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FINAL psychology – Flashcards 116 terms
116 terms
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FINAL psychology – Flashcards
question
_____________ is a tendency to believe that people generally get what they deserve. A) Just-World Phenomenon B) Fundamental attribution error C) Self-servicing bias D) Situational
answer
Just world phenomenon
question
The fact that husbands and wives both report doing more than 50% of the household chores is an example of _____. A) self-handicapping B) the fundamental attribution error C) the self-attribution error D) the self-serving bias
answer
The self- serving bias
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The results of a cross-sectional marketing study to determine how age affects people's beliefs about family purchases and financial planning were criticized on the grounds that the data was influenced by cohort effects. This means that _____. A) some of the subjects belonged to ethnic minorities B) the subjects were self-selected by their friends and neighbors C) the older groups of subjects lived during the depression D) only 63% of the questionnaires were returned
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The older groups of subjects lived during the depression
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From implantation through the 8th week, the major body organs and systems develop during this period. This period of pregnancy is called: A) Embryonic B) Fetal C) Zygotic D) Germinal
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Embryonic
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The first motor movements a newborn exhibits are limited to _____. A) bowel movements B) "mewling and puking" C) fine motor movements D) reflexes
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Reflexes
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Which of the following sensory systems is MOST poorly developed at birth? A) Taste B) Smell C) Vision D) Touch
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Vision
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_____ is the psychological development that occurs during the period between childhood and adulthood A) Egocentricism B) Identity C) Autonomy D) Adolescence
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Adolescence
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Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding menopause? A) It is the cessation of menstruation. B) It occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. C) It is the result of decreases in estrogen production. D) It is strongly associated with severe mood swings, depression, and loss of sexual interest.
answer
It is strongly associated with severe mood swings, depression, and loss of sexual interest.
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Mental speed declines with age, and general information processing and much of memory are largely ___________ by the aging process. A) affected B) unaffected C) reduced D) slowed
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Unaffected
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The Hayflick limit refers to the _____. A) maximum human life span B) amount of damage the human heart can sustain C) genetically controlled maximum number of cell divisions D) maximum number of times a given immune cell can perform its function
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Genetically controlled maximum number of cell division
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Accommodation occurs when new information _____. A) is used "as is" B) fits into an existing schema C) results in adjusting old or creating new schemas D) is taken in and used
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Results in adjusting old or creating new schemas
question
The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development model are _____. A) assimilation, accommodation, adaptation, and association B) sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational D) sensorimotor, precognitive, operational, and abstract operational
answer
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
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When five-month old Jessica learns that mommy continues to exist even when she is quietly resting in another room, Jessica has developed _____. A) sensory permanence B) perceptual constancy C) perceptual permanence D) object permanence
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Object permanence
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The ability to think abstractly or hypothetically occurs in Piaget's _____ stage. A) egocentric B) post-operational C) formal operational D) concrete operational
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Formal operational
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Extreme forms of self-consciousness and concerns for physical appearance are common in adolescents, who tend to exhibit the early formal operational characteristic called _____. A) the personal fable B) adolescent operations C) the imaginary audience D) the egocentric fable
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The imaginary audience
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_____ is a strong affectionate bond with special others that endures over time. A) Bonding B) Attachment C) Love D) Intimacy
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Attachment
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Eric is demanding and disobedient, has no respect for the property or rights of others, and is impulsive, immature, and out of control. According to Baumrind, it is MOST likely that his parents are engaged in _____ parenting. A) abusive B) authoritarian C) authoritative D) permissive
answer
Permissive
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The major detrimental difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures is _____. A) the order of stages of moral development B) the order of stages of psychosocial development C) the resolution of the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development D) which needs and goals are emphasized
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Which needs and goals are emphasized
question
Five-year-old Tyler believes "bad things are what you get punished for." Tyler is at Kohlberg's _____ level of morality. A) concrete B) preconventional C) postconventional D) punishment oriented
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Preconventional
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Calvin would like to wear baggy, torn jeans and a nose ring, but he is concerned that others will disapprove. Calvin is at Kohlberg's _____ level of morality. A) conformity B) approval seeking C) conventional D) preconventional
answer
Conventional
question
Someone who burns his country's flag just because the law says he can is reasoning at the _____ stage of moral development; whereas someone who burns his country's flag because he believes that his country has lost its legitimacy is reasoning at the _____ stage. A) punishment and obedience; individual principle B) individual principle; individual principle C) law and order; social contract D) individual principle; instrumental-exchange
answer
Law and order; social contract
question
Which of the following is NOT one of Thomas and Chess's temperament styles? A) An easy child who is happy, relaxed, agreeable, adjusts readily B) A difficult child who is moody, easily frustrated, tense, over-reactive C) A child who is slow-to-warm-up, shy and withdrawn D) A child with colic who cries inconsolably for several hours
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A child with colic who cries inconsolably for several hours
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The belief that adult personality reflects how an individual has met or resolved the challenges and crises that occur in eight stages of development is the definition of _____. A) Erikson's psychosocial stages of development B) Freud's psychosexual stages of development C) Thomas and Chess's theory of temperament development D) Kohlberg's model of moral development
answer
Erikson's psychosocial stage of development
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Chelsea is a toddler who has authoritarian parents. Her parents do not allow her to make any decisions on her own. As a result, Chelsea may have difficulty resolving the _____ developmental stage. A) autonomy versus shame and doubt B) trust versus mistrust C) initiative versus guilt D) industry versus inferiority
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt
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In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a sense of self and a role in society is dependent upon successfully resolving which of the following challenges? A) generativity vs. stagnation B) ego integrity vs. despair C) identity vs. role confusion D) intimacy vs. isolation
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Identity vs. role confusion
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Erikson's identity crisis refers to _____. A) parents telling their adolescents to be someone they aren't B) peers convincing adolescents to behave against parental morals C) the inner conflict related to serious soul-searching D) amnesia about one's identity in a time of crisis
answer
The inner conflict related to serious soul- searching
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Forty-year-old Carl is very proud that he has the fastest car on the road and the finest house on the block, but feels lonely and isolated when he goes home to his family. Carl is likely to be in Erikson's _____ stage of development. A) ego integrity vs. despair B) generativity vs. stagnation C) intimacy vs. isolation D) identity vs. role confusion
answer
Generativity vs. stagnation
question
The major detrimental difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures is _____. A) the order of stages of moral development B) the order of stages of psychosocial development C) the resolution of the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development D) which needs and goals are emphasized
answer
Which needs and goals are emphasized
question
_____ has consistently been found to be a key factor in successful marriages. A) Realistic expectations B) The ability to fight for equity C) Satisfying sexual activity D) Emotional stability
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Realistic expectations
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What is the most common reason for girls dropping out of high school? A) Abuse B) Drug use C) Pregnancy D) Poverty
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Pregnancy
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Research shows that depression and poverty are among the consequences suffered by _____. A) children of alcoholics B) teenage mothers C) males who use drugs in high school D) young people who do not go to college
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Teenage mothers
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A child who can adapt effectively in the face of threats is demonstrating _____. A) rapid recovery B) resiliency C) flexibility D) adaptability
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resiliency
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The _____ theory of aging suggests that adjustment to retirement is fostered by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society. A) disengagement B) withdrawal C) activity D) death-preparation
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Disengagement
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Research on aging in the United States indicates that elderly women have more _____ than elderly men. A) sexual partners B) patience C) friends D) income
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friends
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Lionel recently lost his wife and is experiencing guilt, anger, and resentment. Occasionally, he has vivid dreams that she is still alive, and sometimes even sees her waiting for him on the front porch swing when he comes home from work. It is MOST likely that Lionel is in the _____ stage of grieving. A) numbness B) disorganization and despair C) yearning D) bargaining
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Yearning
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With regard to sexuality, _____ is the set of beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality. A) the double standard B) androsexism C) paternalism D) the book called The Rules
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The double standard
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Eva Marie has learned that society expects girls to play with dolls rather than trucks. This means she understands her _____. A) sexual orientation B) gender schema C) gender role D) gender
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Gender role
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Bradford wears female clothing because it is sexually arousing. Billy wears female clothing because he believes he is female and wants others to perceive him this way. Bradford is an example of _____, whereas Billy is an example of _____. A) transsexualism; cross-dressing B) a female impersonator; someone "going in drag" C) transvestitism; transsexualism D) transvestitism; cross-dressing
answer
Transvestitism; transsexualism
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The case of "Bruce/Brenda" best demonstrated that _____. A) circumcision is a dangerous operation B) sex-reassignment should never be done C) gender identity has more to do with environment than with biological anatomy D) biology plays a role in gender identity formation
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Biology plays a role in gender identity formation
question
Which of the following groups of people generally have higher self-esteem, are more socially competent and motivated to achieve, and exhibit better overall mental health? Those who score _____. A) high on either masculinity or androgyny B) high on both masculinity and femininity C) low on both masculinity and femininity D) high on either femininity or androgyny
answer
High on either masculinity or androgyny
question
Who were three major contributors to today's knowledge about sexuality? A) Ellis, Kinsey, and Masters and Johnson B) Dr. Ruth, Dr. Laura, and Howard Stern C) Bart Simpson, Beavis, and Butthead D) Hugh Hefner, Larry Flynt, and Ken Starr
answer
Ellis, Kinsey, and Masters and johnson
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Masters and Johnson researched the _____ aspects of human sexuality. A) physiological B) cultural C) genetic D) psychological
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Physiological
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Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of events in Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle? A) Excitement ◊ orgasm ◊ plateau ◊ resolution B) Plateau ◊ excitement ◊ orgasm ◊ climax C) Arousal ◊ excitement ◊ plateau ◊ orgasm D) Excitement ◊ plateau ◊ orgasm ◊ resolution
answer
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, reolution
question
A homosexual orientation appears to be the result of _____. A) seduction during childhood or adolescence by an older homosexual B) a family background that includes a dominant mother and a passive, detached father C) a hormonal imbalance D) genetics and biology playing a dominant role
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Genetics and biology playing a dominant role
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Telling derogatory jokes about homosexuality and/or avoiding any behavior that might be interpreted as "homosexual" may be examples of _____. A) heterosexism B) erotophobia C) sexual prejudice D) homoerotica
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Sexual prejudice
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Dyspareunia is defined in your textbook as _____. A) a lack of interest in sex B) painful intercourse C) a lack of orgasmic capability D) an unusually excessive interest in sex
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Painful intercourse
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The _____ branch of the nervous system is dominant during sexual arousal, whereas the _____ branch is dominant during orgasm and ejaculation. A) parasympathetic; sympathetic B) autonomic; somatic C) central; peripheral D) cerebral; spinal
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Parasympathetic; sympathetic
question
This is a drug used to treat erectile problems. A) Alcohol B) Venus Flytrap C) Viagra D) Valium
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Viagra
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AIDS stands for _____. A) Active Immune Disorder and Symptoms B) Automatic Immunological Distress Syndrome C) Auto-Immune Deficiency Syndrome D) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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_____ refers to one's biological state of being male or female. A) Gender identity B) Sex C) Gender role D) Gender
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Sex
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In recent times, the case for instincts in humans has been supported by _____. A) incentive theorists B) behaviorists C) sociobiologists D) psychoanalysts
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sociobiologists
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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? A) Drive-reduction theory: external stimuli B) Incentive theory: external stimuli C) Cognitive theory: attributions and expectancies D) Maslow: hierarchy of needs
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Drive reduction theory: external stimuli
question
Gaston and Page got married on a high bridge and started their honeymoon with a bungee-jump from the bridge. Which type of motive BEST explains their behavior? A) The achievement motive B) The drive reduction motive C) The arousal motive D) The need for self-actualization
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The arousal motive
question
According to your textbook, the MOST important cure for test anxiety is _____. A) advance preparation and hard work B) deep breathing C) meditation D) an aerobic workout
answer
Advanced preparation and hard work
question
According to the cognitive theory of motivation, which of the following students is MOST likely to study hard for their next psychology exam? A) Sasha believes she earned an "A" on this exam because the questions were easy. B) Endora believes she is a witch and can get whatever she wants by waving her arms and casting a spell. C) Martino believes he can bring his "C" up to an "A" or "B" next time. D) Clemy believes he studied as hard as he could for this exam, is very discouraged that he only got a "D.".
answer
Martino believes he can bring his C up to an A or B next time
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Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic _____. A) emotions B) feelings C) responses D) motives
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Motives
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_____ is a feeling of fullness that has an effect on the perception of hunger. A) Insatiety B) Protrudation C) Satiety D) Grandiosity
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satiety
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Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervosa? A) Bone fractures, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and loss of brain tissue B) Very few of its victims will die C) Loss of teeth, severe throat and stomach damage D) Nearly 90% of its victims will die
answer
Bone fractures, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and loss of brain tissue
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The three components of emotion are _____. A) cognitive, physiological, and behavioral B) perceiving, thinking, and acting C) positive, negative, and neutral D) active/passive, positive/negative, direct/indirect
answer
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral
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This theory that you perceive an event, you body reacts, and then you interpret the bodily changes as a specific emotion. A) Cannon-Bard B) James-Lange C) Facial feedback D) Schachter's two-factor
answer
James-Lange
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According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______. A) diminish it B) change it C) intensify it D) have no impact on it
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Intensify it
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Complex emotions like jealousy, embarrassment, or love are BEST explained by _____. A) the Cannon-Bard theory B) the James-Lange theory C) Schachter's two-factor theory D) the facial feedback hypothesis
answer
Scachter's two- factor theory
question
Extrinsic rewards tend to decrease enjoyment of an activity because they _____. A) are secondary rather than primary reinforcers B) are negative rather than positive reinforcers C) change our explanation for engaging in an activity D) provide inadequate justification for most activities
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Change our explanation for engaging in an activity
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Besides fear, anger, joy, and happiness, which of the following emotions have been found by all cross-cultural researchers in this field? A) Sign of pleasure or displeasure B) Shame and guilt C) Interest and anticipation D) Shame/guilt and interest/anticipation
answer
Sign of pleasure or displeasure
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What percent of women in western industrialized countries show signs of an eating disorder? A) 15 B) 25 C) 40 D) 50
answer
50
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Windigo psychosis, a disorder characterized by delusions and cannibalistic impulses, and is only found in Indian tribes in Canada, is an example of a _____ mental disorder. A) culture-bound B) culturally universal C) functional D) organic
answer
Culture bond
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According to your text, the BEST definition of factor analysis is _____. A) an objective measure of personality traits or factors B) a statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units contained in a large array of data C) the theory of personality that uses a variety of factors in analyzing character traits D) a projective measure of personality traits or factors
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A statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units contained in a large array of data
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Radford is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody; Quinn is calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Radford scores _____; and Quinn scores _____. A) low on agreeableness; low on conscientiousness B) low on adaptability; high on adaptability C) high on neuroticism; low on neuroticism D) high on introversion; low on eagerness
answer
High on neuroticism; low on neuroticism
question
Compared to _____ theories that describe personality, _____ theories attempt to explain personality. A) behavior; trait B) psychoanalytic; humanistic C) humanistic; behavior D) trait; psychoanalytic
answer
Trait; psychoanalytic
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According to Freud, the three mental structures that form personality are the _____. A) unconscious, preconscious, and conscious B) oral, anal, and phallic C) Oedipus, Electra, and sexual/aggressive D) id, ego, and superego
answer
Id, ego and superego
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The _____ operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The _____ operates on the reality principle, and the _____ contains the conscience and ego-ideal, which provide moral guidance for the ego. A) psyche; ego; id B) id; ego; superego C) conscious; preconscious; unconscious D) oral stage; anal stage; phallic stage
answer
id; ego ; superego
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The first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness, is called _____. A) regression B) oppression C) repression D) denial
answer
repression
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Dr. X is sexually attracted to her newest client. Rather than having sex with him, she makes passionate love to her husband that night. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____. A) displacement B) projection C) sublimation D) regression
answer
displacement
question
Gisele is in the process of developing successful relationships with her same-sex peers and refining her female gender role. She is also working on her intellectual skills. According to Freud, Gisele is in the _____ stage of development. A) industry vs. inferiority B) concrete operational C) latency D) conventional
answer
latency
question
Conan constantly wants to be near his mother, receiving her affectionate touching and kissing. He wants nothing to do with his father, and actively stands between his parents to keep them from hugging each other. According to Freudian theory, it is likely that Conan is _____. A) developing a neurosis B) developing homosexual tendencies C) in the middle of the Oedipus complex D) being overindulged by his mother and underindulged by his father
answer
In the middle of the Oedipus complex
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Which of the following is NOT associated with Adler's individual psychology? A) will-to-power B) inferiority C) social interest D) self-efficacy
answer
self- efficacy
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Which of the following personality theorists contributed the concept of power envy? A) Freud B) Jung C) Adler D) Horney
answer
horney
question
If you took the _____ approach to personality, you would emphasize internal experiences, like feelings and thoughts, and the basic worth of the individual. A) humanistic B) psychodynamic C) personalistic D) motivational
answer
Humanistic
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Rogers thought that _____ is necessary for a child's uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally. A) permissive parenting B) a challenging environment C) unconditional positive regard D) a friendly neighborhood
answer
unconditional positive regard
question
Wilson took this psychology course once before and failed. However, he refuses to give up, and believes that he can earn a "C" or better this time even though he still has to work part-time. It is likely that Wilson _____. A) suffers from delusions of grandeur B) has a high locus of control C) has high self-efficacy D) is engaged in reciprocal determinism
answer
Has high self efficiency
question
Criticisms of the social-cognitive approach to personality include all EXCEPT which of the following? A) It ignores the contribution of emotion on personality. B) It overlooks the developmental component of personality. C) It does not meet the standards for scientific research. D) It ignores the role of the unconscious in determining personality
answer
It does not meet the standards for scientific research
question
The _____ approach represents a blending of several theories of personality. A) unification B) association C) biopsychosocial D) phenomenological
answer
Biopsychosocial
question
The MMPI-2 is an example of a(n) _____ personality test. A) unreliable B) invalid C) objective D) subjective
answer
Objective
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The idea that a person will "project" his inner thoughts, feelings and conflicts onto an ambiguous stimulus is the basis for the _____ methods of personality assessment. A) subjective B) observational C) projectional D) projective
answer
projective
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Two important criteria for evaluating the usefulness of tests used to assess personality are _____. A) concurrence and prediction B) reliability and validity C) consistency and correlation D) diagnosis and prognosis
answer
reliability and validity
question
In psychoanalysis, free association refers to _____. A) unproductive sessions for which the client is not charged B) a thought process which has no underlying cause or motivation C) reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents D) purposefully bizarre and disconnected associations
answer
reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents
question
The displacement of thoughts, feelings, fears, wishes, and conflicts from past relationships onto new relationships is called _____. A) transference B) countertransference C) projection D) displacement
answer
transference
question
Casey believes it is useless to keep writing because she has received so many manuscript rejections, and only one screenplay acceptance. Beck would consider Casey's depression to be due to her use of _____. A) overgeneralization B) all-or-nothing thinking C) selective perception D) magnification
answer
Selective perception
question
Critics suggest that Beck and Ellis ignore, deny, or minimize the importance of _____ on patient's behaviors. A) unconscious dynamics, emotion, and prior experiences B) thoughts and beliefs C) rationality D) irrationality
answer
Uncouncious dynamics, emotion, and prior experiences
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In Rogerian therapy, the _____ is responsible for discovering maladaptive patterns. A) therapist B) analyst C) family D) client
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Client
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This is listening with total attention by reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying. A) Speaker-centered listening B) Speaker-focused listening C) Unconditional positive listening D) Active listening
answer
Active listening
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_____ treats the family as a unit, and members work together to solve problems. A) Aversion therapy B) Encounter groups C) Self-help groups D) Family therapy
answer
Family therapy
question
Eudoxie covers her husband's alcohol-related absences by lying to his boss. A behavior therapist is MOST likely to say that Eudoxie's problem is _____. A) her marriage B) best treated by attending Alanon meetings C) her husband's alcohol-related behavior D) lying to her husband's boss
answer
Lying to her husbands boss
question
This is a gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear-response by associating a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli with deep relaxation. A) Hierarchical training B) Systematic desensitization C) Aversion conditioning D) The relaxation response
answer
Systemic desensitization
question
Which of the following is NOT a type of antidepressant drug? A) Tricyclics B) MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors C) SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) D) Lithium
answer
Lithium
question
In a lobotomy, a neurosurgeon would sever the pathways between the frontal lobe and the _____. A) parietal lobe B) cerebellum C) thalamus and hypothalamus D) limbic system
answer
Thalamus and hypothalamus
question
This is the use of a magnetic coil to create a magnetic field and deliver controlled electrical currents to precise areas of the brain. A) rTMS or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation B) MRI or magnetic resonance imaging C) PMS or periodic magnetic stimulation D) cECT or controlled electroconvulsive therapy
answer
RTMS or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
question
A _____ has usually had four years of graduate school and one or more supervised internships; a _____ is a medical doctor who has completed a one-year internship and a three-year supervised residency in the biological and therapeutic treatment of mental disorders. A) licensed clinical social worker; psychologist B) psychologist; licensed clinical psychologist C) psychologist; psychiatrist D) counselor; psychologist
answer
Psychologist; psychiatrist
question
The effectiveness of therapy can BEST be determined by _____. A) self-report from patients regarding progress B) therapist assessment of progress C) meta-analysis of prior research D) family and friend surveys
answer
Meta-analysis of prior research
question
Cross-cultural research suggests that cognitive dissonance may be a result of placing a high value on _____. A) independence and individualism B) connection with others C) appraisal by others D) honesty and integrity
answer
Independence and individualism
question
Charlton says that " handguns should be registered, and owners should be required to keep a trigger lock on them,". This is an example of which component of Charlton's attitude about guns? A) Affective B) Cognitive C) Behavioral D) Emotional
answer
cognitive
question
In the classic dissonance experiment, which group had more attitude change? A) The group that was paid $1 B) The group that was paid $20 C) The control group D) There was no difference in attitude change between the two groups
answer
The group that was paid 1 dollar
question
Prejudice is _____; discrimination is _____. A) a behavior; a belief B) unethical; illegal C) an attitude; a behavior D) innate; learned
answer
an attitude; a behavior
question
Which of the following principles of social psychology may have made it easier for American soldiers to kill Vietnamese civilians in the 1970s? A) Outgroup homogeneity B) Ingroup favoritism C) Homeostatic similarity D) Reciprocal dislike
answer
Outgroup homogeneity
question
According to Monica Moore's research regarding female flirting, which of the following is INCORRECT? A) Flirting may be the single most important thing a woman can do to increase her attractiveness. B) Men appear to welcome clear signals of female interest. C) Signaling interest usually means a woman is also interested in having sex with a man. D) Touch usually signals a higher level of flirting.
answer
Signaling interest usually means a woman is also interested in having sex with a man
question
Need _____ is the tendency to be attracted to people whose qualities we admire but personally lack. A) dissimilarity B) differential C) heterogeneity D) complementarity
answer
complementarity
question
Two problems with romantic love are that it _____. A) lasts too long and uses up too much energy B) is based on mystery and fantasy C) lacks compassion and real attraction D) is immature and rare after early adulthood
answer
Is based on mystery and fantasy
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The two MAJOR kinds of social influence are _____. A) low-ball and foot-in-the-door B) persuasion and agreement C) agreement and disagreement D) conformity and obedience
answer
conformity and obedience
question
With regard to the norm for personal space, which of the following persons is MOST likely to break the U.S. norm by standing too close to an American adult? A) A Scandinavian tourist B) An American teenager C) A Mediterranean guest D) A violent prisoner
answer
A Mediterranean guest
question
Compared to Milgram's original study, when did obedience INCREASE? A) When orders were given by an ordinary person B) When the teacher chose the shock level C) When the teacher watched two others disobey D) When the teacher read a list of words while another delivers the shock
answer
when the teacher read a list of words while another delivers the shock
question
The set of normative expectations connected with particular social positions is your text's definition of a _____. A) normative reference B) reference group norm C) role D) responsibility
answer
role
question
A group's movement toward either riskier or more conservative behavior, depending on members' initial dominant tendency is called _____. A) a risky shift B) a cognitive reversal C) group polarization D) groupthinking
answer
group polarization
question
In groups of two or more people, this is the tendency to assume that someone else will take action. A) The problem of assumption B) The social loafing phenomenon C) Faulty interpretation D) Diffusion of responsibility
answer
diffusion of responsibility
question
A social influence technique in which a first, small request is used as a set-up for later requests is known as _____. A) the low-ball technique B) the foot-in-the-door technique C) the infiltration technique D) ingratiation
answer
The foot- in the door technique
question
In most cultures, the most important attribute in a potential husband is _____. A) reproductive capability B) physical attractiveness C) economic resources and social status D) youth and aggression
answer
economic resources and social status
question
A cultural rule of behavior that prescribes what is acceptable or acceptable in a given situation is called a _____. A) norm B) motivator C) behavioral determinant D) meta-rule
answer
norm
AP Psychology
Diffusion Of Responsibility
Equal Status Contact
Psychology
Chapter 12 MyPsychLab 25 terms
25 terms
Preview
Chapter 12 MyPsychLab
question
Each student in Dr. Boyd's class was assigned to a group to complete a service learning project. Dennis, who believed the task to be overwhelming, decided not to participate as much as the other group members. As a result of his lack of group participation, Dr. Boyd required Dennis to work alone, which caused him to work harder. Dennis's behavior can be best characterized as
answer
social loafing
question
in his experiment on conformity, Ash found that
answer
conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four confederates
question
Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience
answer
question
Leaders of the United States Congress decided to make a stand to shut down the government so that various demands could be made. Despite the fact that many would be out of work, certain benefits would go unpaid, and the middle- and lower-class population would suffer tremendously, others followed the positions of the congressional leaders, and the government was shut down. This behavior is a good demonstration of
answer
question
the challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because
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some people knew the shuttle was not okay to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion.
question
After their college basketball team won the NCAA championship, a large group of students ran around the campus vandalizing school property. Not aware that anyone would notice him because he was simply part of the crowd, Jonathan joined in the vandalism. Jonathan's behavior was most likely influenced by his sense of
answer
question
in Asch's line experiment, participants
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conformed to the group answer slightly more than one third of the time.
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Raheem is questioned about his failure to provide assistance to a fellow student who was calling out for help while being bullied by other students. Raheem replies, "No one else did anything, so I did nothing." Raheem's response is an example of
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diffusion of responsibility
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socially desirable behavior that benefits others is referred to as
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prosocial behavior
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Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He does not run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who can provide better assistance. This is an example of
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diffusion of responsibility
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in Sternberg's theory, _____ encompasses the physical aspects of love
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passion
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once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision making process is
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planning a course of action
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Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point, which is
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noticing
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researchers found that reciprocity of liking does not work when
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a person suffers from feelings of low self-worth
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the group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group
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with the least power
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One way to reduce prejudice is to promote personal involvement with people from other groups that is cooperative and occurs when all groups are equal in terms of power or status. This is known as
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equal status contact
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A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nevertheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to h
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central-route processing
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As Vivian was driving to work the other day, she was passed by a vehicle that swerved uncontrollably until it came to a complete stop on the side of the road. Unaware that the driver's steering wheel was malfunctioning, Vivian said out loud to herself, "Some people just can't drive and need to stay off the road." Vivian's assumption about the other driver can be referred to as
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a fundamental attribution error
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in explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational rather than personal attributions. such a phenomenon is known as
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the actor-observer bias
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americans tend to assume that personality is
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Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This type of thinking is an example of
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the fundamental attribution error
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When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, this is an example of
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direct instruction
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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on
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implicit personality theory
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Clara, a member of a grand jury, voted "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented. Clara was demonstrating
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question
Janet is presenting a paper at a psychology conference. She buys a new suit and shoes, has her hair and nails done, and spends extra time on her makeup the morning of the presentation. Janet appears to be concerned about
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impression formation
Call For Help
Diffusion Of Responsibility
Psychology
CHP3 PT3: Business Ethics and Social Responsibility – Flashcards 25 terms
25 terms
Preview
CHP3 PT3: Business Ethics and Social Responsibility – Flashcards
question
If no one else is able to help, it becomes more important for you to intervene.
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Last Resort
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The second objective for ethics training programs is to achieve _____ with employees.
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credibility
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that is, reporting others' ethics violations, is a difficult step for most people to take
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Whistle-blowing
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requires all publicly held companies to establish anonymous hot lines to encourage reporting of unethical and illegal behaviors
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act
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is a business's obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take actions that benefit society
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Social responsibility
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a view of social responsibility that holds that an organization's overriding goal should be profit maximization for the benefit of shareholders
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shareholder model
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Friedman
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shareholder
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a theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management's most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate _____
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stakeholder model
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persons or groups with a "stake" or legitimate interest in a company's actions
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Stakeholders
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any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival
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Primary stakeholders
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shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, governments, and local communities
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primary stakeholders
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any group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about the company's socially responsible behavior
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Secondary stakeholders
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the media and special interest groups
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secodary stakeholders
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a company's social responsibility to make a profit by producing a valued product or service
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economic responsibility
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a company's social responsibility to obey society's laws and regulations
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Legal responsibility
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a company's social responsibility not to violate accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting its business
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Ethical responsibility
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the social roles that a company fulfills beyond its economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities
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Discretionary responsibilities
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refers to a company's strategy to respond to stakeholders' economic, legal, ethical, or discretionary expectations
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Social responsiveness
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A _____ responsibility problem exists whenever company actions do not meet stakeholder expectations
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social
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a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects
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reactive strategy
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a social responsiveness strategy in which a company admits responsibility for a problem but does the least required to meet societal expectations
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defensive strategy
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a social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all that society expects to solve that problem
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accommodative strategy
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a social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates responsibility for a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to address the problem
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proactive strategy
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there is no guarantee that socially responsible companies will be _______
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profitable
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John Mackey
answer
stakeholder
Diffusion Of Responsibility
Group Psychology
Introductory Psychology
Prejudice And Discrimination
Psychology
AP Psych Unit 8 Jeopardy – Flashcards 60 terms
60 terms
Preview
AP Psych Unit 8 Jeopardy – Flashcards
question
Socially defined patterns of behavior expected of a person in a given setting
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Social Roles
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A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgements
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Asch Effect
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This is when a person takes credit for their successes, but denies responsibilities for failures
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Self-serving Bias
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Contact between people from different groups when placed under equal conditions
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Equal-status contact
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When individuals is in a group have similar, though not identical views, their opinions become more extreme
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Group Polarization
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This theory says that we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum costs
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Reward theory of attraction
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This hypothesis states that most people will find mates who are perceived to be of about their same level of attraction
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Matching hypothesis
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This theory states that people are motivated to avoid conflicts between their behaviors and their cognitions
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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This theory states that we decide to pursue a relationship by weighing the potential value of it against their expectations of success
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Expectancy-value theory
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According to psychologists, these are the 4 powerful sources of reward that predict personal attraction
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Proximity, similarity, self-disclosure, physical attractiveness
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This is what Milgrim told his subjects he was studying
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Memory and learning
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How many "teachers" administered the full spectrum of shocks up to 450 volts
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Nearly 2/3
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This is why Milgrim's experiment was controversial
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Potential mental harm on the subjects
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What kind of people did Milgrim think would be the only ones to go all the way 450
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Sadistic
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When was obedience to an authority figure most likely?
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When authority figures were nearby to the "teacher'
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The man behind the triangle
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Sternberg
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The 3 components of love
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Passion, intimacy, commitment
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Passion & intimacy with no commitment
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Romantic love
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Passion without intimacy or commitment
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Infatuation
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Passion, intimacy, and commitment
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Complete love/ consummate love
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The Stanford prison study showed us the power of this
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The social situation
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When are people more likely to help out in an emergency situation
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When there are few others around to help
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Robber's cave: what caused cooperation among the different groups of boys?
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A common goal
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Who stopped the Stanford prison study?
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One of Zimbardo's female grad students
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This is how the people of Jonestown died
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Voluntarily drank kool-aid laced with cyanide
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Clusters of knowledge about the sequence of events and actions expected to occur in a setting
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Social script
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A decrease in performance level because of being in a group
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Social loafing
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Members of a group attempt to conform their opinions to what each believes to be the consensus of the group
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Groupthink
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Weakening of each group member's obligation to act when responsibility is perceived to be shared with all group members
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Diffusion of responsibility
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The tendency to mimic other people
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Chameleon effect
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Branch of Psychology that studies the effect of social variables on behavior
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Social Psychology
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A group's expectations of what is appropriate and acceptable
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Social norms
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The combination of people, activities and interactions among people, the setting, and the norms of behavior
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Social context
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When people stand by and do nothing in an emergency situation
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Bystander effect/Bystander Apathy
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The view that internal factors influence behavior
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Dispositionism
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Stanford/Social Roles & Scripts
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Zimbardo
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Conformity
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Asch
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Obedience to Authority
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Milgrim
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Bystander apathy
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Latane and Darley
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Do social norms influence students' political views?(Bennington College)
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Newcomb
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According to social psychology, this is the key determinant of individual behavior
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Social situation
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According to social psychology, this would determine your behavior at a party where you don't know anybody
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Behavior of others
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According to social psychology, people tend to believe that other people's mistakes are due to this
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Internal factors/personal traits/personality
question
According to social psychology, this is how people reduce dissonance between thoughts and behavior
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Change behavior or thoughts
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According to social psychology, this is fuel for terrorism
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Nations with depleted resources, poverty, hopelessness, joblessness
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This is the strongest predictor of how much we will like someone when first meeting them
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Physical attraction
question
How do people perceive others who are extremely attractive but very shy?
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Cold and indifferent
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We seek out these types of relationships
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Ones where we both give and receive rewards
question
Of the 4 components of attraction, this one proves that absence does not make the heart grow fonder
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Proximity
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People with low self-esteem gravitate toward these type of people
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People who see them as they see themselves--reinforce self-perception
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Negative feelings towards others who are different from self
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Prejudice
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Negative actions towards others who are different from self
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Discrimination
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When social distance between 2 groups increases, so does this
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Prejudice
question
This man applied theories about competition and common goals to break down hostilities between Israel & Palestine caused by prejudism
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Herbert Kelman
question
These are the 3 most effective ways to combat prejudism
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New role models, equal status contact, legislation
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Behavior that is intended to cause harm
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Aggression
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Blaming an innocent person or group for one's own troubles
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Scapegoating
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The tendency to emphasize internal causes and ignore external ones
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Fundamental attribution error
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View that environmental conditions influence behavior
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Situationism
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When group members lose their sense of personal identity and responsibility and the group "assumes" responsibility for their behavior
answer
Deindividuation
