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Denying The Antecedent Logic Propositions

Phil 201 Exam 2 – Flashcards 24 terms

Karlie Mack

24 terms

Preview

Phil 201 Exam 2 – Flashcards

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Laws of Logic

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The foundation of all reasoning. If they are not accepted as true, then nothing we say or reason makes any sense. These laws are undeniable.

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Law of Non-Contradiction

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Something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect

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Law of Excluded Middle

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Something either is or is not

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The law of Identity

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Something is what it is.

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Undeniable

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These laws is what is undeniable

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Premises

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"Reasons" given in an argument to support their clame

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Conclusion

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The belief that one is trying to support

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Inference

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The relationship between the premises and the conclusion

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Validity

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Refers to the structure of an argument, an argument is considered valid if the conclusion follows from the premises, it is invalid if the conclusion does not follow the premises.

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Non-Sequiter

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no sequence, it does not follow

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Truth Value(Is it true or false)

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Refers to the quality of the propositions in the argument, arguments are valid or invalid but propositions are true or false.

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Sound

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An argument is sound if it is both valid and premises are true, an argument may be valid and unsound but can never be invalid and sound, an argument is unsound if it is either invalid or one or more of the premises are false.

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Deductive Logic

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Form of logic made up arguments where(if valid) the conclusion follows necessarily from, or is guaranteed by the premises.

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Syllogism

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The formal procedure for writing out a deductive argument.

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Categorical Propositions

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A proposition that affirms or denies something in terms of two categories: subject and predicate

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Disjunctive Propositions

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A proposition which affirms or denies something in terms of two alternatives(known as alternates) in the form of an "Either/or" statement

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Alternant

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A term stemmed from an alternative

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Hypothetical Propositions

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A conditional statement that affirms or denies something in terms of an antecedent(usually expressed by "if") and a consequent(Usually expressed as "then")

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Pure Hypothetical Syllogism

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uses only hypothetical propositions for the two premises and the conclusion

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Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism

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employs a hypothetical proposition for the first permise but then uses categorical propositions for the second premise and the conclusion

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Modus Ponens

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The second premise affirms that the antecedent of the hypothetical is true.

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Modus Tolens

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The second premise denies the consequent of the hypothetical proposition

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Denying the antecedent(Hypothetical fallacy)

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If you do the work, then you will pass the course You did not do the work Therefore, you did not pass the course

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Affirming the Consequent

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If you do the work, then you will pass the course You passed the course Therefore, you did the work.

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Breaking The Rules Denying The Antecedent

Philosophy 201 – Flashcards 68 terms

Oscar Hall

68 terms

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Philosophy 201 – Flashcards

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Laws of Logic:

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Basic foundations of Logic, first principles. The foundation of all reasoning. If they are not accepted as true, then nothing we say or reason makes any sense. These laws are undiniable.

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Laws of NonContradiction:

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Something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect.

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The Law of Excluded Middle:

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Something either is or is not.

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Law of Identity:

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something is what it is. P=p

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Undeniable:

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The laws of logic are undeniable

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Premises:

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Reasons.

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Conclusion:

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Belief that one is trying to support.

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Inference:

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The relationship between the premises and the conclusion.

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Vadility:

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Refers to the structure of an argument; an argument is considered valid if the conclusion follows from the premisis, it is invalid if the conclusion does not follow (Non-Sequitur) (No sequence-It does not follow)

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Non-sequitur

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No sequencing- it does not follow.

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Truth Value:

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Refres to the quality of the propositions in the arugmuent; arguments are valid or invalid but propositions are true for false. -The truth value of teh propositions has nothing to do with the vadility of the argument, and vadility has nothing to do with the truth value of the proposition.

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Sound:

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An argument is sound if it is both valid and the premises are true; an argument may be valid and unsound but can never be invalid and sound; an argument is unsound if it is either invalid or one or more of the premisis are false.

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Deduction:

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form of logic made up of arguments where (if valid) the conclusion follows necesarily from, or is guaranteed by the premisis. -a valid deductive argument is one where, if we assume the premise are true, it is imposible for the conclusion to be false. -Deductive arguments often reason fromt he general to the particular.

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Syllogism:

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The formal procedure for writing out a deductive argument.

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The categorical Syllogism:

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a sylogism made up of categorial propositions. Ex: All LU students are attractive. All attractive persons are smart. All LU Students are smart.

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Categorical proposition:

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A proposition that affirms or denies something in terms of two categories: subject and Predicate.

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The disjunctive Syllogism:

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A syllogism made up of one disjunctive proposition as a premese, the denial of one of the alternates as the other premise, and the affirmation of the other alternate in the conclusion.

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Disjunctive propositon:

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A propositon in which affirms or denies something in terms of two alternatives (Known as alternatives) in the form of an "either/or" statement. Ex: "Either it rained last night or I left the sprinkler running. It dit not rain. I left the sprinkler running. " - assuming that these either ors are true...

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Alternate:

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...

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Disjunctive fallacy:

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Affirming an alternate in the second premise instead of denying it. Ex: Either it rained or I left the sprinkler running. I left the sprinkler running. It did not rain. -This answer is not a necessary, its a maybe answer.

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The Hypothetical Syllogism:

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A syllogism made up of two hypothetical propositions.

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Hypothetical proposition:

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A conditional statement that affirms or denies something in terms of an antecedent** (Usually Expressed as "If") and a Consequent** (Usually expressed as "Then") Ex: if you do the work, then you will pass the course.

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Antecedent:

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Usually expressed as an "if" in the begining

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Consequent:

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Usually expressed as "then" at the end.

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Pure Hypothetical Syllogism:

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The pure hypothetical syllogism uses only hypothetical propositions for the two premises and the conclusions. If you do the work, then you will pass teh course. If you pass the course, then you will graduate. ----------------------------------------- If you do the work then you will graduate. -There really isnt a fallacy for the Pure hypothetical Syllogism.

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Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism:

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Employs a hypothetical proposition for the first premise but then uses categorical propositons for the second premise and the conclusion. There are two types of Mixed Hypothetical syllogism: 1. Modus Ponens 2. Modus Tolens

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Modeus Pones:

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Means or meathods of affirming. Ex: If you do the work, you will pas the course. you did the work. you passed the course.

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Modus Tolen:

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Means of denying the consequent. Ex: If you do the work, the you pass the course. You did not pass the course. You did not do the work.

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Denying The Antecedent:

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If you do the work, then you will passs the course. you did not do the work. you did not pass the course.

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Affirming the consequence:

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If you do the work, then you will pass the course. you passed the course. You did the work.

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Rules of valid Inference:

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...

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Induction:

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Logic made up of argument which can lean only to a probable conclusion, not a necessary one. No inductive argument can arrive at an absolutly certian conclusion (one that must be true) Inductive arguments usually gather toghether particular truths and arrive at general conclusions.

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Method Of Generalization:

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The most common type of inductive argument, one gathers together identical patricular instances and arrives at some form of generalization. Ex: A large # of students are ____

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Method Of Analogy:

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An argument from anallogy occurs when one observes relativley similar particulars, and attemps to arrive at a probable conclusion.

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Probability Calculus:

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A form of inductive argumentation where one reasons on the basis of set rules in determining the likelyhood of something occuring given all possibilities variables.

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Statistical Reasoning:

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An IA Based on the gathering of a sampole population and arriving at averages, percentages adn general trends.

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Casual Inference:

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In Inductive Arguments that begins with an observe effect and reasons back to its cause. Ex: car wont start in the morning; the battery is prob dead.

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Hypothetical Reasoning:

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Inductive reasoning that begins w/ a problem with an unknown explanation. A hypothesis is formulated and tested with the goal of explaining the problem.

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Formal Fallicies:

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Errors which occur in the structure of an argument ie. breaking the rules of valid inferences in a deductive argument.

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Informal Fallicies:

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Errors which occur within the content of an argument usually due to one of the four reasons: -It makes the argument inductively weak. -the language used is not clear in its meaning -the facts are not presented accuratley. -Irrelavent issues are introduces that have nothing to do with the argument.

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Fallicies of WEak Induction:

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...

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Hasty Generalization:

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Based a conclusion on an insufficent number of particulars. Ex: Women are so sentimental. My mother and my sister always cry at movies but my father and I never do.

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Sweeping Generalization:

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Applying a generalization to a specific case to which the rule does not apply; treating a general principle as a hard and fast rule. Ex:Each person has a right to control what occurs to their own body. Therefore, a woman has a right to determine if a fetus can use her body or not.

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False Analogy:

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Drawing an analogy between two things that re not similar in relavan areas. Ex:We should not be offended when we offend people with the gospel. After all, in order to make an omelet you have to break a few eggs.

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Fasle Cause:

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Assuming a casual relation when there is little to no evidence of one. Ex: "I knew it would rain, It just washed my car." Ex: Every major war has occurred when a democrat was president. We should think twice before electing a democrat in the next presidential election.

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Fallicies of Ambiguity:

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fallicies that occur because the language or terms useed are not clear in their meaning. -emotionally loaded terms can obscure the real issue: Homophobia Back ally Abortions

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Hypostatization:

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Abstract terms are used concretely w/ out clarrification, usually through personification: "morality is culturally determened", "Death w/ Ddignety". Ex: believe the universe wants to be noticed. I think the universe is improbably biased toward the consciousness, that it rewards intelligence in part because the universe enjoys its elegance being observed. And who am I, living in the middle of history, to tell the universe that it-or my observation of it-is temporary? (from The Fault in our Stars)

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Equivocation:

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Terms change their meaning in the middle of the argument: "a woman has a right** to have an abortion therefore it is right** for her to do so." Ex:I don't want that doctor to examine me because he is till practicing. I'll find someone who doesn't need to practice anymore.

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Fallicies of Presumption:

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Fallicies that occur because presumptions are made in the presenation of facts and therefor the facts are not presented accuratly.

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Begging the question:

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the main question or issue is not really addressed but is ignored or evaded. Ex: Husbands cheat on their wives because they are unhappy with them. We know this is true because if husbands were happy with their wives they wouldn't cheat on them.

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Bifurication:

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Only two options are presented when other options are possible. Ex: Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of selfless acts for others or the darkness of absolute selfish acts only for oneself.

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Special Pleading:

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An illegitamate double standard is applied that distorts the facts. -The most common method is the use of euphemistic and pesorative terms: "Grouping/Ganging" "Thrifty/Cheap" Ex: We should stock up on everything we need before the hoarders get her and take it all.

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Fallicies of Irrelevancy:

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Irrelevant issues that have noting to do w/ the argument as raised as if they are relevant.

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Ad Hominem:

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Attacing the perosn who is making the argument rather than the argument itslef. Ex: "He's a liberal, therefor his argument obvioulsy makes no sense." Ex: Of course the senator from Virginia argues against the cigarette tax. We all know where tobacco is grown, don't we? You should ignore his arguments.

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Appeal to Pitty:

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"If you dont pass me I will not graduate, my parents will be upest and I wont get the job I was hoping for. Ex: You should let this student pass. He may not completely understand the material, but he has been up all night studying. If he doesn't pass, he won't graduate.

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Ad Populum:

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appealing to the fact that a belief is popular or commonly believed as evidence for its truthfulness Ex: Most scholars reject the natural arguments for God's existence, therefore you should also

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Fair Use of Evidence:

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Good arguments use evidence farily and avoid suppressing evidence in favor of a particualr position. -Need to take care not to allow biases to conceal or ignore evidence; Get out in the open and admit problems.

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Positive/Negative Approach:

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Good arguments not only provide positive evidence for their own view, but also provide negative evidence for the opposing view.

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Explanatory Power:

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when choosing between two views, the one that explains all the facts with the least amount of problems is the best to choose.

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Explanatory scope:

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Considers the quality of facts accounted by our explanation.

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Explanatory power:

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considers the quality of the explanation of the facts.

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Plausibility:

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This ahs to do with the explanation fitting w/ our background knowledge.

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Minmally Ad Hoc:

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The explanation whith the least amount of ad hoc details is considered the better one.

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Principle of Parsimony:

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Ockm's Razor-"entities should not be multiplied w/ out necessity." Good arguments are those which do not contain a lot of unescessary assumptions or reasoning. Balance: avoid being simplistic in an effort to simplify.

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Counterexample:

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...

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Elements of a Good Argument:

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1. Good Reasoning 2. Clarity of thoughts and Language 3. Consistency and Coherencey 4. Comprehensive 5. Orderly Structure 6. Fair use of Evidence 7. Explanatory Power 8. Positive/Negative Approach 9. Principle of Parsimony

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Hypothetical falllacies:

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Deny the antecedent in second premises: Ex: If you do the work, then you will pas the course. you did not do the work. ____________________________ you did not pass the course Affirming the consequence in the second premise: Ex: If you do the work, then you will pass the course. You passed the course __________________________ you did the work.

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Deductive Fallacies:

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A fallacy is simply an error in logic. Deductive fallacies occur when one breaks on of the rules of valid inference.

STUDY

Denying The Antecedent Fallacies Logic Necessary And Sufficient

GRE Argument Fallacies – Flashcards 35 terms

Ember Wagner

35 terms

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GRE Argument Fallacies – Flashcards

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Causal Oversimplification

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The cause being identified is only part of a more complicated set of causes

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Alternate Cause Post Hoc Fallacy

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Just because two things happened in a certain order doesn't mean one caused the other. Some outside force could be the cause. After this, therefore because of this. It assumes that because one thing follows another, one thing must have caused the other

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Irrelevant Authority

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Relying on sources that are not highly knowledgeable in the area

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The Troubled Analogy Faulty Analogy

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Every time you make an analogy, you're saying that something is like something else-except that it isn't EXACTLY like that, or you'd just be talking about the original topic. Two things being compared are different in crucial respects. Ex: The University is like any business - it has to turn a profit, or it will fail.

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Hasty Generalization Sample is not representative Sample is too small No control group

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Jumping to a broad conclusion based on too little information or too few examples A control group is a group of people who are as similar as possible in every way, and differ from the test group by only one variable.

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Arguing from Ignorance

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"You can't prove that I'm wrong so I must be right"

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Slippery Slope Correlation does not equal causation

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Assumption that something will inevitably lead to something further

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Is-ought Fallacy

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The assumption that because something is the case it should be the case Ex: Test is unfair... Life is unfair!

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Ad Hominem Fallacy

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Attacking the person personally to diminish their own argument

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Genetic Fallacy

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Someone inappropriately judges something solely on the basis of where it comes from (its genesis)

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False Alternatives

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When someone tries to restrict discussion to only two possible options. Ex: You're either my friend or you're my enemy

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Fallacy of Composition

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True of parts will make the whole true

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Fallacy of Division

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True of whole makes each of the parts true

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Red Herring

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Creating a diversion Ex: "The real question is..."

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Ignoring Relevant Evidence Unjustified Assumptions

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Failing to account for evidence that might lead to a different conclusion. Ex: Economy is in good shape because people shop, people have jobs, and ATMs work The conclusion cannot be validated unless the assumption can be proved

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Confusion of Necessary and Sufficient Condition

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Assumption that something is necessary to produce a certain outcome. Ex: Great people practice hours every day; I do that, but I'm not great

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Distinction without a Difference

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An argument that makes a verbal distinction between two things. Ex: Concert is free, but a donation is requested

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Begging the Question

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A conclusion is implicitly stated/assumed to be true in initial premises. Ex: Zombie movies are sick, so why do we promote sick entertainment?

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Affirming the consequent

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Affirming that something happens because of another. Ex: Honor system = less cheating... There's less cheating, therefore an honor system must have been adopted

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Denying the antecedent

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Denying that something will happen because something else doesn't happen Ex: Education bill = improved schools; Congress won't pass the bill, so schools won't improve

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Attacking a Straw Man

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Implying that your opponent made an argument that he/she did not make Ex: Opponent says to reduce school spending... therefore he thinks we should abandon education

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Two Wrongs Fallacy

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Deflection of a legitimate criticism by saying that others have done the same Ex: I'm not the only one driving over the speed limit

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Appeal to common opinion

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Assumption that because something is commonly believed to be true, then it must be true Ex: JFK is our greatest president by public polls

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Fallacy of Equivocation

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A word of term used in two different ways, but trying to be used in the same way. Ex: My opponent proposal for funding education barely touches the problem. Education, you see, is a life-long process.

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Skill & Will

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Argument assumes that people have the ability (skill) to do something or the motivation (will) to do it, when this has not been proven to be the case. Ex: Children should be offered vegetables three times daily.

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Extreme Language Terms too Vague

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Argument uses language so extreme or vague that the premises cannot justify the conclusion.

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Predicting the Future

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Opportunity to point out that the future could actually turn out some other way. Introduces a level of uncertainty in the argument.

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What's their Motivation?

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Arguments in the form of ads or company announcements

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Confusing signs of a thing for the thing itself

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Medical tests report false positives: the number of people who test positive for a disease is not identical to the number who actually have the disease. Especially acute when people have an incentive to over-report or under-report. The problem assumes that because a law exists, people must be following it: law de facto vs. law de iure.

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Short term vs. Long term

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Something good in the short term, under certain circumstances, may not be good in the long term. Ex. antibiotics, working all night to rescue people in an emergency

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The ever changing pool

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Most groups of people have a rotating cast of members. Remember to look for a "survivor bias" Ex. The people who stuck around didn't hate the dorm enough to leave.

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Nothing is quantified

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Important when trying to argue something like, "the eventual savings will outweigh the startup costs"

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How was it before?

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It is hard to judge the present, or predict the future, without information about the past.

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Alike doesn't mean identical

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People who are alike in some ways are undoubtedly different in others.

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Percents vs. Real numbers (and other mathematical confusion)

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Don't confuse percents with actual numbers of dollars, people, etc. If any numbers are being presented in an argument topic, see whether they are being cited in a logical way.

STUDY

Criminal Justice Denying The Antecedent Fundamentals Of Epidemiology Law Enforcement Listening To Music Public Health

Serial Murder final exam – Flashcards 300 terms

Jacob Herring

300 terms

Preview

Serial Murder final exam – Flashcards

question

Serial murder is now a current epidemic with at least 4000 deaths per year attributed to serial murder.

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false

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Today, we suspect at least 3500 serial killers are active at any given time.

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false

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This new wave of serial murder is marked by greater torture and mutilation than ever.

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false

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Serial killers TYPICALLY cover at least five states with their murders

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false

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Bedwetting and pyromania are thought to be a cause of serial killers' path to destruction

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false

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Serial killing accounts for about 20% of all murder victims

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false

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This appalling "disease" (serial murder) is distinctly american.

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false

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Serial killers are almost exclusively white, male, with no prior convictions

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false

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Serial killers typically have a higher than average IQ

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false

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Almost all serial killers have a single set of modus operandi

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false

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Who was known as the Demon Barber of Fleet Street?

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Sweeny Todd

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Terrorizing Camp Crystal Lake in the Friday 13th series was infamous

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Jason Voorhees

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Who worked on Wall Street by day and killed by night in American Psycho?

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Patrick Bateman

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Who was behind the miner's mask in the 1981 original My Bloody Valentine?

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Tom Hanniger

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Who comes back from the dead to avenge his death in The Crow

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Eric Draven

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Who went on a killing spree in The Shining

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Jack Torrance

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Known as Jigsaw in the Saw films, what is his real name?

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John Kramer

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Based on real life Ed Gein, who is the Psycho killer

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Norman Bates

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Known as Buffalo Bill from Silence of the Lambs, what is his real name?

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Jame Gumb

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Do you dare say his name 5 times?

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Candyman

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According to Altheide, the major impact of the discourse of fear is to promote a sense of disorder and a belief that things are out of control.

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True

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According to Altheide, popular culture has been the key element in promoting the discourse of fear

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True

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Which of the following statements summarizes the Thomas theorem?

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If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.

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NCAVC is an acronym for

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National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime

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According to Altheide, fear

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is normal in our time, has become more pervasive in our lives, is commonly used in public documents and is becoming a part of our everyday conversation

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According to lecture, the "phenomenon" refers to the mind games associated with serial killers.

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False

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The Lucas Stereotype includes all of the following characteristics except

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A killer who uses a variety of kill methods

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A major "warning label" presented by Dr. Sue in the introductory lecture video is that...

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students may learn more about themselves than the killers they study

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Year in and out, serial murder numbers remain fairly consistent, accounting for about 20% of all homicides in the US

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false

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The class definition of ideology, first and foremost, focuses on and teaches us about

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power

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According to lecture, the number of serial murders per year in the US is estimated from 3000 to 3500

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false

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According to Haggerty, which precondition for serial murder does not have its roots in modernity?

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a society in which everyone knows everyone else

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According to Holmes and Holmes, a person who plans an escape route following the killing aftermath falls into which mass murderer classification?

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no answer text provided

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According to Holmes and Holmes, an institutional mass murderer commits mass murder as a crime of obedience when ordered by his or her leader

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true

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According to the FBI, what is killing four or more persons at one time considered to be?

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Mass murder

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All serial killers are psychopath

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false

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Compared to a mass murderer, a serial murderer

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individualizes his or her murders

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From a judicial point of view, the most serious of murders are those that are capital cases involving ___, or the willful, intentional killing of another person(s).

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Premeditated murder

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Hickey, in noting the degree of mobility exercised by offenders, has delineated three distinct groups of offenders: travelling serial killers, local serial killers, and serial killers who never leave their homes or places of employment.

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true

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Homicide offenders are mostly _______________

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male

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In 2012, makes accounted for ________ of all murder victims

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over 77 percent

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In California, the average length of time for an appeals process to be completed is

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over 16 years

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In his novel, American Psycho, Ellis did not explore which of the following?

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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In some mass killings an offender begins killing in one location, then moves to another location to continue. What is this phenomenon called?

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Bifurcation

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John is robbing Radio Shack with his partner Eric. Eric becomes impatient with the store owner and waves his gun, which accidentally goes off. The bullet ricochets off a metal table and strike John, killing him. What crime has Eric committed?

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Felony murder

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One of the confounding myths of serial murder is that they are all, by definition...

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sexual

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Perhaps the single most critical stumbling block that currently stands in the way of understanding serial murder is the disagreement among researchers and law enforcement personal about ____

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how to define the phenomenon

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Stereotype of serial murderers that have formed in the minds of American society include:

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the murderer is ruthless, the murderer is blood thirsty, and the murderer lives a Jekyll and Hyde existence

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The Green River Killer, Gary Ridgway, in response to a detective asking him to rank himself on a scale of 1-5, with 5 "being the worst possible evil person that could have done this kind of thing," viewed himself as a _____.

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3 because he killed them fast and didn't torture them

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This is sometimes referred to as "no fault" homicide, and usually involves the killing of someone out of necessity or duty.

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justifiable homicide

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Spree murder is sometimes called

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cluster killings

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When combining all mass murders, mini-mass murders, and attempted mass murders, the incidences of such murders remains _____.

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very high

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Which of the following is NOT a fact surrounding serial killers?

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they have high mobility in the US

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Which of the following characteristics are common to both mass and serial murderers?

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For both, murder is means of control over life

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Which of the following serial killers was convicted of the most murders in the history of the United States?

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Gary Ridgway

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Jarvis refers to the psychology of shopping in malls as a

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zombie effect

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As murder rates have decreased, homicide on evening news increases.

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true

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Jarvis equates modern capitalist consumerism with

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violence, compulsive and extreme consumption, lewd, extravagant designer objects, yuppie charisma

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Homicide is the leading cause of death for

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US black men ages 15-24 and US black women ages 15-24

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We are the sum of our emotions, including our loves minus our fears. This quote is attributed to

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David Altheide

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Even in a society of saints, some would come to be defined as criminal. This famous quote is attributed to

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Emile Durkheim

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Regardless of facts, when a condition, episode, person, or group of persons emerge to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests, we have a society-wide

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moral panic

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About 96% of the US population has at one time been the victim of SOME kind of personal violence.

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false

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Most serial murderers involved in cult-related killings are found to be:

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self-styled Satanists

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Peter Stubb/Stump was a:

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werewolf

question

You eat meat with your teeth and you kill things that are better than you are, and in the same respect you say how bad and even killers that your children are. You make your children what they are. This statement was uttered by

answer

Charles Mason

question

Murderabilia, according to Jarvis, includes

answer

video games, trading cards, toenail clippings, action figures

question

In 2001, eBay banned murderabilia.

answer

true

question

As cited in Jarvis, objectification of women and other vulnerables is symbolized in

answer

eroticized dolls, surrealist photography, S depictions, mannequins

question

According to Peck, who are "people of the lie?"

answer

evil people

question

A litmus test for cult organizations is that _____ is/are part of the structure.

answer

abuse

question

"Anthropophagy" refers to revulsion at eating human flesh.

answer

false

question

A primary difference between vampires and werewolves was believed to be that vampires _____.

answer

were sexually involved with their victims

question

Erich Fromm considered evil a process and not a state.

answer

true

question

Golem syndrome refers to _____.

answer

persons capable of murdering without remorse or feelings for the victim

question

How many serial murder cases are linked directly to Satanic worship or cult-related activities?

answer

less than 5 percent

question

In each of the cases of this killer, the victim's breasts had been mutilated and cut off with a knife or piano wire.

answer

Robin Gecht

question

In this 1984 case in California, seven people were accused of the ritualistic torture of children. After the longest trial in the U.S. history, the key suspects were acquitted.

answer

the McMartin preschool case

question

It is believed this 15th-century killer murdered several hundred children, drank their blood and engaged in necrophilia, sometimes having the heads of his child victims stuck on upright rods.

answer

Gilles de Rais

question

What did Finkelhor conclude in his book Nursery Crimes?

answer

Daycare centers do not have abnormally high rates of abuse.

question

Lycanthropy refers to _____.

answer

transformation of humans into wolves

question

Who was Josef Mengele?

answer

an aspiring geneticist who conducted identical twin research for the nazis

question

Which of the following serial killers claimed that he had multiple personalities as his defense for his murders?

answer

Kenneth Bianchi

question

This killer was a college graduate and once worked as a fishing guide and security guard. He later became a police officer who had a fantasy for taking young women into the woods and hanging them.

answer

Gerard Schaefer

question

Most serial murderers involved in cult-related killings are found to be _____.

answer

self-styled Satanists

question

Peter Stubb/Stump was a _____.

answer

werewolf

question

The family of this 17th-century killer robbed, murdered, and ate unsuspecting travelers.

answer

Sawney Beane

question

The Satanic Bible was written by _____.

answer

Anton LaVey

question

This idea is intangible and unmeasurable and is often used as a misnomer for inappropriate behavior.

answer

evil

question

What may well be the epitome of narcissism?

answer

total domination of others

question

A doctrine asserting that individuals are born with access to certain ideas and knowledge is

answer

innatism

question

The view that humans acquire all, or almost all, of their behavioral traits from "nurture" or the environment is known as

answer

tabula rasa

question

Mental rehearsals, which seem to contribute to the maintenance and escalation of serial killing, seems to be a contributor to many serial killers' repertoire. These mental rehearsals are commonly known as

answer

fantasy

question

According to Singer and Hensley, the primary source of humiliation for serial killers is/are

answer

one or both parents

question

According to Singer and Hensley, the primary source of humiliation for serial killers is/are

answer

one or both parents

question

Firesetting is known to be a known cause of serial murder.

answer

false

question

The "Inheritance" school of thought is accepted by most researchers today because the support of such is based on a preponderance of evidence.

answer

false

question

According to Eysenck, what is the foundation for criminality?

answer

interactions of environmental conditions and inherited personality traits

question

At his trial, Ted Kaczynski was found to be _____.

answer

paranoid schizophrenic

question

According to Hickey, what is the most likely explanation for serial murder?

answer

childhood trauma

question

Criminal psychopaths make up about what percentage of the male inmate population in prison?

answer

20-30

question

Dissociative identity disorder is sometimes referred to as the "UFO of psychiatry."

answer

true

question

In her study of psychopathology and mass murder, Souza found that most of these have a history of mental illness.

answer

mass murderers

question

In _____, the Supreme Court ruled that insanity may continue after the criminal act, and therefore the offender could be placed in a psychiatric facility until such time when he or she is determined to have recovered from his or her afflictions.

answer

Jones V. US

question

Recent research has suggested that serotonin has no role in creating violent behavior.

answer

false

question

The Brawner Rule intends to exclude _____ from using the insanity defense.

answer

defendants with antisocial personality disorders

question

What is the condition of the primary psychopath?

answer

always a social chameleon

question

There is a correlation between head trauma and violent behavior.

answer

true

question

The role of _____ in violent crime is of growing importance in understanding the dynamics of the interactions among the forces of biology, psychological factors, and our environment.

answer

neurobiology

question

This type is a pervasive pattern of detachment from relationships, including limited expression of emotions.

answer

schizoid

question

What did Reiss and Roth find?

answer

inhibited children are less prone to violence and aggression

question

What percentage of all criminal cases uses the insanity defense?

answer

less than 1 percent

question

Which can best be attributed to the term "insanity?"

answer

Insanity is a legal term and judicial determination.

question

According to Bandura, how can aggressive and violent behavior be substantially reduced?

answer

providing appropriate non-violent role models

question

According to Brown, et al., what is the culture of honor hypothesis?

answer

States that place high regard on social status and strength in regards to one's property, reputation, and family will have higher rates of violence and aggression than states classified as non-culture-of-honor states.

question

According to the public health model of violence, which of the following is NOT true:

answer

Everyone in the same environment is prone to equal risk factors

question

According to researchers, what is the social learning of violence a direct result of?

answer

viewing violence

question

According to Grossman, we have strong evidence that humans possess

answer

A strong inherent inhibition against killing

question

According to social process theory, family has no significant effect on youths' delinquent or violent behavior.

answer

false

question

A general argument posited by feminists regarding serial murder is that women are usually selected as victims because of their _____.

answer

relative powerlessness

question

As children at risk become adolescents, some of them will find themselves engaged in what Goffman referred to as _____ or places where routine degradation processes are the norm for stripping away individualism in order for conformity, compliance, and altruism to flourish.

answer

total institutions

question

How does Becker describe "moral entrepreneurs?"

answer

people who create rules

question

Classical control theory contends that punishment deters prospective murderers.

answer

true

question

Cline outlined a four-factor syndrome involving pornography. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

answer

decompression

question

For the psychopath, becoming adept as a serial killer requires perfecting this.

answer

rationalization and unconscious pretense

question

Erving Goffman was a ________ theorist who focused on ___________.

answer

labeling, institutions

question

Howard Becker describes "moral entrepreneurs" as:

answer

people who create rules

question

Some theorists argue that people have a proclivity toward violence. This expert argues the opposite -- that humans possess an inherent inhibition against killing.

answer

Grossman

question

The MacDonald Triad is widely accepted as embracing the primary causes of serial killing.

answer

false

question

The theory that emphasizes gender influence on perpetration and victim selection is

answer

feminist

question

The theory asserting that most people "drift" between conventional and deviant behavior is

answer

Neutralization

question

One of Athens' cases is about the boy who witnessed his father denigrate and then beat the boy's mother. Athens would classify this example as

answer

personal horrification

question

Athens theory of violentization primarily uses _________ to understand why certain people develop a criminal career (as opposed to one or two violent episodes).

answer

social experiences of violent crimes

question

Athens believes that the violentization process may be completed in a few months, producing what he refers to as

answer

cataclysmic experience

question

The four stages in Athens' theory of violentization include

answer

brutalization, belligerency, violent performances, and virulency

question

Athens, as an experiential theorist and humanitarian, advocates for:

answer

incapacitation of a dangerous violent criminal for whom rehabilitative efforts have failed, selective rehabilitation over selective incapcitation, preventing people from completing the violentization process, general prevention over selective rehabilitation

question

Athens describes a case in which the violent aggressor became known as a "crazy ass motherf**ker" and a reputation of being somewhat "mad" or mentally unbalanced. For Athens, this is a clearcut mark of the _____ stage.

answer

virulency

question

Athens describes a case in which the boy's friends beat up a guy, dunk his head in the toilet, and tell him to bob for apples. As they bragged about their accomplishment, the boy became fascinated with their stories. This is an example of

answer

vicarious enjoyment, violent coaching, brutalization

question

Athens agrees that much can be derived from combining more general theories of criminal behavior, each of which may contribute various components of precursors to violent behavior.

answer

false

question

According to Athens, ANY person who does ultimately complete the virulency stage, and consequently the entire violentization process, will become a dangerous violent criminal.

answer

true

question

Athens' purpose for advancing his model of violent career criminals is:

answer

understanding self-images of violent actors, to understand violence from actor's perspective, base theory on experiences of violent actors, empirical research on violent actors

question

Athens Model #2 allows for three kinds of violent "careers", as follows:

answer

stable, escalating, de-escalating

question

According to Athens Model #1, no one can become a dangerous violent criminal without having first completed a stage of brutalization.

answer

true

question

In Athens #1 model, the concept that refers to an extremely hostile or violent state of mind is

answer

virulency

question

Athens Model #2 emphasizes the __________ as a starting point for the process of becoming a violent dangerous criminal.

answer

phantom community

question

Of the following statements, Athens would be most likely to agree with:

answer

most boys likely start the violentization process just prior to their teens, girl's completion of the process probably occurs much later, data and the current state of theoretical development do not permit a defenitive answer to the question of onset and end of the violentization process

question

Less than _____ of all homicides in the United States are committed by juveniles.

answer

10%

question

Offenders may suppress traumatic event(s) to the point where he or she cannot consciously recall the experience(s). What may this be called?

answer

splitting off the experience

question

Serial killers generally deny the victim according to neutralization theory.

answer

true

question

This killer of 10 victims, including his grandparents and mother, explained that "he was killing his mother all along."

answer

Ed Kemper

question

What are the four types of juvenile killers that Myers identified in his study?

answer

explosive, predatory, revenge, displaced matricide

question

What does Patterson's "coercive family interaction patterns" suggest about abused children over time?

answer

view abuse as normal

question

What does Price & Dodge's intention-cue detection refer to?

answer

attributional bias

question

What does the "Mephisto Syndrome" describe?

answer

a combonation of dissociation and psychopathy

question

What is the term for sociological theories that focus primarily upon an individual's socioeconomic standing to explain crime?

answer

social structure theories

question

What percentage of the time is a child's enuresis considered to be a "red flag" of something more serious?

answer

question

What should parents or guardians do when children are cruel to animals, according to Margaret Mead and other researchers?

answer

always hold the child responsible through discipline

question

Which of the following is not part of the MacDonald Triad?

answer

burglary

question

Which of the following statements is correct?

answer

question was wrong. all answers were correct

question

Who perpetrates the most mass murders in grammar schools, junior high, and high schools?

answer

adults

question

An unidentified rapist has been working the Manhattan area for several years. He exerts physical control and strength, cleans up, and often compliments or asks for evaluations of performance. He most likely fits the profile of

answer

power-reassurance, gentleman rapist, and power rapist

question

According to lecture, the classification that most closely aligns with strength, power, and control to compensate for inadequate masculinity describes

answer

power rapists

question

According to lecture, a personality profile that demonstrates high extroversion, high impulsivity, and high hostility is known as

answer

anger-retaliatory

question

Arrigo and Purcell conclude that clinical treatment and prevention for lust murder, as we now know it, is impossible.

answer

false

question

Of the rapists profiled in the lecture on rapists, which was most clearly characterized as having the most paraphilias?

answer

Dahmer

question

Erotophonophilia refers to

answer

lust murder

question

The classification that most closely aligns with sexual arousal by psychological and physical suffering of others is

answer

sadistic rapists

question

According to Money and Werlas, what does a paraphilia involve?

answer

an obsessive dependence on an unusual stimulus, either physical or fantasy

question

For the offender, the sexual attack in certain serial killings is not an integral part of the murder, both psychologically and physiologically.

answer

false

question

Lawson identified four subtypes of female offenders. Which is not one of these?

answer

heterosexual nurturers

question

Most serial murders are sexual in nature.

answer

true

question

Of the five types of female offenders Mathews identified, which are women with histories of personal abuse and substance addictions who act alone in efforts to find emotional intimacy?

answer

the predisposed child molester

question

Rather than groom victims, these offenders are opportunistic and will molest children both in private and in public places, even when unsuspecting parents are close by.

answer

child molesters

question

Sexual offenders often commit only one crime.

answer

true

question

Sexual sadism is to sexual masochism as _____ is to _____.

answer

the punisher, the punished

question

The need to control is rarely present in primary paraphilia.

answer

false

question

These people seldom marry, are not sexually attracted to other adults, and in their own twisted perspective do not harm children because they care about them.

answer

pedophiles

question

The sex murderer appears to harbor deep-seated fantasies, whereas the lust murderer kills out of fear and a desire to silence his victim.

answer

false

question

This killer may have murdered over 100 victims. He was usually able to lure the intended victims to his car by asking them for assistance. He was always polite and friendly and sometimes wore his arm in a sling to appear as a harmless, well-bred young man simply in need of help. At other times he was known to lurk in dark shadows and attack women who were alone.

answer

Ted Bundy

question

This killer placed Internet requests for young homosexual men interested in "slaughter and consumption" and received many serious responses. After meeting and rejecting four men because they were not suitable, he found a willing man in an Internet chat room. After the killing, the victim was butchered and kept in a refrigerator. By the time the homosexual paraphiliac was caught he had cannibalized most of the victim.

answer

Armin Meiwes

question

what does lust killing involve

answer

postmortem acts of mutilation and desecration

question

NAMBLA

answer

North American Man/Boy Love Association

question

What is another term for scopophilia (voyeurism)?

answer

peeping tom

question

Which is not another term for the "signature" or personal marking of an offender?

answer

the MO or method of operating

question

Which is NOT TRUE regarding compensatory rapists?

answer

they use extreme violence against their victims

question

Which of the following is the very essence of the sadistic drive?

answer

the pleasure in the complete domination over another person

question

Between 1996 and 1997, this offender lived in Yosemite National Park where he worked as a handyman at several hotels. Those who knew him described him as likeable loner who never dated and was not inclined to close friendships.

answer

Cary Stayner

question

Each year in the United States about how many children are abducted, sexually assaulted, and killed by sexual predators?

answer

about 150

question

Sarrel and Masters identified four typologies of female sex offenders. Which is not one of these?

answer

mother abuse

question

This killer's fantasy for greater sexual pleasure led him, on November 26, 1968, to strangle Jan Whitney, 23 with a postal strap. After killing Whitney, he had sexual intercourse with the corpse, then cut off the right breast and made an epoxy mold of the organ. Before dumping her body in the river, he took pictures of the corpse.

answer

jerry brudos

question

What is a common fetish in Britain?

answer

gas-mask fetish

question

What is the act or fantasy of engaging in sexual activity with prepubescent children as a preferred means of achieving sexual gratification and/or arousal?

answer

pedophilli

question

Which is not considered an attack paraphilia?

answer

scopophilia

question

Which of the following is considered to be a paraphilic serial killer?

answer

Charles Albright

question

Which of the following paraphilia involves sexual arousal through the use of enemas?

answer

klismaphilia

question

As of 2012, how many states currently impose the death penalty?

answer

question

As of 2014, what percentage of serial killers used guns as their sole means of killing?

answer

question

Between 1977 and 1978, seven females in Georgia, most of whom were elderly, were sexually assaulted and strangled to death. The offender was referred to as the "Stocking Strangler."

answer

Carlton Gary

question

Females who have solitary, secluded lifestyles appear to have the highest risk of becoming victimized by a male serial killer.

answer

false

question

Male offenders reported which of the following as the most frequent motive for killing at least one or more of their victims?

answer

sex

question

Most serial killers are found to be legally insane.

answer

false

question

Serial killers generally don't kill strangers.

answer

false

question

Since 1975, among male offenders, which of the following mobility types killed the greatest number of victims per offender?

answer

local

question

The "Zebra Murders" involved the killing of _____ by _____.

answer

white males by black males

question

This is a transient attraction to corpses rather than a preference for them.

answer

pseudo-necrophilia

question

This killer began a 4-month killing rampage that would cover seven states and include at least 18 victims, including children, teenagers, adults, and elderly persons.

answer

John Paul Knowles

question

This young man raped and strangled elderly women who lived in the Park Plaza Hotel where he worked as a porter.

answer

Calvin Jackson

question

What is one of the weaknesses of psychopaths?

answer

narcissism

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

most male offenders killed at lease one female victim

question

Which of the following is most likely to occur to male serial killers once they have been apprehended?

answer

prison sentences

question

According to the FBI, who was the first documented female serial killer?

answer

Aileen Wuornos

question

According to the FBI, which of the following would best fit the definition of male serial killer?

answer

Aileen Wuornos

question

Among serial killers who had at least one partner and traveled from state to state, a _____ proportion involved female offenders.

answer

small

question

Female serial killers were most likely to be _____ in their mobility.

answer

local

question

Female serial killers are most likely to be _____.

answer

given life in prison

question

Female serial killers tend to be typical in terms of female criminality.

answer

false

question

Females represent what percentage of all serial killers in Hickey's study?

answer

question

In terms of psychopathy, Verona and Vitale note that females likely have differing norms for aggression that may require a higher level of this in order to for them to engage in violent behavior.

answer

psychopathic traits

question

In the Heckert and Ferraiolo study, most respondents imagined this of female serial killers.

answer

they used guns to dispatch victimss

question

Since 1975, female serial killers have been more likely to target which type of victim?

answer

strangers

question

Since 1975, the number of _____ female offenders has appeared to have dropped considerably, while their male counterparts have remained about the same.

answer

place-specific

question

. This offender, a Texas nurse, was continually employed in a hospital long after numerous complaints and charges that she was injuring the children in her ward.

answer

Genene Jones

question

Most common motivation for female serial murderers

answer

money

question

When family members are the victims of female serial killers _____ are the primary targets.

answer

husbands

question

Which of the following is false of female serial killers?

answer

Average age is 40

question

Which of the following statements is correct?

answer

Since the turn of the 20th century the number of victims per case killed by female serial offenders has fluctuated.

question

Which of the following is true of U.S. female serial killers?

answer

few killed from all age groups

question

Who are the "quiet killers"?

answer

female serial killers

question

Wolfgang noted a preponderance of killings among the _____, where interpersonal violence was more "acceptable."

answer

lower socioeconomic classes

question

Women who kill rarely do so as a result of domestic conflicts and tend to kill multiple times.

answer

false

question

BTK stands for

answer

bind, torture, kill

question

In his infamous signature "BTK," Dennis Rader often made the "B" look like

answer

women's breasts

question

Dennis Rader's last kill was in

answer

1991

question

The spokesperson who reported to the press and sent "coded" messages to BTK was

answer

the head of homicide, Ken Landwehr

question

In her presentation on interviewing killer, Dr. Williams reported on three cases. The case most likely to involve a serial killer, or perhaps a future serial killer was

answer

Jacob

question

Lt. Landwehr and Det. Relph reported on the case of

answer

`Dennis Rader

question

BTK was responsible for ___ killings.

answer

question

Dr. Williams interviewed

answer

incarcerated juvenile offenders convicted of murder

question

In recent years cases of team serial murder in the United States have:

answer

decreased slightly

question

In some cases of _____ team killing, offenders were easier to detect because bodies of victims were discovered quickly.

answer

local

question

Of all serial killers, which of the following groups had the highest criminal records for sex-related crimes?

answer

solo

question

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding victim selection by team serial killers in the United States? Offenders were more prone to kill _____.

answer

both male and female stangers

question

In Dr. Sue's presentation, "Jacob" was convicted of

answer

2nd degree murder

question

According to Dr Sue's quickstart presentation, violence in the media -- with regards to its role in societal violence -- is best characterized as

answer

facilitator for at-risk individuals

question

America's Most Wanted was inspired by the murder and decapitation of 6-year-old Adam Walsh. Who is Walsh's killer officially identified as?

answer

Ottis Toole

question

Among team serial killers which of the following categories is the most common relationship groupings?

answer

husband/wife

question

By 2014, the media had stopped assigning these to serial-killer teams.

answer

monikers

question

Hickey found that about _____ percent of all serial killers had histories of various psychiatric problems.

answer

question

According to Hickey, team killers are found that to each average _____ victims per case.

answer

4 to 5

question

Of all weapons used by team serial murderers _____ was the most common.

answer

firearms

question

Risk-takers such as _____ have appeared to be at greater risk of murder than those who avoid such lifestyles.

answer

prostitutes and hitchhikers

question

Team killers were likely to come in contact with one another as a result of chance meetings.

answer

false

question

Which of the following statements is not true regarding team offenders and cult-related killings?

answer

most team offenders were involved in ritualistic torture of victims

question

According to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, which types of abductions accounted for the greatest percentage of children found dead?

answer

stranger

question

Dr. Wayne Lord, former director of the FBI's child abduction unit, found that of the 3,200 to 4,600 annual occurrences of non-familial child abductions, _____ were by predators who sexually assaulted and/or killed their child victims.

answer

100-150

question

In Dr. Sue's presentation, she is bound to report "Jacob's" possible crimes because she is a mandated reporter.

answer

false

question

Heterosexual serial killers target gay men how often?

answer

rarely

question

Krystal Surles is a survivor after an attack by serial killer

answer

Tommy Lynn Sells

question

This offender became known by the media as the "Scorecard Killer."

answer

Randy Kraft

question

This was the primary motive for killing children reported by male serial offenders.

answer

Sexual gratification

question

What is the primary motive reported by female serial offenders for killing children?

answer

Monetary gain

question

Who is at greatest risk of victimization in cases of serial murder?

answer

young women and children

question

Most missing children are returned home alive or are located. Of the .2 percent not located or returned home, most were _____.

answer

runaways from instituitons

question

Most serial offenders who are white usually are also lower middle class or middle class, and their homicides tend to be _____.

answer

intraracial

question

Nearly 75 percent of child abduction murder victims are killed within _____ hours.

answer

2-3 hours

question

In the "survivor" story, the young woman reporting her story of surviving a serial killer attack is

answer

Krystal Surles

question

The fact that Japan has no diagnosed antisocial personality disorders is a result of:

answer

their proper translation from the English version of the DSM-IV to Japanese language remains controversial

question

Where was the VICLAS system developed?

answer

Canada

question

Which of the following is not one of the explanations given by Messner and Rosenfeld for the higher rates of homicide in the United States compared to that of Japan's?

answer

ratesof alcohol consumption are much lower in Japan

question

In the "survivor" story, the serial murder case being addressed is showcased in the book _________

answer

through the window

question

In the article by Raine, a primary hypothesis is that

answer

genes shape brain abnormalities that predispose one to antisocial behavior

question

Raine's article claims that environmental factors have little to no influence on aggression in those identified as violent and dangerous.

answer

false

question

According to brain imaging research, the ____ affects fear conditioning, which, in turn, may affect the development of a conscience.

answer

amygdala

question

Environmental factors can actually affect gene expression (the way it works) and, in turn, brain functioning.

answer

true

question

The testimony of surviving a serial murder attack included

answer

all except surviving ablizzard

question

According to Hickey, which of the following is NOT a key issue in exploring serial murder from a global perspective?

answer

understanding religion as a cultural factor factor in serial murder

question

A man of low self-esteem, this offender killed children and young women in and around train stations. A paraphilic killer with a history of scopophilia and pedophilia, he routinely stabbed out the eyes of his victims to avoid their stare and frequently practiced anthropophagy.

answer

Andrei Chikatilo

question

Few countries appear to have a problem of certain offenders being defined as "superkillers," meaning offenders who claim outrageous victim counts.

answer

false

question

Few serial murderers are found to be insane in the eyes of the law.

answer

true

question

In the Harbort study, many of the German serial killers were found to be affected by this.

answer

brain abnormalities

question

Japanese male offenders were more likely than their American male counterparts to murder using this method.

answer

Strangulation

question

The United States' murder rate is _____ times higher than Japan's.

answer

question

This offender was raised in a physically and sexually abusive home where he witnessed his alcoholic father raping his mother and sisters. He also engaged in sexually abusing his sisters and eventually ran away from home. He used hammers, knives, and scissors to kill both young girls and women. Eventually he was apprehended and sent to the guillotine.

answer

Peter Kurten

question

What is a "superkiller?"

answer

Someone who has claimed or been accused of murdering hundreds of victims.

question

What is the "Highway of Tears?"

answer

a stretch of two-lane highway from Prince Rupert, B.C., to Prince George, B.C., and on to Edmonton, Alberta

question

Whom did Jack the Ripper particularly enjoy targeting?

answer

prostitutes

question

According to Hickey, which of the following is the best response to reducing the number of serial murders?

answer

reduce violence in the home

question

A serious problem with the dichotomous model of organized and disorganized crime scenes is _____.

answer

the lack of rigorous reliability and validity testing

question

For profiling to fulfill its potential, law enforcement must do which of the following?

answer

collaborate with academic and medical professionals

question

In the matter of serial killers, it seems that people are overwhelmingly in favor of _____.

answer

execution

question

Keppel examined the solvability factors involved in serial murder investigations. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

answer

quality of court procedures during the preliminary hearing

question

Law enforcement agencies collect data, often using case studies or anecdotal information, which then is transformed into general descriptions of the types of persons most commonly associated with a certain type of criminal activity. The term that most closely matches this technique is ________.

answer

offender profiling

question

Media impact, management of departmental resources, and unusual complexity of any given case are rare problems associated with serial murder cases.

answer

false

question

Such profiling is empirically based and has not placed much value on motivation or personality. It does help law enforcement in deciding where to begin knocking on doors and setting up stakeouts.

answer

geographical profiling

question

The Body Farm is an academic research facility at the University of West Georgia that studies the decomposition of the human body for forensic purposes.

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false

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This is often critical to the outcome of criminal cases.

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physical forensics

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This research effort aims to scientifically standardize the definition of legal terms such as "heinous," "atrocious," "evil," and "depraved."

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the depravity standard

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This research suggests that crimes are more likely to occur closer to an offender's domicile and that the farther away he/she travels from home base the fewer crimes they will commit.

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journey to crime

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Today we know that violent criminal activity can be very complicated and well thought out in which area?

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fantasy, planning and execution

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Which is NOT true of offenders, according to Beauregard and Bouchard's 2010 study?

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Offenders tended to be consistent in their forensic awareness and directed most of their efforts toward removing DNA that tied them to the crime scene.

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Denying The Antecedent Entertainment International Economics Principles Of Economics: Macroeconomics Principles Of Economics: Microeconomics

MACROECONOMICS: Consumption, The Multiplier Effect and The Accelerator Theory – Flashcards 28 terms

Kenneth Wheeler

28 terms

Preview

MACROECONOMICS: Consumption, The Multiplier Effect and The Accelerator Theory – Flashcards

question

Equilibrium

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X + G + I = M + T + S =

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GDP rises

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X + G + I > M + T + S =

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GDP falls

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X + G + I < M + T + S =

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The money that is left over for consumers to spend after tax, national insurance, mortgages have been paid

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Define 'disposable income'

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Interest rates, inflation, tax rates, income, wealth effect, consumer expectations, availability of credit

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Name the 7 factors which affect consumption

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Consumers change their level of consumption when their wealth changes

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What is the wealth effect?

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When an increase or decrease in the components of aggregate demand, usually investment, government spending or exports, leads to a larger than proportionate change in national income

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What is the multiplier effect?

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A business invests in opening a new factory > employment and wages increase > people spend more on goods and services > demand increases

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Give an example of how the multiplier effect works

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Change in national income / change in spending

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Multiplier effect =

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Reduce the rate of income tax, increase government spending

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Name two ways the government may encourage consumers to spend more

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Investment, consumption, government spending, tax, exports, imports

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What are the 6 types of multipliers?

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Spending multipliers

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The investment multiplier and consumption multiplier are

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Fiscal policy multipliers

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The government spending multiplier and tax multiplier are

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Foreign trade multipliers

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The export multiplier and import multiplier are

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Work in reverse

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The multiplier effect can also

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When withdrawals like tax or imports increase

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When does the multiplier effect work in reverse?

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Demultiplier effect

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What is a reverse multiplier effect called?

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When an increase in national income causes further investment by businesses to ensure they have the stock of capital to maintain output

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What is the Accelerator Theory?

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Multiplier > spending rises > GDP rises but accelerator > GDP rises > investment rises

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What is the difference between an accelerator and a multiplier?

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An accelerator can be caused by a multiplier

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How are accelerators and multipliers linked?

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Marginal Propensity to Consume

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MPC =

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Marginal Propensity to Save

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MPS =

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The fraction of an increase in income that people plan to spend on goods and services

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What is MPC?

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The fraction of an increase in income that people plan to save

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What is MPS?

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0.2

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Eg. If people plan to spend 20p of an income increase of £1 then MPC is

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0.4

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Eg. If people plan to save 40p of an income increase of £1 then MPS is

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0.8

answer

Eg. If MPC is 0.2 then MPS is

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0.6

answer

Eg. If MPS is 0.4 then MPS is

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