowledge of the divine is through Christian wisdom

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In emotional or expressive terms, the Gothic cathedral can best be thought of as

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expressions of a renewed confidence in life and the strivings of humans

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The essential features of the Romanesque architectural style are

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rounded arches, massive stone walls, and small windows

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The "Renaissance of the 12th Century" should ultimately be considered a

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revival of classical texts creatively adapted to the unique Christian culture of the High Middle Ages

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In the early 14th century, the agricultural economy in Europe had begun to

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fail due to climate change and excessive cultivation

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The combined effects of famine, war, and plague in the 14th century reduced the total population of western Europe by

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at least one half

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The social mobility of the 14th century was made possible largely due to the

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Black Death

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After 1450, European towns grew significantly in size and economic power because they

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attracted more people and developed specialized products and services

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Which lower-class rebellion in the later Middle Ages involved the revolt of workers in the cloth industry who sought greater participation in local governments?

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the Floretine Ciompi revolt of 1378

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The English Peasants' Revolt differed from other revolts and rebellions of the 14th century as it was fueled by

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perceived corruption in the Church

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One means by which the nobility of Europe asserted themselves was through membership in chivalric orders founded by the rulers of various countries. An example fo such an order would be the

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Knights of the Garter

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In late-medieval France, which dynasty eventually replaced the capetians as rulers?

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the Valois

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The first phase of the Hundred Years' War was marked by

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successive English victories over the France

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England's good fortunes in the Hundred Years' War turned for the bad when

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Edward III died, leaving a young Richard to rule

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During the rise of national monarchies, which modern country resisted unification and remained divided among dozens of independent principalities throughout the later Middle Ages?

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Germany

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Captured by the Burgundians and condemned by the theologians of Paris as a witch, Joan of Arc was

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tried for heresy by an English ecclesiastical court

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The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the

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unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile

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Spain was made whole with the reconquest of 1492 but was not truly a single nation until

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1714

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The largest multiethnic empire of the premodern world was

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Russia

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The Golden Horde was the

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Mongol dynasty that controlled Russia

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Moscow replaced _____ as the center of Russian power in the last Middle Ages

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Kiev

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When it fought against Poland-Lithuania in the last 15th century, Moscow appealed to its citizens by

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emphasizing the Roman Catholicism of Poland-Lithuania

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Before the fall of Constatinople in 1453, the Byzantine empire tried to shore up its defensive position against the Ottoman Turks by

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submitting to papal (Roman) authority in religious matters

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The rebellion of the Mongol leader Timur the Lame created a power vacuum that allowed

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the Muscovite grand duke, Ivan III, to launch a series of conquests to forward his imperial agenda

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During the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the 14th century, the papacy was

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moved to Avignon, France

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The Roman Catholic Church during the later Middle Ages

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changed a great deal as it suffered from the same economic hardships caused by the Black Death as the rest of Europe did

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The Great Schism ended in 1417 when the

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Council of Constance elected a new pope

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The sacraments of the Church

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were valid if administered by a properly ordained priest

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Master Eckhart taught that

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there was a spark of the divine within every human soul

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One way people of the medieval period came to understand the divine in their own lives was through

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the Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis

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Although Jan Hus adopted the ideas of John Wyclif, he did diverge from Wyclif in his view

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on the Eucharist being fully available to all people

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The 13th century had witnessed the development of the philosophical belief that the world was rational, organized, and comprehensile to human beings. In the 14th century, William of Ockhm:

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denied that human reason could prove fundamental theological truths

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Baccaccio's Decameron is historically significant because it

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is written in the vernacular and portrays men and women as they really were

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Compared to the High Middle Ages, the later Middle Ages

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signaled the beginning of vernacular poetry and popular stories of courtly romance

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What is the central theme of Christine de Pisan's The City of Ladies?

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The book is an allegory that defends women against the misogynistic claims of men

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Just as Boccaccio wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while sitting out the Black Death, _______ wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while on a pilgrimage

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Chaucer

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The later Middle Ages saw an important development in the literary world in that

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Christine de Pisan could write for a larger audience defending the character and history of women; Geoffrey Chaucer could give voice to a variety of people representing different classes and outlooks on life; increasingly innovative and ambitious ideas appeared in books; professional authors could make their living with their pens

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In the later Middle Ages naturalism in literature extended itself to art as well, causing artists to

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pay closer attention to how things really looked

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A fresco painting is essentially

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pigment mixed with plaster that is applied to a wall

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The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he

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brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images

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The Flemish painter Roger van der Weyden expressed piety and the ever present message of the Bible by

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portraying biblical figures in contemporary settings

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The development of artillery in late-medieval Europe affected military strategy in that

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stone castles became less viable as defensive strongholds

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The invention of mechanical time-keeping machines (clocks)

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gradually led to the creation of new concepts regarding labor and productivity

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The invention of movable-type printing and the printing press made possible the

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Protestant Reformation in the following century

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AP United States History Fourth Lateran Council High Middle Ages Western Civilization World History

Early Western Civilization Quiz 9 – Flashcards 17 terms

Edwin Holland

17 terms

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Early Western Civilization Quiz 9 – Flashcards

question

Chivalry

answer

was a means of legitimizing social positions acquired through either bravery or skill.

question

The "Renaissance of the Twelfth Century" should ultimately be considered a:

answer

revival of classical texts creatively adapted to the unique Christian culture of the High Middle Ages.

question

The most representative genre of literature popular during the High Middle Ages was the:

answer

fabliau

question

Eleanor of Aquitaine was a central character in the development of:

answer

a change in how women were viewed in European courts.

question

Europe was transformed radically in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries because of:

answer

the emergence and growth of universities. technological innovations. the new vernacular literature. the emergence of large-scale territorial monarchies.

question

To preserve their political independence, the popes of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries:

answer

sanctioned Milan's formation of an anti-German alliance, the Lombard League.

question

The tradition of French administration that balanced local diversity of custom with bureaucratic centralization in Paris began with:

answer

Philip II, "Augustus."

question

Waldes's reform movement in the late twelfth century was considered heretical by the Church because the Waldensians did not:

answer

accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching.

question

King Frederick II of Germany:

answer

pursued his grandfather's policy of supporting the German princes while enforcing imperial rights throughout the empire.

question

By the early fourteenth century, the English Parliament had emerged as a:

answer

representative assembly. legislative body. political body. financial body.

question

The increasing persecution of European Jews in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries should be interpreted in the context of:

answer

general Christian concerns about heresy and the growing suspicion of Jews at all levels of society.

question

In the twelfth century, the central focus for Christianity was:

answer

the mass

question

The term university originally meant a:

answer

corporation or guild.

question

The rise of lay education in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Europe was important because through it:

answer

people were increasingly able to pursue nonreligious lines of inquiry, and Western culture ultimately became more independent of religion than other cultures.

question

The Magna Carta was signed by King John:

answer

to define the rights of nobles and limit his power, doing so only because his barons forced him into it.

question

Modern universities can trace their origin ultimately back to the:

answer

Abelard at Notre-Dame in Paris.

question

The Fourth Lateran Council:

answer

defined the central dogmas of the Church. set rules for the behavior of priests. established distinctive apparel for non-Christians. established free primary schools in major European cities.

STUDY

AP World History Fourth Lateran Council High Middle Ages History of Philosophy World History

Unit 9 world history medieval – Flashcards 23 terms

Pat Coker

23 terms

Preview

Unit 9 world history medieval – Flashcards

question

Medevial universities were used to train

answer

Clergys

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Christine de Pisan

answer

A women that got an education

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Thomas aquinas

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Scholastic who's work concluded that God rules over an orderly universe and that faith and reason exist in harmony.

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Divine comedy

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Written by Dante Alighieri, an imaginary journey through purgatory and hell, and then describes a vision of heaven.

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Chaucer's Canterbury tales

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Written by Geoffrey Chaucer, talked about medieval life through the eyes of many.

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Poem of Cid

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Tells a story of Rodrigo díaz de Vivar who fought against Muslim forces

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Style of building in medieval europe

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Gothic style

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Byzantine empire fell because of

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The Ottomans

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Effect of Stainglass windows

answer

Supplied observers with information about European Christian beliefs

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Why were Byzantine scholars so important to western europe

answer

They helped preserve Ancient Greek and Roman ideas

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Which affected the weakening of the Byzantine Empire have a knowledge and learning in Western Europe

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Scholars who fled Constantinople took with them knowledge that help sparked the renaissance

question

How did the development of universities in medieval Europe strength in the church to unify society

answer

Universities grew up around cathedrals and courses of study helped educate clergy

question

How did the Hundred Years' War contribute to the decline of the medieval era?

answer

It led to the collapse of the feudal system

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How did the second Great Schism lead to the. End of medieval europe

answer

It caused people to question the authority of the church

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What caused the Great Schism?

answer

Election of multiple popes by different factions

question

What caused 100 year war?

answer

Economic rivalry between England and France

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How did Black Death contribute to feudalism decline?

answer

Reducing wealth of minor lords.

question

Heresies that threatened the church (2 reasons)

answer

John Wycliffe, and Oxford professor said that the bible, not the church was the source of all Christian faith. He was burned at the stake. Calling for the faithful to rely on the bible and for limiting the role of the clergy. This would split the Roman Catholic Church forever.

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Joan of arc

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Led France to several victories. Was burned at the stake by England, and later declared a saint by the church.

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Kiev

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A city that would later become the center of trade of the first Russian state.

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Ivan the great

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Brought much of northern Russia under his rule, tried to limit the power of landowning nobles, he adopted Byzantine court rituals.

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Ivan the terrible

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Grandson of Ivan the great, first Russian ruler crowned tsar. He vacant unstable and killed his son in a fit of rage. He organized the oprichniki, agents of terror who enforced the tsars will.

question

Golden Bull of 1222

answer

The Hungarian King was forced to sign a charter recognizing the nobles rights, and strictly limiting royal power

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AP European History AP United States History Fourth Lateran Council Peter The Hermit Western Civilization

exam 3 hist 101 – Flashcards 100 terms

Sarah Adrian

100 terms

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exam 3 hist 101 – Flashcards

question

What was the medieval economy based primarily on?

answer

Agricultural production

question

What factors contributed to the increase in agricultural output in the medieval period?

answer

Technological advances Ex. heavy-wheeled plow, iron horseshoes, tandem harnessing Labor saving devices Ex. iron for hoes, pitchforks, shovels, scythes, wheelbarrow, harrow, watermill Climate change Warmer climate benefitted n. Europe by drying the soil & lengthening the growing season; warmer climate hurt the Mediterranean Monasteries They could develop the the tools which would then be copied by peasants & lords

question

Aside from raising food yields, what were the consequences of the movement from a two-field system to a three-field system?

answer

It increased the amount of land under cultivation The 2 separate growing season provided insurance against loss It produced higher yields per acre Helped spread labor more evenly

question

After 1050, what did towns replace as the nuclei of civilization?

answer

Monasteries

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What did Charters of liberty allow towns to do?

answer

It gave them the right to govern themselves Urban areas expanded b/c of the migration of free peasants & serfs

question

Why do Historians generally not use the term feudalism today?

answer

It means: An economy based solely on agriculture An aristocratic social order where propertied men are bound together by kinship & shared interests A system of landholding in which lesser men hold land from greater men in return for military service Historians don't use it b/c it has so many different meanings

question

What element was central to the establishment of feudal monarchies?

answer

The lord could protect & elevate his man, but could also discipline him/bring him down (?)

question

What happened at Canossa in the winter of 1077?

answer

King Henry IV prevented his deposition by visiting Pope Gregory VII at the castle of Canossa and performing a ritual of penance King had to bow to the Pope (it had normally been the other way around)

question

The first successful attempt to restore the spiritual authority of the Latin Church can be traced to the establishment of a new kind of monastery at which location?

answer

Burgundy in southeastern France cluny

question

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections - to whom did this give power to elect future popes

answer

The College of Cardinals

question

Taken literally, what did the term investiture mean to medieval Christians in the eleventh century?

answer

he right to appoint bishops & to invest them w/the trappings of office

question

In 1071, Byzantium lost Armenia and wealthy Anatolia to which Turkish tribe?

answer

The Seljuq Turks

question

When preaching the First Crusade, Pope Urban II suggested that those who fought in the service of Christ would receive what benefit?

answer

Absolution for their sins, salvation, booty, & glory

question

What did Arabic mathematics introduce that revolutionized European economies?

answer

A decimal arithmetic based on place values & hinged on the concept of the zero Algebra & algorithms

question

The English King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to what great issue?

answer

Clerics being English subjects before they are servants of Rome Who had jurisdiction over priests & church courts

question

What exactly was the Magna Carta to which King John of England gave the royal assent?

answer

It expressed the idea that a king should be subject to the rule of law It normalized the idea that strong representative government is a good thing

question

Who was the last emperor who effectively ruled all the disparate pieces of the Holy Roman Empire?

answer

Frederick II

question

How should the lifestyle of Emperor Frederick II in Sicily be described?

answer

He was able to speak multiple languages (Arabic, Italian, Latin, German, & French) He was a scholar He owned a lot of exotic animals & had a harem of women who traveled w/him

question

The Knights Hospitaller was initially founded for what purpose?

answer

They were originally charged w/the care of the pilgrims in the Hospital of St. John at Jerusalem They later became militarized

question

How did Venice benefit from the Crusades?

answer

They provided ships & supplies & benefitted from their close ties w/Byzantium

question

Who was most responsible for increasing interest in devotion to the Eucharist and the Virgin Mary in the twelfth century?

answer

Bernard of Clairvaux

question

Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order?

answer

He preached salvation Apostolic living Rebelled against materialistic life

question

Upon admission to university, medieval students typically spent four years studying the liberal arts - what did this mean in practice?

answer

Trivium - "the three ways"; grammar, logic, & rhetoric Quadrivium - "four ways"; arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, & music Liberal arts was a prerequisite for advanced study in philosophy, theology, law, & medicine

question

In the second half of the twelfth century, what precipitated an intellectual revolution?

answer

Muslim scholars Honing of different techniques to deal w/the challenge of reconciling classical thought w/Islamic belief (these techniques contributed to the development of Christian theology)

question

In towns, manufacturing was largely controlled by whom?

answer

Guilds

question

Between 1000 and 1250, how did Europe change and develop?

answer

By 1250 Europe had taken on the geographic, political, linguistic, & cultural characteristics that we see today The expansion of European power began in the year 1000, continued into the 12th century, & was consolidated in the 13th century

question

In the early twelfth century, how did Genghis Khan quickly build up a large military force?

answer

He incorporated all the warriors from the defeated tribes into his own army

question

In the thirteenth century, why did Moscow became an important center?

answer

It was the tribute-collecting center for the Mongol Khanate

question

Mongol governance was centered on what key activity?

answer

Securing a steady payment of tribute from subjects

question

Parallel to the interest in the gold trade in Europe, several entrepreneurial empires were established by Europeans - which was the first?

answer

The Catalans

question

Why did the Norse colony in Greenland cease to exist during the fourteenth century?

answer

A gradual cooling of the climate caused famines that eroded the ecosystem & caused the Greenlanders to die out . and conflict with the natives

question

What exactly is a fresco painting?

answer

Painting executed on fresh, wet plaster (the painting is basically a part of the wall)

question

Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through which terrains?

answer

Hell, purgatory, & paradise A journey beginning in a "dark wood"

question

Dante's Divine Comedy represents what new development in literature and learning?

answer

It fused classical & christian cultures, latin learning, & vernacular artistry It commented on current events & passed judgements on enemies

question

The name "The Babylonian Captivity" for the Avignon papacy references which historical event?

answer

It referenced the Jews exile in Babylon during the 6th Century B.C.

question

Although Louis IX's attempts at crusading were failures, how in other ways did his crusading activities enhance his reputation?

answer

He willingly risked his life in service to the church by going on the crusade In his absence he invented/reformed key aspects of royal governance that made France the bureaucratic rival of England for the 1st time By going on the 1st crusade he "confirmed" that he had inherited the mantle of Charlemagne as the protector of the Church & a representative of Christ on earth Sainte-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) was built in Paris for Louis's collection of Passion relics (artifacts thought to have been used for the torture/crucifixion of Christ)

question

How successful was King Edward I's conquest of Wales?

answer

Successful King Edward I built many castles & treated the Welsh as infidels He treated Wales like a crusader state & subjected it to the overlordship of his men He gave his son, Edward II, who was born in a Welsh castle the title "Prince of Wales"

question

Why was the Stone of Destiny taken from Scotland to Westminster Abbey by Edward I?

answer

Edward I wanted the throne of Scotland & by taking it he was showing that England had sovereignty over Scotland

question

In the fourteenth century, Edward III argued that he was the legitimate heir of France based on a closer relationship to Philip IV of France than that of the new Valois king - what was the basis for this claim?

answer

Edward III was the son of Isabella, daughter of Philip IV

question

Where exactly does the Black Death appear to have originated?

answer

Western China on the tibetan Plateau

question

What were the origins of the English Peasants' Revolt?

answer

Taxes After the Black Death workers became valuable & could stand up to those who paid them; they fought for an end to serfdom & a redistribution of property

question

What were the consequences of the Black Death for land use?

answer

Forests began to regrow A decline in demand for grain allowed farmers to expand their herds (this improved the fertility of the soil)

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What do the works of Boccaccio, Chaucer, and de Pisan all demonstrate?

answer

Their writings are characterized by observations of the world Captured reality & spread the vernacular 3 developments: Growing identification between vernacular language & the community of the realm; the increasing accessibility of education; rise of substantial reading public

question

The series of pageant plays performed at York were motivated by devotion but also by what other factor?

answer

The community & guilds

question

Petrarch believed that the "Dark Ages" were not the pagan past, but the Middle Ages, the time that separated him from which earlier era?

answer

Classical era

question

How did some early humanists criticize late-medieval scholasticism?

answer

Scholasticism focused on filtering the human experience through the teachings of scripture & the Church fathers (salvation was the ultimate goal) Humanists believed it focused too much on abstract speculation rather than the achievement of virtue & ethical conduct

question

What was the goal of the humanist education system?

answer

he understanding of human experience through the lenses of the classical past, in service of man's individual potential in the present To replace the scholastic emphasis on logic & theology w/the study of ancient literature, rhetoric, history, & ethics

question

Which of the following Renaissance humanists proved that the Donation of Constantine was a medieval forgery?

answer

Lorenzo Valla

question

When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453, what was the primary effect of their conquest on Western Europe?

answer

The conquest's actual political & economic impact on western Europe was minor Although conquest reduced some access to the Black Sea, Europeans got most of their spices & silks through Venice; they also had trade in Africa & the Atlantic that connected them to other far-reaching networks

question

After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, where alone did Orthodox Christianity survive?

answer

Russia/muscovy

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How did the Muscovite state foster a sense of unity and history among its peoples?

answer

The Muscovite state declared itself the successor to Rome & the dukes began to call themselves tsars ("caesars")

question

King Henry V of England was so successful in taking territory from France during the latter part of the Hundred Years' War that he was able to force the king of France to do what?

answer

Henry V forced Charles VI to recognize him as heir to the throne of France, disinheriting his own son

question

The failed conciliar movement of the Church was intended to locate the supreme authority of the Church where exactly?

answer

Supreme authority was w/the representative general council

question

The English Lollards were the lay followers and successors of which late medieval theologian?

answer

John Wycliffe

question

Why did Machiavelli admire Cesare Borgia?

answer

Cesare Borgia had attempted to create his own principality in central Italy Machiavelli noted Borgia's ruthlessness & his complete subordination of personal ethics to political ends

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According to Machiavelli, what was the ideal form of government?

answer

The Roman Republic

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Why did Machiavelli advocate for tyrants like Cesare Borgia to take control of Italy?

answer

He saw Cesare Borgia as the only hope for making Italy ready for independence

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In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from which city?

answer

Florence

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Although Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence, where did he end his career?

answer

Milan and france

question

Leonardo da Vinci's paintings sometimes display a keen understanding of human psychology by presenting their subjects in which way?

answer

He captures the emotions of people (multiple emotions at once)

question

What important differences between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance existed?

answer

North - curricula was focused on the study of philosophical logic, christian theology, & (to a lesser extent) medicine Italy - universities were professional schools specializing in law & medicine & were tied to the non-academic intellectual lives of the cities in which they were Arts North - prior to 16th century rulers were not as interested in artists & intellectuals than they were in Italy; Political units were larger & fewer so patronage of art was not as important; Italy - patronage was an important factor in competition between political rivals

question

What kind of works did Erasmus write, and what was his purpose in writing?

answer

Erasmus wrote using irony & tailored his writings to fit his subject Satires in which people could recognize their own weaknesses Moral treatises meant to offer guidance toward proper Christian behavior Scholarly editions of basic Christian texts Purpose: to promote the "philosophy of Christ"

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As a textual scholar, what was arguably Erasmus's crowning achievement?

answer

His Greek New Testament w/notes & his own new Latin translation

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What was Sir Thomas More's Utopia?

answer

Utopia = "No Place" Described an ideal community on an imaginary island Disparities between poverty & wealth, heresy, & war's "senseless slaughter"

question

After the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Charles VIII attempted to expand his Kingdom even further by invading which territory in 1494?

answer

Italy

question

What was the most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power?

answer

United Castile & Aragon the " Iberian wedding"

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What (and when) was the last Muslim territory to fall in Spain?

answer

1492, Granada

question

Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to sponsor Columbus's voyage was spurred what consideration?

answer

They wanted to counter the successful Portuguese ventures of the past half century

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How should we assess the social and economic prospects of Europe in 1500?

answer

On the rise b/c of commercial expansion & a new religious enthusiasm Economy was expanding, cities were growing, & major monarchies were secure

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What does the term Protestant mean?

answer

Dissenting

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Theologically, Martin Luther was a follower of which major writer and theologian?

answer

St. Augustine

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As a young monk, what were some of the inner struggles Luther faced?

answer

He could find no spiritual peace He feared that he could never perform enough good deeds to deserve salvation

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What did Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" mean?

answer

God's justice does not demand endless good works & religious rituals Humans are saved by God's grace which is given to the predestined Justified by faith alone

question

The medieval Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the individual owed to God - how was this system believed to operate?

answer

By performing a specific action (such as a pilgrimage ora pious donation) a believer could reduce the amount of penance she/he owed to God by a specific number of days Indulgences could be earned by demanding spiritual exercises (joining a crusade) Exchanging God's grace for cash

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What considerations impelled Luther to post his Ninety-five Theses?

answer

Pope Leo X was selling indulgences in the territory were Luther lived Half would go to Rome (Basilica) & half would go to Albert The practice of indulgences was offensive to Luther Mislead people into thinking that if they purchased an indulgence they no longer needed to confess Went against Luther's conviction that people are saved by God's grace

question

Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to what practice?

answer

Indulgences

question

What factors enabled Luther to win great public support for his positions?

answer

He expressed the longstanding & widespread public dissatisfaction w/the corruption of the papacy

question

Lutheranism would likely not have survived and flourished without the support of which group?

answer

German Princes & nobility

question

Why was Lutheranism attractive to many princes in Germany?

answer

The princes wanted to be able to control the Churches & stop money from flowing into Rome They had more authority Could name their own religious officials (this stopped the payment of fees to Rome) They could control the jurisdiction in church courts Guarantee political/religious boundaries of their territories

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What was Luther's response to the peasant revolt of 1525 in Germany?

answer

He responded w/hostility He ordered readers of his pamphlet to hunt down the rebels

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For Zwingli, what did the Eucharist represent?

answer

The Eucharist was simply a reminder & celebration of Christ's historical sacrifice

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In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, what did Anabaptists believe about baptism?

answer

Baptism was only effective to willing adults who understood its meaning Required those who were baptized as infants to be baptized again as adults

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Who wrote the most definitive 16th century statement of Protestant theology?

answer

John Calvin

question

How did Lutheranism and Calvinism differ?

answer

Christian conduct: Luther - a Christian should endure the trials of life through suffering Calvin - the world was to be actively mastered through unceasing labor Control: Luther - insisted his followers attend church on Sunday, but he didn't demand they refrain from pleasure/work that day Calvin - forbid "worldliness" of any sort on the Sabbath & minor self-indulgences on other days Fundamental matters: Luther - although he attacked the Roman church's hierarchy, his district overseers exercised some of the same powers as bishops; retained traditional features of Christian worship (altars, music, & ritual) Calvin - rejected anything related to "popery"; each congregation should elect its own ministers; ministers & elders would govern the church as a whole; simplicity in worship; sermon, NOT THE EUCHARIST, was the center of worship

question

What were the terms of the settlement reached via the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?

answer

In principalities where Lutherans ruled, Lutheranism would be the sole state religion, but where Catholics ruled the people of their region would be Catholic

question

Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations - how and why did it eventually become much less radical?

answer

The need for discipline on its subjects resonated w/guilds & town governments maintain/increase control of urban elites

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Why would Pope Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

answer

Emperor Charles V (nephew of Catherine of Aragon) had armies in command of Rome & Clement VII was afraid of angering him In annulling the marriage, Clement would cast doubt on the validity of papal rule

question

Who was the first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology and norms in the English church?

answer

Edward VI

question

At the Council of Trent, what did the Catholic Church accomplish?

answer

Provided the foundations on which the new Roman Catholic church Reaffirmed all the tenets challenged by Protestant critics

question

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, who was Ignatius Loyola?

answer

A Spanish nobleman who was a mercenary soldier

question

What name is given to the extraordinary movement of peoples, plants, animals, goods, cultures, and diseases in the sixteenth century?

answer

"Columbian Exchange"

question

Why was the truce between Catholics and Protestants brokered by the marriage of Henry of Navarre into the French royal family broken?

answer

Catherine de Medici had her Catholic faction kill the Huguenot leaders

question

What were the terms of the Edict of Nantes?

answer

it recognized Catholicism as the official religion of the realm but enabled Protestants to practice their religion in specified places

question

William of Orange fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from what exactly?

answer

Catholic rule of the Spanish

question

In response to Charles I's arrest of parliamentary leaders, how did the English Parliament respond?

answer

They imposed the Petition of Right in 1628 Taxes not condoned by Parliament were illegal Condemned arbitrary imprisonment Prohibited quartering soldiers in private houses

question

How did Oliver Cromwell rise to power in England?

answer

Was leader of the parliamentary forces Ejected all moderates from Parliament Abolished Parliament's House of Lords & declared England a Commonwealth w/an army at his command, Cromwell possessed the power

question

Charles I's death sent shockwaves through Europe - why?

answer

He was beheaded It was the first time in history that a reigning king was legally deposed & executed

question

What are some of the many themes featured in William Shakespeare's plays?

answer

Political, religious, & social upheavals England's medieval past Fundamental problems of identity, honor, ambition, & love Meaning of human existence Reconciliation & peace after years of misunderstandings & violence

question

What were the origins of the Thirty Years War?

answer

It began as a religious war but turned into an international struggle for political dominance Prince of Austria (Ferdinand) was named heir to the throne of Protestant Bohemia Prompted rebellion among Bohemian aristocracy

question

What were the terms of the Peace of Westphalia?

answer

The Austrian Habsburgs were forced to surrender all their territory Spanish Habsburgs were weakened & unable to fall back on the wealth of their Atlantic empire France = dominant power

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Medieval Europe: A Short History – Flashcards 147 terms

Mike Bryan

147 terms

Preview

Medieval Europe: A Short History – Flashcards

question

Abbey

answer

A monastic community, governed by an abbot or abbess. An abbey was distinct from a priory by its larger size, its greater autonomy, or both.

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Albigensianism

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Another word for the medieval heresy of Catharism

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Anti-clericalism

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Opposition to the influence of clergy. In the middle ages, anti-clericalism stressed a) the greed and wickedness of the clergy, (b) the unnecessary role of the clergy in the sacraments, or (c) both.

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Apanage

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a territorial holding, usually carved out of the royal demesne, that was given by the French king to a member of his own family.

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Apprentice

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a young man (or, occasionally young woman) training in a craft or trade.

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Arians

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Early Christian heretics who conceived of the Trinity as three unequal entities. Not to be confused with the racist concept of an Aryan race.

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Artisan

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a skilled craftsperson, such as a goldsmith or shoemaker

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Bailiff

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in a general sense, the chief administrative officer of a manor. In a specific sense, a royal officer used by Philip II and Augustus of France (1180-1223) and his successors to advance royal interests in territories outside the royal demesne.

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Barbarian

answer

in a general sense, a Greek term for those who spoke non-Greek languages. In a specific sense, the term used in the book to designate the frontier tribes that eventually settled within the borders of the Roman Empire-that is, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Franks, Saxons, Angles, Jutes, and the like

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Beguines

answer

women who lived in religious communities but without ecclesiastical sanction or regulation. Beguines and beguinages (as their communities were called) flourished in northwestern European cities in the 13th century, but they were suppressed by the Church in the early 14th century.

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Bishop

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from Greek for "overseer", a bishop is the chief priest of a district (or diocese). Exercising authority over all the priests therin and sometimes monasteries too, the bishop is responsible for pastoral care and moral correction.

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Burgess (burgher)

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a citizen of a town. because not all inhabitants were citizens, burgesses tended to be the wealthiest and most powerful townspeople.

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Caliph

answer

form Arabic for "successor", the caliph succeeded, after the death of Muhammed, to his position as the secular and religious leader of the Islamic world. In time, however the term came to be applied to leaders of separate polities within Islam such as the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt or the caliphate of Cordoba.

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Canon

answer

from the Greek word for "standard" or "criterion", canon has many medieval meanings including (a) a church ordinance, law or decree (hence canon law); (b) a cleric who works in the world but follows a quasi-monastic life, usually in association with a cathedral (women were known as canonesses); or (c) when used as an adjective, an equivalent of "authoritative", as in the seven "canonical hours", or holy services, that punctuated each monastic day.

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Canon Law

answer

the law of the church

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Capitulary

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laws and regulations issued by Charlemagne (768-814) and his successors that were to be observed throughout his empire.

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Cardinal

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created in the 11th century, the position of cardinal entitled its holder to participate in papal elections. it was an honor that could be attached to any clerical position.

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Catharism

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a dualist heresy in the Central Middle Ages, also known as Albigensianism (as in the Albigensian Crusade launched against Cathars, 1209-1229)

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Cathedral

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the principal church of a bishop, located in the city that was the center of his diocese.

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Cathedral schools

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schools attached to cathedrals and therefore, unlike monastic schools, in urban settings. Cathedral schools were more common in the north; municipals schools in the south; both were part of the 11th century expansion of the education that led in the 12th to the founding of the first universities

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Catholic

answer

in a general sense, "catholic" simply means "universal". In a specific sense, it designates those medieval Christians who looked to the pope in Rome for guidance (since the pope claimed authority over all Christians). Eastern Orthodox Christians rejected the universal claims of the Roman pope, a division that hardened in 1054 when Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) and Patriarch Michael Cerularius (1043-1058) excommunicated each other. "Catholic" would take on new meaning when the Western Christians divided under pressure from "Protestant" reformers in the 16th century, but throughout the middle ages, catholic describes the faith of all orthodox Christians in the medieval west.

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Chansons de geste

answer

literally "songs of great deeds", these epics were especially popular among the aristocracy of northern France in the 11th century and 12th century.

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Charter

answer

a written document that records a gift, grant, sale, or other transaction.

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Christendom

answer

Literally, a Christian realm of imperium Christianum a term used to describe the lands ruled by Charlemagne (768-814). In later centuries, Christendom had considerable ideological power for many medieval Christians, describing a territory roughly equivalent to "Europe" and expressing their vision of a unified Christian society within those lands. Historians today distinguish between Western Christendom and Eastern Christendom (the Byzantine Empire).

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Church

answer

general sense: simply a place of worship. specific sense: Church refers to the established institution of the medieval Church, headed by the pope in Rome

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Clergy (cleric)

answer

see secular clergy and regular clergy

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Comitatus

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a barbarian war band, led by a chief to whom men owed absolute loyalty. the personal bonds of the comitatus were one precursor to feudalism

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Common Law

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as developed in England from the 12th century features (1) it was the king's law, available to all free people throughout the realms (2) it was based on custom and precedent, not statute.

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Communal movement

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the effort of cities and towns in the central middle ages to establish rights of self-governance. These movements were often led by associations of citizens who had sworn a communal oath. Also known as the charter movement, because of the charters of self-governance that citizens sought.

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Commune

answer

a municipality that had obtained a charter of self-governance, as many towns did in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. In a few cases, rural villages also formed communes.

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Compurgation

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proof of innocence by oath of swearing

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Conciliar movement

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a late medieval movement (1378-1449) to make councils not popes the supreme authority within the church

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Cortes

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the representative assemblies of the Christian Kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula.

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Councils

answer

specific context: refers to general meetings of church officers. the earliet church councils, such as the council of Nicaea in 325, clarified basic matters of christian doctrine. central middle ages: councils were effective tools of papal monarchy, especially the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. Later middle ages: councils briefly presented a constitutional challenge to papal authority.

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Courtly love

answer

a modern term coined to describe ideas about romantic love between women and men, as they developed in the literature of France in the 12th century

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Crusader States

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the four states established in the wake of the highly successful First Crusade: the county of Edessa, the principality of Antioch, the county of Tripoli, and the kingdom of Jerusalem (whose king was theoretically the overlord of the other three).

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Curia

answer

Latin for "court", this term was especially used for the highest courts, such as curia regis (the kings court) or the papal curia

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Curia regis

answer

the king's court or council in England. from the right of great men to advise the king in council slowly evolved some of the advisory capacities of English parliaments.

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Custom

answer

a practice that has legal force because of long use. Custom-based law, as opposed to statute law, took its force from the power of past practice: what had been done in the past should be done in the present. see common law

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Demesne

answer

general sense: the land that an owner kept for his or her direct use, as opposed to land dispersed to tenants, vassals, or others. On a manor, the demesne consisted of lands directly cultivated for the profit of the manorial lord or lady. In a realm, the royal demesne consisted of lands directly controlled by the monarch

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Diet

answer

from Latin for "day", an assembly in the German states.

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Diocese

answer

the district supervised by a bishop

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Domestic proselytization

answer

a term coined by the historian Jane Schulenburg to describe conversions to Christianity that were accomplished by the marriages- especially royal marriages- of christian women to pagan men

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Double monastery

answer

monasteries that included both men and women. In early middle ages these houses were usually ruled by abbesses. Most eventually became single-sex establishments. in central middle ages, new sorts of double monasteries were formed so that men, who were able (if ordained) to administer the sacraments, could assist the nuns.

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Dualism

answer

a philosophy or religion that emphasizes conflict between the two opposing forces of good and evil, such as Persian Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism in late imperial Rome, and the Cathar heresy of the central middle ages

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Ecclesiastical

answer

related to the church as an institutional body

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Estates General

answer

the representative assembly of France, first called by Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314)

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Eucharist

answer

The christian sacrament that commemorates the Last Supper. By the doctrine of transubstantiation, approved by the fourth lateran council in 1215, the eucharistic bread (the host) and wine were transformed, during the mass, into the body and blood of Christ. this miracle is celebrated in the feast of Corpus Christi (body of Christ), established in the 13th century and celebrated about two months after Easter.

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Excommunication

answer

removal from communion with the church. Since medieval theologians taught that the sacraments of the church were essential to salvation, excommunication effectively meant damnation.

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Fable

answer

a genre of urban literature, fables were allegories in which stock characters were presented as animals. Renard the fox, a crafty and unscrupulous fellow who makes almost everyone he encounters into a fool, in the hero of many fables.

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Fabliaux

answer

urban tales that were filled with satire, sex, and comedy

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Fallow

answer

unplanted land, particularly land left unplanted in order to replenish the fertility of the soil. In the three-field system, a field lay fallow every third year.

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Family church/monastery

answer

a church or monastery founded by a family and considered part of the family property. Such a family would endow the church and protect it, but it also expected to appoint its clergy and sometimes to control its resources

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Feud

answer

a prolonged and deadly dispute, usually between two families or clans

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Feudalism

answer

a modern term coined to describe the political, military, and social customs that maintained the power of the military elite (those who fight) in the central and later middle ages.

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Fief

answer

a gift (usually an estate, but sometimes an office or annuity) given by a lord or lady to a vassal, in return for service (usually military service). Originally fiefs were for life only, but they soon became hereditary

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Free peasant

answer

as distinct from a serf or slave, a peasant who could move, work, marry, and otherwise make his or her own life decisions without having to seek the prior approval of a manorial lady or lord.

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Friar

answer

a member of the Dominican or Franciscan orders, both founded in the early 13th century. not bound to the obligation of remaining in a monastery (as were monks and nuns), friars moved about Europe, renowned as preachers, inquisitors, and professors. Known as mendicants, because they begged for a living, friars also include members of the Carmelite and Augustinian orders.

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German, Germanic

answer

modern sense: the people, language, and state of modern Germany. Medieval history: terms are sometimes used to designate the frontier tribes that eventually settled within the borders of the Roman Empire- that is, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Franks, Saxons, Angles, Jutes, and the like. But Romans rarely described these tribes as Germanic, preferring barbarian instead. These tribes did not always share a common language that was the ancestor of modern German, and their states did not evolve into the modern Federal Republic of Germany

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Gloss

answer

a comment on a text, originally written in its margins by a "glossator" This system of comments, followed by comments on comments, was a critical method of scholasticism.

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Gothic

answer

an architectural style that originated in 12th century France characterized by the use of flying buttresses, pointed arches, and ribbed vaults.

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Guild

answer

general sense: a community of people engaged in a common purpose- such as the guilds of town leaders who wrested charters from overlords in the 11th and 12th centuries (these organizations were also known as communes); the guilds of students or faculty that comprised medieval universities; or the parish guilds that helped support local religious activities (these were sometimes called confraternities). specific sense: guilds were organizations through which urban trades and crafts supervised training, quality, and sales of the products under their jurisdiction.

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Hagiography

answer

the writing of saints' lives, a popular genre of Christian literature

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Heretic

answer

a person who diverges from established belief of his or her religion and then persists in that divergence. Note: Jews and Muslims, as non-Christians, were not heretics in the eyes of the medieval church and therefore were outside the jurisdiction of inquisitors. To medieval Christians, Jews and Muslims were infidels.

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Holy Roman Empire

answer

term not specifically used until 12th century , it generally applies to the German empre after Otto I (936-973), who was crowned as emperor in 962. Otto's successors acceded to the German kingship by primogeniture or election, and their status as emperor relied on coronation by the pope. Throughout its long history, the Holy Roman empire was usually little more than a loose net thrown over largely autonomous German states.

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Host

answer

see Eucharist

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Household

answer

general sense: a group of people who shared a common residence, as well as a common work and provisioning. A household differs from our modern meaning of "family" in that it could include servants, wage-laborers, and even boarders. In medieval Latin, familia usually meant household

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Humanism

answer

an intellectual movement, whose earliest beginnings are associated with Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), that stressed (a) admiration for classical antiquity; (b) the educational importance of literature, art, and history and (c) an optimistic assessment of human potential

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Icon

answer

an image of saintly or divine figure. In 8th century Byzantium, iconclasts wanted to destroy these images because they feared that people wrongly attributed special power to icons. Inconodules wanted to retain icons because they believed icons were a useful spur to contemplation.

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Infidel

answer

literally a person without faith, this label was applied to Jews and Muslims by medieval Christians

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Inquisitor

answer

a church official, usually a Dominican friar, given special powers by the pope to search out and punish heretics.

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Interdict

answer

a form of mass excommunication, an interdict forbade the celebration of Christian services or sacraments within a specified area. Among other things, an interdict meant that no infants could be baptized, no couples wed, and no dead properly buried.

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Itinerant Judges

answer

as used particularly by the English crown, these judges moved about the countryside, carrying the power of the king's justice far beyond the king's immediate presence.

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Journeyman/woman

answer

a young man or woman who had finished an apprenticeship but did not yet own a shop as an independent master or mistress. Journeymen and journeywomen were paid wages by the day

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Knight

answer

a man trained and armed to fight on horseback. Many knights-but not all-were also vassals. over the course of the middle ages, the training of knights-as pages and squires-became more elaborate, as did the rituals in which men were armed and made into knights

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Lady

answer

thanks to our Victorian legacy, we associate the term "lady" with gentility and refinement. in the middle ages however, a lady was a domina, a woman who exercised power, whether over a manor, vassals, or realm.

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Laity

answer

general: a person without professional knowledge or interest. As specifically used in medieval history, a term for Christians not professionally active in the church

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Lay investiture

answer

in a strict sense, the practice of laypeople investing clergy with the symbols of their ecclesiastical powers. in a general sense the control of ecclesiastical appointments by laity

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Legate

answer

an ambassador of the pope who usually had extensive powers to act on the pope's behalf.

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Lord

answer

used in many different contexts, a lard was simply a dominus, a man who exercised power over others- as a manorial lord, feudal lord, king, bishop, or otherwise. see also lady, master, vassal

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Magnate

answer

a particularly wealthy or influential aristocrat, usually one with direct access to his king or prince. the greatest nobles of a realm were its magnates.

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Manorialism

answer

the economic arrangements through which serfs and free peasants (those who work) supported the landowning elite. a manor was an estate consisting of land and people who worked the land, and since each manor usually had its own court and officials, it was a jurisdictional as well as an economic unit. see also feudalism

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Master

answer

for the urban and peasant classes, this was the term applied to a male head of household. in urban guilds, it also designated a man who ran his own workshop or business (under whom might work apprentices, journeymen, and journeywomen). from this term, we get the modern title Mr.

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Mendicants

answer

see friars

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Military orders

answer

developed during the crusading movement, military orders combined the skills of soldiering with the rigors of monastic life. the greatest were the Knights Templar, the Hospitalers, the Teutonic Knights (active in the Baltic), and the Knights of Santiago de Compostela (dedicated to fighting Muslims in Iberia).

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Ministerial

answer

a lowborn knight who worked for the Holy Roman emperor, protecting his interests in the German principalities see bailiff and sheriff

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Missi dominici

answer

envoys used by Charlemagne to enforce his rule throughout his wide realm. The missi dominici usually traveled in pairs of one churchman and one layman. for later variations on the use of such officials, see bailiff, ministerial, and sheriff.

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Mistress

answer

for the urban and peasant classes, this term was the equivalent of lady, signifying a woman who was a female head of household or even a woman who ran her own business. From mistress come the modern title Mrs.

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Monastic orders

answer

a group of monastic houses linked by either (a) a common monastic rule or (b) formal structures of administration and governance (the first of these was the Cluniac order, in which Cluny was the main abbey and all other houses were priories under Cluny's governance).

question

Monastic rules

answer

guides for monastic living. The most important, often known as simply The Rule, was written by St. Benedict of Nursia (480-550). Because monks and nuns follow such guidelines, they are known as regular clergy (rule=regula in Latin).

question

Monastic schools

answer

early monasteries often included schools, but monastic school became especially important after Charlemagne's capitulary of 789 ordered every monastery to provide some educational training. Many monastic school trained external students as well as monks and nuns. Monastic schools were slowly superceded, for men, by cathedral schools and universities buy they remained important in female education throughout the middle ages.

question

Mystery plays

answer

plays mounted by urban guilds (also known as mysteries) that recounted stories from the Bible. An entire mystery cycle began with the Creation and ended with the Final Judgement.

question

Mystery religions

answer

ancient religions and cults characterized by a promise of mystical revelation (whence "mystery") and an emphasis on individual spiritual development and salvation

question

Mysticism

answer

direct contact between humanity and divinity. Christian mystics attempted to initiate such experiences through prayer, fasting, contemplation, and other means, in medieval Islam, Sufi mystics led the way. In Judaism, Kabbalism was the main route to mystical union.

question

Neoplatonism

answer

an elaboration of Plato's theory of forms especially associated with the third-century philosopher Plotinus (205-270) who taught of one infinite and unknowable god who can be approached only through mystical experience. To Neoplatonists, the human soul should seek to return, via mysticism, to the perfect oneness of God.

question

Nobles

answer

the upper crust of knights, distinguished from other knights by their good birth, wealth, and power.

question

Oblation

answer

general sense: a gift. specific sense: the giving of young children to monasteries to be raised as monks or nuns (these children were known as oblates). This practice was discouraged by the church, and it died out in the central middle ages. the term is also applied to gifts that parishioners customarily gave to priests in return for performing marriage, funerals, and other services.

question

Open fields

answer

fields surrounding villages in which many tenants held strips of land for growing crops. because fences did not divide these strips, the fields were "open"

question

Orthodox

answer

general sense: a "correct opinion" as judged by a designated religious authority. specific sense: indicated by capitalization, Orthodox signifies the Eastern Orthodox Church (which embraces self-governing branches in Greece, Russia, Serbia, and elsewhere.)

question

Pagan

answer

general sense: an irreligious person, especially as applied by medieval Christians to Jews and Muslims. specific sense: a pagan is a follower of a polytheistic faith, such as the traditional deities of Rome.

question

Papacy

answer

the office of the pope

question

Papal bull

answer

general sense: a bull is a document ratified by a seal that is a wax impression. A papal bull is an authoritative document bearing a papal seal.

question

Papal curia

answer

the pope's court and bureaucracy

question

Parish

answer

the smallest geographical unit in the ecclesiastical system, a parish was the basic unit of public worship. It ideally consisted of a church and a priest who cared for all Christian souls within the parish.

question

Parlement

answer

a judicial body, important in the administration of royal justice in France. The French representative assembly was known as the Estates General.

question

Parliament

answer

A representative assembly in England that, by the 14th century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical), and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and burgesses.

question

Patarenes

answer

In the 11th-century Milan, the patarenes (or rag-pickers) allied with church reformers against the great merchants of the city and the city's bishop, who was then loyal to the emperor. Since the patarenes swore a communal oath, they were precursors of the communal movement by which the cities of Lombardy and elsewhere sought greater rights of self-governance.

question

Pontificate

answer

the office of the pope or the period of a pope's rule

question

Pope

answer

the bishop of Rome, considered by catholic Christians to be the successor to St. Peter and the true head of all Christians.

question

Prelate

answer

a high-ranking church officer, such as a bishop or abbot. Abbesses were sometimes included among prelates, but often not.

question

Primogeniture

answer

preference in matters of inheritance to the first-born son.

question

Prince

answer

in specific sense, the son of a king, but in the general sense used in book, the chief ruler of a region, whether male or female.

question

Priory

answer

a monastic community, governed by a prior or prioress. sometimes priories were under the authority of a superior abbey, but sometimes they were just relatively small communities. In some particularly large abbeys, the prior or prioress did not govern a separate community but was instead second-in-command.

question

Quadrivium

answer

the study of mathematics, music, astronomy, and geometry, constituting one part of the liberal arts the other part was the trivium.

question

Regular clergy

answer

from the Latin regula or "rule", the regular clergy are in monastic orders-that is, either monks or nuns.

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Relic

answer

an object venerated because of its association with a saint or other religious figure. Relics are often credited with miraculous powers.

question

Ritual murder

answer

starting with a tale that spread through the English town of Norfolk in 1144, accusations of ritual murder became a common pretext for attacks on medieval Jews. In these stories, Jews took the role of the murderers; their victims were usually imagined as young boys; and their methods supposedly mimicked the crucifixion of Jesus. These false accusations often resulted in mass Christian assaults on Jews.

question

Romance

answer

a literary genre that emerged in late 12th century France, romances set their heroic stories in historical or legendary ages (such as the time of King Arthur). They explored the great deeds of warriors, as well as the conflicts that could arise between feudal loyalties and courtly love.

question

Romanesque

answer

an architectural style prevalent until the 12th century and characterized by rounded arches and stone vault roofs supported by thick walls and columns.

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Sacrament

answer

a religious ceremony that confers God's grace on the recipient. At the fourth Lateran Council in 1215 the sacraments of Western Christianity were fixed at seven: baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, marriage, extreme unction, and ordination. Because ordained priests (see secular clergy) administer the sacraments and because the sacraments are a route to salvation, the sacramental basis of medieval Christianity was a critical part of the institutional power of its church.

question

Saint

answer

general sense: holy person. Specific sense: holy person formally recognized as such by a religious authority. as a rule, no living person is a saint; sanctity is a post-mortem recognition of holy life

question

Schism

answer

a division especially a religious division. the two greatest religious schisms of the middle ages are traditionally dated as occurring in 1054 (between the catholic church and eastern orthodox church) and 1378 (between two-and later three- rival claimants to the papacy).

question

Scholasticism

answer

a philosophical system that reached is apogee with the work of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Scholastics used reason to reconcile conflicting authorities and to create coherent intellectual systems out of the messy abundance of past writings and opinions. Their method entailed careful study, respect for all past authorities, and logical thinking.

question

Scriptorium

answer

the place in a monastery where monks and nun copied manuscripts.

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Secular

answer

having to do with the world, as opposed to spiritual and religious matters.

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Secular Clergy

answer

unlike the regular clergy who submit themselves to the discipline of a monastic rule, the secular clergy-that is, priests, bishops, and archbishops-work in the world, serving the pastoral needs of the laity. Most are ordained-that is, empowered to celebrate the mass and other sacraments of the church

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See

answer

from Latin for "seat", a see is the diocese of a bishop, the area under his jurisdiction

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Serf

answer

serfs could not leave their manors; they had to render labor-rent; and they had to pay various fines and fees to their manors. serfs were distinct from both slaves and free peasants

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Sheriff

answer

an English officer who served as a link between the county where he worked and the royal administration to which he reported. Unlike French bailiffs whose loyalty to the crown was absolute, English sheriffs were local men who balanced local interests with royal responsibilities.

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Simony

answer

the sale and purchase of church offices, one of the practices opposed by the Gregorian Reform of the 11th century.

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Slave

answer

Slaves were wholly at the disposal of their owners. slavery was less common in the middle ages than it was in either the ancient world or early modern Europe.

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Sovereignty

answer

Governmental authority, especially authority that is not limited by competing jurisdictions, such as those that might be posed by international bodies (for example, the church) or internal bodies (for example, self-governing cities or autonomous principalities).

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Steward

answer

a manorial officer. sometimes, a steward was the equivalent of a bailiff, the chief officer of a manor. but sometimes a steward oversaw an estate of several manors, and in such cases, he supervised the bailiffs of each manor.

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Strip

answer

a long and narrow area of land within an open field, demarcated by stones or other markers but not fences. Each household might hold one or more strips in each of the open fields of a village.

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Synod

answer

a meeting of church officers, distinct from church councils in that synods usually convened officers from only one region or realm.

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Tertiary orders

answer

orders of laymen and laywomen attached to the Dominicans or Franciscans. Formally recognized by the church in 1289, tertiaries were guided by friars in their prayers and rituals, but they remained active in family life and worldly affairs.

question

Three-field system

answer

farming in which peasants rotated crops between three fields: the first grew a winter crop, the second a spring crop, and the third lay fallow

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Tithe

answer

the obligation of Christians to offer one-tenth of all produce and income to the church. from the central middle ages, this was collected as a de facto tax, usually in support of parish church and priest.

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Toll

answer

a charge to use a road, cross a bridge, or even simply to trade goods. Townspeople objected to tolls and urban charters usually granted them freedom from tolls

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Trail by ordeal

answer

a from of trial, derived from barbarian law, that relied on divine intervention to determine guild or innocence.

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Trivium

answer

The study of grammar, rhetoric, and logic, which together with the subjects of the quadrivium constituted the liberal arts studied in medieval schools and universities.

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Urban charter

answer

a document that granted a town or city extensive rights or self-government

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Usury

answer

loaning money at interest, a practice condemned by the medieval church

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Vassal

answer

a knight who owes loyalty and service to a feudal lord or lady, often in return for a fief.

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Vernacular language

answer

the native spoken language-or mother tongue- of a region. in the middle ages, Latin long dominated all literacy and study, but vernacular literatures began to gain ground from the central middle ages.

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Vulgate Bible

answer

a Latin translation of the Bible produced by St. Jerome (340-420), the Vulgate remained the standard text throughout the middle ages.

question

Wergild

answer

compensation paid for offenses either to the victim or the victim's family. this form of dispute resolution was common among the barbarian tribes.

STUDY

Civil Rights Fourth Lateran Council New Testament Priesthood Of All Believers Protestant Reformation

Baptist History 173 terms

Larry Charles

173 terms

Preview

Baptist History

question

what are the three C reasons for being Baptist?

answer

Conditioning, convenience, conviction

question

Healthy baptist churches are simultaneously...

answer

catholic, reformational, and radical, and (evangelical)

question

What is the single greatest distinctive of Baptists?

answer

ecclessiology

question

What part of ecclessiology gives Baptists their mark?

answer

membership

question

most well known distinctive?

answer

immersion of believers

question

Define Congregationlism

answer

Every church is ultimately governed by its membership, in submission to Christ's will, as it is revealed in the Scriptures

question

(church structure) Church is ...

answer

ruled by Christ, governed by its congregation, led by elders, and served by deacons

question

the whole church does what two main functions?

answer

set apart leaders, membership

question

separation of church and state gives what two benefits?

answer

follow, and proclaim Christ ecclesiology and missional.

question

What are the five points of hyper calvinism?

answer

...

question

Who were the three key leaders in \"The Evangelical Awakening\"?

answer

Jonathan Edwards- Calvinistic Congregationalist- key theologian George Whitefield- Calvinistic Methodist (Anglican)- itinerant preacher John Wesley- Arminian Methodist (Anglican)

question

What is Daniel Taylor?

answer

converted under Wesley, gets baptized by General Baptists, calls for new denomination, New Connexion of GB, defender of Wesleyan Evangelical Arminianism

question

New Connexion of General Baptists

answer

began by Dan Taylor, six point confession, 19 pastors breaking away, but then gradually becoming General Baptist mainstream

question

Who is Abraham Booth?

answer

moderate Calvinist, writes Reign of Grace, influenced by puritans, anti-slavery via \"Golden Rule\"

question

the Reign of Grace

answer

by Abraham Booth, defense of the five points of Calvinism

question

Bristol Baptist Academy

answer

oldest Bapist College in the world, influenced by Edwards, carries on Particular Baptists

question

Robert Hall

answer

repents from hyper when reading Edwards Freedom of the Will, wrote Help to Zion's Travellers attacking idea of warrant to believe the gospel, served as grandfather of the modern missionary movement

question

Andrew Fuller

answer

paticular Baptist, most influential theologian prior to 20th century, rejects hyper Calv

question

Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation

answer

Andrew Fuller, distinguishing between moral and natural ability, becomes single most important contribution to demise of hyper-Calvinism

question

Francis Johnson

answer

started Ancient church, first separatist church in London to Amsterdam

question

James Stuart

answer

comes to throne after Elizabeth, argues for bloodline secular authority, for bishops, persecuting nonconformists. Bad enough to give birth to the Baptist movement.

question

John Smyth

answer

protege of francis johnson, around 1590 breaks from separatists, starts church, later moves it to Amsterdam where they meet Mennonites (anabaptists), leads church to embrace confessor baptism, later church becomes Mennonite arminian church

question

What three elders are in First Baptist Church?

answer

Smyth, John Robinson, William Bradford

question

The character of the Beast

answer

smith's justification for self baptism, all that accepted

question

Three reasons for Smyths gang not wanting to become Mennonites

answer

cultural differences, heavenly flesh of Christ, christians cannot serve in public office

question

First permanent Baptist leader

answer

Helwys, leads 11 others to go back to England, 1612, (becomes modern day arminian general baptists) bishop lite, close communion, laying on of hands

question

Three points of confession 1611

answer

counters Smyth 1. Arminian view of salvation (anti- calvsm) 2. believers baptism (anti- separatists) 3. civil offices (anti- anabaptists)

question

What is the first published document arguing for full religious freedom?

answer

short declaration of the mystery of Iniquity- Thomas Helwys, dies in prison- died convicted that no one should die of convictions

question

what characterized the 1633 second church split

answer

babies needed to become resprinkled, does COE baptism count?

question

2 interesting things about 1633 church split.

answer

1. one member at least was advocate of confessor baptism 2. received a \"further baptism\" pastored by Samuel Eaton

question

What is the first particular Baptist Church?

answer

John Spilsbury, particular atonement, 1639 circa, baptism by pouring

question

Leonard Busher

answer

we should dunk not pour, tells us no one is practicing immersion

question

Who first recovered immersion?

answer

particular baptists first to recover, richard blunt who went to holland, learned from anabaptists

question

What is the first Baptist church to practice immersion?

answer

JLJ church 4th split with Blunt

question

Why did Baptists like Cromwell?

answer

congregationalist, exptended personal liberty

question

What is the Clarendon Code?

answer

Put into practice through Charles II, suppressed freedoms of Baptists and other dissenters, people were put into prison, ejected from their pulpits (famously John Bunyan)

question

What are the Six-Principle Baptists?

answer

General Baptists from Heb 6, nothing more necessary, any less is not christian, strict close communion and discipline

question

Who wrote first Baptist systematic theology?

answer

Grantham, general baptist

question

Who was the first General theologian?

answer

Grantham

question

Who are the Moderate Trinitarians?

answer

School of thought in England saying we should not use the word Trinity because it is not in the Bible. Led by Grantham

question

\"Evangelical Catholicity\"

answer

Non-Baptists are still Christians, but just wrong about certain things.

question

What confessions were written by Generals in 1600's?

answer

Standard confession (arminian view of salvation, baptist view of church), An orthodox Creed

question

Which general confession echoed Nicea?

answer

An orthodox Creed, Arminians who hold to perseverance

question

Who is considered the pioneer of Unitarianism?

answer

Caffyn

question

Socianianism is the forerunner of what belief?

answer

Unitarianism, reject deity of Christ

question

Who was the most important particular Baptist in 17th century?

answer

William Kiffin

question

What is Kiffin Manuscript?

answer

Recovery of baptism by immersion, about 50 members of JLF church baptized by immersion, before withdrawing to form a Baptist church (4th split), claims no church in England was immersing in 1642, goes viral

question

What was the main thing debated in the Kiffin-Bunyan Debate and who wins?

answer

Bunyan- open communion and open membership, vs., Kiffin- baptism prerequisite to communion and membership. Kiffin's view wins, but Bunyan's view becomes reversal 200 years later.

question

Who is Hansered Knollys?

answer

Dunks Henry Jessey, goes to prison twice for being Baptist, was a part of 1st and 2nd London, leading cessationist

question

Who is Benjamin Keach?

answer

Pastored most famous particular Baptist church, Horse Lie Down, argued laying on of hands

question

Who is the only particular Baptist that argued for laying on of hands?

answer

Benjamin Keach

question

What makes Keach famous in church history?

answer

Leading defender of hymns in corporate worship, paves way for other significant hymn writers

question

What are the three key leaders of early particular Baptists?

answer

Kiffin, Knollys, Keach

question

What was the Savoy Declaration and how did this relate to particular Baptists?

answer

They revised the Congregationalists confession as their own Baptist distinctives.

question

What was the first confession to begin with scripture?

answer

2nd London, patterned off Westminster

question

What are the distinctives of 2nd London?

answer

Coxe and Collins, what congregationalists believe but added baptism 1.first confession to begin with scripture 2. church local and universal 3. spiritual presence 4. neutral on close vs. open comm 5. regulative principle 6. sabbath

question

Who argues for hyper-Calvinism distinctives?

answer

Timothy George

question

What are the five points of hyper-Calvinism?

answer

1. Eternal justification 2. Rejection of moral responsibility 3. Denial of the free offer of the gospel 4. Requirement of a \"warrant\" to believe 5. Denial of the universal love of God

question

Who is John Gill?

answer

leading baptist theologian in life, wrote systematic theology hyper except for rejecting antinomianism- offered gospel

question

What is the Elizabethan Religious Settlement?

answer

middle way in England

question

William Carey

answer

just share the gospel, influenced by Hall and Fuller, argues Great Commission is a binding command for all christians, father of modern missions in English-speaking

question

Baptist Union

answer

founded with missions movement, uniting likeminded churches and ministries together (missions, village preaching, sunday school), finally absorbing General Baptists, creating one large Baptists majority went neutral on atonement and communion

question

Robert Hall Jr.

answer

open communion, gifted preacher, opponent of slavery, led Particular Baptists to become neutral on communion, most famous particular baptist to reject limited atonement (4 point Calvinist)

question

what was the first orthodox belief that was to go through progressive theology?

answer

innerancy of Scripture

question

who is the leading progressive? (and leading protestant at the time)

answer

John Clifford

question

four aspects of Clifford's progressive theology

answer

1. innerrancy of Scripture 2. denied penal substitution 3. denied imputed righteousness 4. embraced universalism

question

Two crazy ideas from Roger Williams

answer

1. colonial leaders have no right to legislate religion 2. argued for Native American land rights

question

famous forerunner for separation of church and state, before Thomas Jefferson?

answer

Roger Williams

question

what is the BLoody Tenet of Persecution

answer

Roger Williams, to draw attention in England to religious injustice in NE

question

what is the first baptist church to practice immersion?

answer

Clark at Newport, RI

question

who is John Clark?

answer

first permanent baptist leader (Williams defected), formed church at Newport, RI

question

who is major leader in early Philadelphia?

answer

Elias Keach, converted while preaching his dad's sermons, planted churches

question

what was the first baptist association in America?

answer

Philadelphia, strongly calvinistic, center of gravity in early 1700's

question

Who is Benjamin Griffith and what did he write?

answer

A short treatise on a True and Orderly Gospel Church (1743), pastor in philadelphia association, spelling out PB approach to baptist church life, local autonomy and close communion

question

What does Second London go neutral on?

answer

closed communion (that's why PAB brings this out)

question

Who is Oliver Hart?

answer

leader of Charleston Association, second overall, first in south, modeled after PA where he came from.

question

A Summary of Church Discipline

answer

classic statement on how congregational churches should practice discipline, out of Charleston Association

question

What is the first association in New England?

answer

Warren Association

question

What important movement came out of First Great Awakening?

answer

Congregationlists- New Lights- Separates- Separate Baptists

question

Who are the Regular Baptists?

answer

those prior to Great Awakening, emphasize order over ardour, moderately pro revival, start first two associations in America, Rhode Island College

question

What is a doctrinaire calvinist?

answer

Regular Baptists taking theology and five points very seriously, formal in worship style

question

what is the first baptist college in America?

answer

Rhode Island, by Regular Baptists

question

what is the charleston tradition?

answer

regular baptists who are looking at FBC for inspiration

question

What leader sides with British in war?

answer

Morgan Edwards

question

Who are the four major Regular Baptist leaders early on?

answer

Morgan Edwards, John Gano, Oliver Hart, Silas Mercer

question

who served as chaplain in Continental Army and closely connected to George Washington?

answer

John Gano

question

Mercer attempts to write what before his death?

answer

first baptist history

question

what is the difference between Regular and Separate Baptists?

answer

more formal- more informal more doctrine- more experience confessions- non confessions more order- more spontenaity Charleston- Sandy Creek (traditions)

question

three defining characteristics of Separate Baptists Sandy Creek tradition

answer

1. charismatic services 2. allowed women to preach 3. nine ordinances

question

Who is Isaac Bakcus?

answer

prototypical northern separate baptist

question

Who planted Sandy Creek?

answer

Shubel Stearns

question

who was sent to investigate Stearns and Sandy Creek?

answer

John Gano from Philadelphia

question

who planted first baptist church in GA?

answer

Daniel Marshall, Kayoki baptist church, Separatists Sandy creek connection

question

most famous women preacher?

answer

Martha Marshall, female exhorter in Sandy tradition

question

What is the oldest black church in existence?

answer

1777 African baptist church of Savannah, GA, by George Leile

question

who is the first cross cultural baptist missionary?

answer

George Leile in Jamaica

question

what is the first real black baptist church?

answer

silver bluff, SC, by David George

question

Who is David George?

answer

plants black church in silver bluff, leaves to canada, then to Sierra Leon

question

Who is Andrew Bryan?

answer

took over African church in Savannah, became biggest church in city, dynamic preacher, and first to own property building building

question

Who are three leading black baptist early on?

answer

George Leile, David George, and Andrew Bryan

question

what is the most famous story of Baptist persecution

answer

John Clarke and Obadiah Holmes in Boston, arrested for sectarian preaching, Holmes refused to pay fine, accepted flogging for being a baptist

question

what is \"Ill News from New England\"?

answer

John Clark publishes in England,with story of Holmes persecution, which influenced Rhode Island to have freedom

question

Who is John \"Swearing Jack\" Waller?

answer

Arminian evangelist persecuted, baptizes 2000

question

Who is James Ireland?

answer

southern preacher persecuted, couldn't be killed

question

who is Elijah Craig?

answer

preacher persecuted in south, relocates to Kentucky, called Traveling Church, invents kentucky bourbon, among first baptists in Kentucky

question

Who is Isaac Backus?

answer

works for religious freedom in MA, Warren Association, writes first history

question

what was a key document for baptist religious freedom?

answer

Backus's \"Appeal\"

question

What is Accomodationism?

answer

church and state should be formally separate but the state should take a friendly stance toward the religion of the majority.

question

What two discussions Backus a part of?

answer

1. ? 2. Defending religious liberty

question

Who is John Leland?

answer

evangelist best known for religious liberty, strong separationist

question

What is separationism?

answer

the government should be neutral in matters of religion and neither privilege the free exercise of religion, full neurtrality

question

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson took which view of state and church?

answer

separationism along with Leland

question

What was the great role baptists played in religious freedom?

answer

Leland in VA supporting Madison, which became a clause in 1st amendment

question

which great awakening led to cross cultural missions?

answer

2nd

question

since 1800's what has been the central theme of baptist history in America

answer

missions

question

who were the first formal foreign missionaries in America?

answer

Judson and group of 5 friends

question

Who were the three main mission pioneers from America?

answer

Adoniam and Ann Judson, Luther Rice

question

What was the first step towards a more baptist formal denomination, and why?

answer

Triennial Convention, for the purpose of missions

question

who was the primary fundraiser of the Triennial convention?

answer

Luther Rice

question

who were two key leaders in the Triennial Convention?

answer

Thomas Baldwin (north) and Richard Furman (south), both leading pastors

question

who edited the \"American Baptist Missionary Magazine\"?

answer

Thomas Baldwin

question

what state has first convention?

answer

South Carolina

question

who was the first home missionary to midwest?

answer

John Mason Peck, Missouri territory, midwest

question

who was first home missionary to native americans?

answer

Isaac McCoy, oklahoma

question

what school did Luther rice start?

answer

Columbian college, classical and theological education, with William Staughton

question

Who is William Staughton?

answer

professor and president of Columbian College

question

what is the convention method?

answer

a single convention provides oversight to a variety of ministries, South (strength is many people involved), opposed to societal

question

what is the societal method?

answer

each ministry should be represented by different society or board, each autonomous from each other, North (strength is people involved are passionate), opposed to convention

question

What happens at the 1826 Triennial convention?

answer

triumph of societal method over conventional method, focusing on foreign missions, through Francis Wayland (Luther Rice was fired)

question

who is the key baptist leader in 19th century?

answer

Francis Wayland, loves foreign missions, led Triennial convention, president of Brown

question

columbia college became what?

answer

George Washington University

question

Why is Francis Wayland important?

answer

he leads the swing between conventional and societal methods in the Triennial Convention

question

Who is Thomas Meredith?

answer

started Baptist state convention of NC, founded biblical recorder, cofounded Wake Forest College, and Church

question

John Leland

answer

raised concerns about mission movement 1.no mission societies in the bible 2.societies take away money from local churches 3. christians could and should serve in plitics, linked with Jefferson (mammoth cheese) primer for 1st amendment

question

John Taylor

answer

church planter in Kentucky \"Thoughts on Missions\" opposed mission societies on moral grounds, abuse of money and power favors local church

question

Daniel Parker

answer

opposed missions on theological grounds Two Seed view of children of God and Satan

question

Alexander Campbell

answer

attacks mission societies on exegetical grounds in Baptist periodical regulative principle in missions later joins Barton Stone \"reformed baptists\"

question

who are the three most popular mission society critiques?

answer

John Taylor, Daniel Parker, Alexander Campbell

question

who wrote \"thoughts on missions\"?

answer

John Taylor

question

what did the anti missions baptists call themselves?

answer

primitive baptists

question

Joshua Lawrence

answer

forerunners of primitive baptists Kehuckee Assocaition

question

Black Rock Address

answer

extension of regulative principle, condemned tracts, societies, sunday schools, protracted meetings, etc.

question

what is Black Rock a reaction against?

answer

Triennial convention, 2nd Great Awakening (in favor of 1st Awakening) loved Edwards, do not like Finney

question

where is primitive baptists concentrated?

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deep south

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Restorationism

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starting a new movement that has more true biblical christianity

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what two most famous Restoration churches?

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Stone Campbell, Latter day Saints (joseph smith)

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Barton Stone

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started Cane Ridge revival, (20,000) rejects presb and calvinism, startes own movement called \"christians\" meets with Campbell's reformed baptist movement merge into \"Disciples of Christ\"

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Disciples of Christ

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merger of Campbell and Stone, called \"Campbellites\", Restoration movement out of 2nd great awakening

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what are the four distinctives of Stone-Campbell?

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1. rational assent only without repentance 2. baptism was the completion of one's salvation 3. literal reading of NT 4. rejection of confession and creeds

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who are the first two black sent missionaries?

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Collin Teague and Lott Carey, in Liberia

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what is the black version of the Triennial convention?

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American Baptist Mmissionary Convention, formed in NY 1840

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Elizabethan Religious Settlement

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charting a middle way between catholics and protestants (rejected by puritans!)

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who are the puritans?

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those who fled during mary tudor's reign in England, influenced by Calvin and Beza

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who are the separationists?

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those wanting out of Church of England, wanted different church structure

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Robert Browne

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treatise on reform, reject and sever ties, local churches independent of state control, voluntary membership (opposed to COE puritans by birth)

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Who is John Robinson?

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starts Pilgrim church (separationists), congregational calvinists, along with Ancient Church

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James Stuart?

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took throne after Elizabeth II and returned back to state church days, hated nonconformists

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divine right of kings

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james stuart, authority through lines of men

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JLJ church became what?

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Independent Baptist Churches with open membership, accepted infant baptism members

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London Confession

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demonstrate to Calvinistic pedobaptists that they are the same except dunking (revised in response to Daniel Featly saying they were anabaptists anarchists)

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Thomas Grantham?

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baptist theologian, unity between calv and arm baptists against pedos

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\"evangelical catholicity\"

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Grantham- baptists are one part of wider christianity

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general baptist decline for what reason?

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debate over trinity, moderate trinitarians, doubting Christ's deity and in universalism, rescued by John Wesley (Arminian revival)

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William Kiffin?

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most important particular baptist 17th, part of both london confessions, believed in regulative principle of ordinances which led to debate with Bunyon (does baptism come before communion?)

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three key early particular baptist leaders?

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Knollys, Keach, Kiffin

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who were the hypers that led to the particular baptist decline?

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John Gill, Timothy George

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what big two debates were prior to evangelical awakenings?

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soveringty responsibility, who shall we baptize

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what was first assoc in america?

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philadelphia

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three separate baptist distinctives

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new lights, informal calvinists, more experience, pro revival, 1.spontaneous 2. women preaching 3. nine ordinances

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who plants FBC in georgia?

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Daniel Marshall

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famous female exhorter?

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Martha marshall

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who appeals through Warren to congress for relibious liberty?

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Isack Backus

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what four main guys objected to missions?

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leland, taylor, parker, campbell

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AP World History Fourth Lateran Council Modern World History Pope Boniface Viii Western Civilization

Absolutism, Reformation, and the Renaissance – Flashcards 86 terms

Patsy Brent

86 terms

Preview

Absolutism, Reformation, and the Renaissance – Flashcards

question

A power struggle between Pope Boniface and King Philip IV over taxes and authority; a root of the reformation

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The Great Schism

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The belief that the Catholic Church should be led by councils of cardinals rather than popes, and that the council of cardinals can override papal authority

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Conciliar Movement

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Who were John Wyclif and Jan Huns?

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Heretics

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List the 4 clerical abuses

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Indulgences, simony, Pluralism, Absenteeism

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Papers you can buy that reduced the time one suffered in purgatory based on the price; one of the first items on the printing press.

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Indulgences

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The sale of church offices or positions

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Simony

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Having more than one clerical office

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Pluralism

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Pluralism resulted in this, the unavailability of a member of the clergy to provide spiritual guidance to his church goers

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Absenteeism

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Before the reformation, the papacy was becoming more ________.

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Secular

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Receiving sacraments in order to go to heaven was called the __________ _____ __ _____________

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Mechanical path to salvation

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Renaissance ideas outside of Italy were called th e __________

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Northern/Christian Renaissance

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The people who wanted a purer and more moral Christianity in a reform of the church, did NOT want to end the church.

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Northern/Christian Humanists

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The belief in selfless love and piety in religion

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Desiderius Erasmus (The Philosophy of Christ)

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A German catholic monk who was unsatisfied with the church's path to salvation and uncertain about his own salvation

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Martin Luther

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A list of grievances with the church that Martin Luther posted

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95 Theses

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Salvation achieved by faith ALONE, without clergy, indulgences, sacraments, etc....; one of Martin Luthers 95 theses.

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Justification of Faith

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The idea that the pope was always right and could never fail

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Papal Infallibility

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Martin Luther believed the bible should be

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Written in vernacular and the sole authority

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Martin Luther strongly opposed these two church ideals regarding clerical behavior and purgatory

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Clerical celibacy and indulgences

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Martin Luther was _______________ from the Catholic church and denounced a heretic, so he started his own form of Christianity called __________

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Excommunicated; Lutheranism

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This leader of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire wanted to stop Lutheranism and make the Holy Roman Emperor a powerful position.

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Charles V

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Luther received much support from ___________ so that they may enhance their own power by leading Lutheran churches

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German Princes

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Was Luther for or against the peasant revolts to gain social and economic freedoms? Why?

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Against; Because his power lies in the German nobility whom the peasants are revolting against.

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This man from Geneva Switzerland began the form of Christianity known as Calvinism.

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John Calvin

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The theory that God has determined the fate of your soul even before you are born, it is believed in ______(religion)

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Predestination; Calvinism

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The Calvinists were strongly against the concept of _________ in the church, believing all members of the church were equal and all believers should participate, not just the clergy

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Hierarchy/Episcopal Model

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What group of Christians were militant/willing to fight for their religion?

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Calvinists

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French Calvinists were known as __________

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Hugenots

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Scottish Calvinists were known as _________

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Presbyterians

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English Calvinists were known as __________ (Because they believed they were PURE of hierarchy in the church. This group would later migrate to America in search of religious freedom and become known as what we call Pilgrims today)

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Puritans

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This English king began the Anglican church so he could divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn, the woman he impregnated,

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Henry VIII

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The Anglican church is similar to the Catholic church in all ways except the authority lies in _________ in Anglicanism

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The monarch, as opposed to the pope

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The Catholic Reformation was a ______________ movement

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Reactionary

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This doctrine reaffirmed the authority of the pope

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Council of Trent

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A New Catholic Order of evangelical missionaries who spread Catholicism in America and Asia

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Jesuits

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These wars between the Hugenots fighting against the absolutist kings for "religious" freedom start the Catholic Bourbon dynasty of France.

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French Wars of Religion

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This is the French edict in which the king converts to Catholicism but allows Protestants, Calvinists, and others to freely practice their own faiths.

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Edict of Nantes

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The war fought on Germanic lands between the German and Spanish Protestants and Catholics

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Thirty Years War

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The Germans lost ____% of their population in the Thirty Years War

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A treaty stating that the Germanic rulers in the Holy Roman Empire can choose the religion practiced in their own separate areas rather than a united Holy Roman Empire religion. It also gives Holland independence from Spain.

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Treaty of Westphalia

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Protestants usually lived North or South? (Consider the position of the Vatican, center of the Catholic church. would they want to be close or far from it?)

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North

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Catholics usually lived North or South? (Consider the position of the Vatican, center of the Catholic church. would they want to be close or far from it?)

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South

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These wars were fought between the Anglican, Catholic, and Calvinist churches for economic and political (parliament vs monarch) reasons as well as religious

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English Civil Wars

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Name some impacts of the Religious Wars and Reformation

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Religion and god were being questioned, papal authority crumbled, science begins to take over

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Which three groups feared the scientific revolution? The _______ feared religious explanation being overturned. The ________ feared biblical explanation would be overturned. The _______ feared Divine right of kings would be overturned.

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Catholics, Lutherans, Absolute Monarchs

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The most frequently used method of legitimization of power by Absolute Monarchs, the idea that they had god given right to rule

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Divine Right of Kings

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The reasons given for an individuals right to rule (Diving right of kings, mandate of heaven, etc....)

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Legitimation of Power

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By the scientific revolution, the role of churches in political and social affairs __________ (decreased or increased?)

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Decreased

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The belief that the Earth is the center of the universe.

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Geocentrism

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The belief that the sun is the center of the universe.

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Heliocentrism

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The outer circle of the universe where God resides.

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Empyrean Heaven

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This Polish astronomer first discovered and proposed the Heliocenric model.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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This Italian astronomer/physicist invented the modern telescope and gathered evidence to support the Copernican Heliocentric model.

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Galileo Galilei

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This man discovered that planets have not round, but elliptical orbits.

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Johannes Kepler

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This English scientist explained gravity and how the universe was a machine, and so humans could understand how it worked.

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Isaac Newton

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The belief that God is the creator of the universe, but s/he doesn't impact human events

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Deism

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Blood, Yellow Bile, Black Bile, and Phlegm

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The Four Humors

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Name the four humors.

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Blood, Yellow Bile, Black Bile, and Phlegm

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The French intellectual movement based on social studies, the use of knowledge to improve society, and rationality.

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The Enlightenment

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Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who criticized the old order.

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Philisophes

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This Scottish writer wrote "Wealth of Nations", supporting Laissez-Fair economics

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Adam Smith

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A French word meaning a policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy, literally meaning "let them do", meaning let the people do what they want.

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Laissez-Faire

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A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by checks and balances)

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Absolutism

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The name of the French parliament not allowed to meet by an absolutist monarch

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Estates General

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The middle class was called the ___________

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Bourgeoisie

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The monarch with a grand palace at Versailles in which nobles resided and stayed out of political affairs.

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King Louis XIV

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The French imposed high ________ ( a form of taxes) on incoming goods to keep money in France.

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Tariffs

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This edict basically reverses the Edict of Nantes, making Calvinism illegal which leads to the emigration of Hugenots to the Holy roman Empire.

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Edict of Fontainebleau

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The name for the army of 400,000 of King Louis XIV that was ready to fight at any minute

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Standing Army

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What country tries to imitate France in its absolutism?

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Spain

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A leading German state in the Holy Roman Empire that struggled with non contiguous lands and decentralization.

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Prussia

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The family that ruled Prussia.

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Hohenzollern

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A leading German state that assumed control of Hungarian and Slavic nations and struggled with the nationalism of the Slavs, leading into World War I

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Austria

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This Austrian treaty pushed back the Ottoman invasion into Europe and led it out of Europe (must know date)

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Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)

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The 2 non absolutist parliament/monarch based states that were both strong commercial powers in Europe.

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Netherlands and Britain

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This revolution ends the English civil wars and leads into a peaceful take over by William and Mary of Holland.

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Glorious Revolution

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Grants basic civil liberties to the people of England.

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Bill of Rights

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The dynasty that begun in England with the war of the roses

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Tudor Dynasty

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This renaissance thinker argued that it is better to be feared than loved and that the ends justified the means.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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The wars between Parliament (led by Oliver Cromwell) and the Monarch over his absolutist policies, the parliament wins and beheads the king (radical movement)

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English Civil War

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The Glorious revolution eliminates the possibility of a _______/_______ monarchy in England with a constitution and bill or rights.

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Catholic/absolute monarchy

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A group of people with a common language and culture

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Nation-State

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The European name for the war between France and Britain over colonial lands

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The 7 Years War

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The Indian name for the war between France and Britain over colonial lands

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Great War for Empire

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The American name for the war between France and Britain over colonial lands

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French-Indian War

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Who won the 7 years war? (If all else fails, take a guess. France never wins. EVER. Militarily, France absolutely sucks.)

answer

Britain

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