Davis and moore point out that stratification is not inevitable because it does not exist everywhere

False More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/soc-2010-exam-3/

While the Davis and Moore thesis suggest “to each according to the importance of one’s work,” Karl Marx supported the idea:

“from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/chapter-10-social-stratification/

Davis and Moore point out that an egalitarian society:

could exist but only if people are willing to allow anyone to perform any job. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/high-school-sociology-macionis-14th-ed-10-11/

According to Davis and Moore, a system of unequal rewards increases productivity by

All of these are correct. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/ch-8-11/

According to Davis and Moore, inequality promotes productivity:

to the extent that it encourages people to perform more important jobs. to the extent that it motivates people to work longer, harder, or better. to the extent that it encourages people to gain the schooling and skills needed to perform more important jobs. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/chapter-10-social-stratification/

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Britain And The United States Davis And Moore Introductory Sociology Official Poverty Line Social Mobility Refers To Sociology

Chapter 8 Sociology 15 terms

Darren Farr

15 terms

Preview

Chapter 8 Sociology

question

Which of the following types of societies comes closest to being egalitarian?

answer

hunting and gathering

question

According to Simon Kuznets, in which type of society is the extent of social stratification greatest?

answer

agrarian

question

According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves

answer

class conflict.

question

According to the Davis-Moore thesis

answer

more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them.

question

A caste system is defined as

answer

social stratification based on ascription, or birth.

question

In all societies, kinship plays a part in social stratification because

answer

parents pass their social position on to their children.

question

The degree of status consistency is

answer

greater in caste than class systems.

question

The concept of structural social mobility refers to

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change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself.

question

Marx claimed social stratification would end with the creation of a socialist economy. What was Weber's view?

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Weber thought socialism would reduce economic differences but also create a political elite, increasing differences in power.

question

Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification

answer

gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others.

question

In 1917, the Russian Revolution transformed the feudal aristocracy and placed productive property under the control of

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the state.

question

Ideology, or beliefs that support social stratification, is found in

answer

both class and caste systems.

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Relative poverty

answer

is found everywhere.

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Social stratification is a concept that refers to

answer

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

question

Compared to other high-income nations, the United States has

answer

more economic inequality.

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Davis And Moore Introductory Sociology Sociology

Topic 7-9 30 terms

Charlotte Small

30 terms

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Topic 7-9

question

Social stratification

answer

The division of people into layer according to their relative power, property, and prestige

question

Gender

answer

An ascribed characteristic that contributes to social standing in all stratification system

question

Means of production

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Was the primary factor which distinguishes the different classes in industrial capitalism (Karl Marx)

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Marx argued that workers experience_________ when they mistakenly identify with capitalists

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False consciousness

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According to Max Weber, social class is made up of three components

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Property, power, and prestige

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According to Melvin Tumin, the best predictor of college entrance (admission) is :

answer

The family income

question

According to Gaetano Mosca, every society is stratified by

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Power

question

The two most striking characteristics of the British class system are

answer

Language and education

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The _______ are assembly for export factories along the U.S- Mexican border

answer

Maquiladoras

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The practice of industrialized nations controlling the Least Industrialized Nations through debt is known as

answer

Neocolonialism

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Companies that operate across many national boundaries and help the Most Industrialized Nations maintain global dominance are known as

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Multinational Corporations

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_______ is a large category of people who share many similar levels of wealth, power and prestige

answer

Social Class

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The primary characteristic of social class is

answer

Wealth. (other are: power, prestige, and occupation.)

question

Regarding the \"Distribution of Wealth in America, \" it can be concluded that

answer

A very small percentage of americans control the majority of the assets

question

C. Wright Mills coined the term _____ the power elite to refer to the collection of people who make the major decisions the U.S society.

answer

Power elite

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The upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next is known as

answer

Intergenerational mobility

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The three major predictors of whether or not Americans are poor are

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Race or ethnicity; level of education; and sex of the head of the household

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The trend in the U.S poverty whereby poor families have been increasingly headed by women is called the

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Feminization of poverty

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One out of every six white children in the U.S lives in poverty. About 15 million American children live in poverty. A major cause for the increase in poverty among children is the increase in number of births outside the marriage.

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Numerically, there are more white children in poverty; proportionally, there are more african American children in poverty

question

A _______ may result in poverty

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Change in the social structure

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Recently, the U.S welfare system was restructured.

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The number of people on welfare has decreased significantly

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Examples of ______: murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazis; the Sand Creek massacre of Native Americans by the U.S Army; \"Killing Fields\" in Cambodia

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Ethnic cleansing

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_____ reflects biological heritage; ethnicity reflects cultural heritage.

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Race

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Racial profiling or closer monitoring of minority group members resulting in unequal treatment is an example of:

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Discrimination

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Prejudice describes attitudes while discrimination describes

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Actions

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Unequal treatment by a formal organization based on minority group membership:

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Institutional discrimination

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Daily living conditions for Jews under Czarist Russia (late 1800s) was made so intolerable that millions of Jews left Russia and moved to other countries

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Indirect population transfer

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A form of internal colonialism practiced in South Africa by which the dominant white Africaaners exploited the black minority groups:

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Apartheid

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Nation in which separate ethnic groups keep their own language and cultural heritage, but are peacefully united economically and politically.

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Multiculturalism

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The greatest number of Latinos in the U.S trace their heritage to

answer

Mexico

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Sociplogy Chapter 8 Flashcards 65 terms

Daniel Hardy

65 terms

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Sociplogy Chapter 8 Flashcards

question

The type of social mobility people experience when they move from one social position of the same rank is called ___________ mobility.

answer

Horizontal

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moving to a higher social position or falling to a lower one is called

answer

vertical mobility

question

which of the following statements about women in poverty are true?

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The percentage of women in poverty has risen since World War II. The increase in families with women as single heads of the household is a factor in the feminization of poverty.

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Social ________ is a system of social inequality that is based on a hierarchy of groups.

answer

stratification

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_____ is an inclusive term that encompasses all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.

answer

wealth

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correct according to Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore's view of stratification?

answer

social inequality is necessary

question

functionalist believe that a stratified society is

answer

universal

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Marxist sociologists suggest that minimum-wage laws serve to

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pacify those who might otherwise rebel

question

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore's view believe that positions in society must be distributed and that these positions must be filled by people with the appropriate

answer

talents and abilities

question

conflict theorist see ______ as a major source of societal tension and conflict.

answer

stratification

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According to Gerhard Lenski's sociocultural evolution approach, the _______ causes economic systems to change as they become more complex.

answer

level of technology

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which of the sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant economic, political, and social inequality?

answer

conflict theory

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Social scientists have found that inequality exists in all societies, even the

answer

question

what are the four general systems of stratification

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castes social classes slavery estates

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caste

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rigid, immobile system

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social classes

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more movement from one stratum to another

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slavery

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people are owned by other people

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usually dictates one's hereditary rank in a caste system?

answer

religion

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people whose income places them below the standard of living of their society as a whole are said to live in

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relative poverty

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not characteristic of a caste system?

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flexible mobile

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characteristic of a caste system?

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immobile fixed

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the basis of the estate system was the nobles' ownership of the

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land

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according to max weber the word class refers to a group of people who

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who have a similar level of wealth and income.

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plays the most critical role in social mobility.

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education

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Based solely on the idea of life chances, which group would have the greatest chance of survival in times of danger?

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wealthy and powerful people

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an economic system in which the mans of poroduction are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic acitivity is the accumulation of profit is called

answer

capitalism

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A woman who begins work as a teacher's aide and eventually becomes superintendent of the school district experiences upward ____ social mobility.

answer

intragenerational

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in many societies the consequences of social stratification are made evident by which of the following?

answer

mortality rates of impoverished communities unequal distribution of wealth and power

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not one of the social classes in modal proposed by Daniel Rossides

answer

lower-lower class

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Daniel Rossides

answer

Used a 5-class model to describe the class system of the U.S.: the upper class, the upper-middle class, the lower-middle class, the working class, and the lower class

question

In Daniel Rossides's five class model, the most politically active are those who occupy the which class?>

answer

upper-middle.

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Thorstein veblen called purchasing obviously expensive automobiles and building very large houses with excessive rooms

answer

conspicuous consumption

question

criteria used by sociologists to objectively measure people's social class?

answer

income education occupation place of residence

question

The movement if individuals or groups from one social class position in a society's stratification system to another is called

answer

social mobility

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______ refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, regardless of their lifestyle, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.

answer

Relative poverty

question

According to Herbert Gens, the poor perform several positive economic, political, and social functions for more affluent members of society, which of the following are functions that Fens highlights?

answer

Within a relatively hierarchical society, the existence of poor people guarantee the higher status of the more affluent. the identification of the poor as deviants upholds the legitimacy of conventional social norms regarding hard work, thrift, and honestly. because of their lack of political power, the poor often absorb the costs of social change.

question

Social class standing in the US is heavily dependent on family and ascribed factors such as race and ethnicity

answer

true

question

the estate system was associated with feudal societies during what period of history?

answer

Middle Ages

question

Social _____ is the result of certain groups having more power and standing in the social hierarchy.

answer

inquality

question

according to sociological studies, which of the following groups has had greater occupational mobility?

answer

males

question

the working class is

answer

declining in size

question

sociological perspectives focuses on an entire society and global issues?

answer

macrosociological

question

people's social class can affect which of the following?

answer

child rearing religious affiliation formal schooling

question

The international women count network seeks to give a monetary value to

answer

women's unpaid work.

question

A social system in which competition is encouraged and class is largely determined by one's achieved status.

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open system

question

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is binding on all members of the United Nations, prohibits slavery in all its forms.

answer

true

question

Women in the United States are more likely than men o be \"trapped\" in which of the following?

answer

poverty

question

According to Daniel Rossides's, which class makes up the largest percentage of the populations?

answer

working class

question

Which of the following group benefited the most in terms of increased wealth between 1980 and 2010

answer

the upper class

question

According to Karl Marx, which of the following was the crucial determinant of economic, political, and social inequality.

answer

class differentiation

question

in terms of false consciousness, Karl Marx worried that the worker would adopt which of the following viewpoints?

answer

individualistic viewpoint

question

socialogists use term_______ to describe the long-term poor who lack training and skills

answer

underclass

question

the bourgeoisie is also called the

answer

capitalist class

question

interactionists seek to explain society as a whole by studying

answer

the everyday forms of social interaction

question

according to max Weber, ________is the ability to exercise one's will over others and is the third major component of stratification.

answer

power

question

not described the proletariat according to Karl Marx?

answer

those who subsist on welfare

question

A social system allows little or no possibility of individual social mobility is called a(n) __________ system.

answer

closed

question

classes has a long history of direct involvement with the labor movement of the United States.

answer

working class

question

what category of sociologists would be most interested in the way that social class shapes individual lifestyles?

answer

interactionists

question

statements about wealth distribution in the United States in the early twenty-first century is true?

answer

The wealthiest 1 percent have more wealth than the combined wealth of the bottom 90 percent.

question

contributed to the end of the estate system in Europe?

answer

urbanization.

question

ways can a person raise to what ever could call a higher status group?

answer

gain membership in an influential group.

question

According to Marx, what inevitably lead to the destruction of the capitalist system?

answer

exploitation of the proletariat

question

According to Karl Marx, the working class must develop ______ to bring about social change.

answer

class consciousness

question

According to Weber, minimum-wage earners constitute a social class because they share the same.

answer

economic position

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Davis And Moore Introductory Sociology Social and Political Philosophy Social Mobility Refers To Sociology

Sociology Chapter 7 (Global Stratification) – Flashcards 11 terms

Carmen Dawson

11 terms

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Sociology Chapter 7 (Global Stratification) – Flashcards

question

Social Stratification

answer

groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, power, prestige

question

Why is social stratification significant?

answer

affects our life chances, from access of possessions to day we will die Bonded labor: a system where someone sells his body for a certain amount of time in an arrangement close to slavery, except somewhat voluntary

question

• Describe and provide examples of the four major systems of social stratification.

answer

Slavery: some individuals own other people -causes: debt, crime, and war but they weren't looked as inferior Caste system: birth determines status, cannot change - endogamy: marriage of own group to prohibit marriage of different castes - India systems: 5 castes, bottom is the untouchable - South Africa: apartheid: separation of races Estate: stratification system of medieval Europe, with 3 estates: nobility, clergy, commoners -nobility: wealthy rulers -clergy: church's power -commoners: belonged to the land -women belonged to the estates of their husbands Class: open not rigid like the others, based mainly on the possession of money or other possessions -can change their social class -social mobility: movement up or down the class ladder

question

• Discuss the relationship between gender and social stratification.

answer

because of gender, people are put in categories and have diff access for good things - men paid more, more dominant

question

• Describe the major points of disagreement between Karl Marx and Max Weber regarding the meaning of social class in industrialized societies.

answer

Marx: means of production - social class depends on this - means of production: the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth - 2 classes, bourgeosie, and proletariat, overtake them - class consciousness: awareness of common edentity based on one;s position In means of production - false class consciousness: workers identifying with the interests of capitalists Weber: Property, power, prestige -property is only part of picture -Property: agreed with marx (managers can control means of production but not own it) -power: ability to control others, agreed that prop is source of power but not only one -prestige: admiring someone, prestige can bring property

question

• As articulated by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, list the functions that social stratification provides for society.

answer

1. for society to function, its positions must be filled 2. some positions are more important that others 3. the more important positions must be filled by the more qualified people 4. to motivate the more qualified people to fill these positions, they must offer greater rewards

question

• Discuss rebuttal to Davis and Moore's functionalist view of social stratification.

answer

Tumin rebuttles 1. How do we know positions with higher rewards are more important 2. Their beliefs lead to a meritocracy - postions rewarded on merit, which is not true because you are more likely to go to college because of money not merit 3. social stratification is not functional but dysfunctional, many could have been great if didn't live in slums, dropped out of school

question

• Explain the conflict perspective's view of social stratification as it relates to class conflict and scarce resources.

answer

Mosca's argument: -every society stratified by power 1. society needs to be organized, a leader to do that 2. leadership requires inequalities of power 3. humans are self centered, people in power will use their positions to create greater rewards for themselves Marxs argument: - workers will rebel - even union will fight against another union to get better things

question

• Define ideology and understand how elite classes use it to maintain social stratification.

answer

Ideology: beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements Divine right of kings: kings authority comes right from god -controlling peoples ideas (kids taught in school that their gov system is good) -control information -big brother technology: elite monitors citizens without them knowing

question

• Identify the major characteristics associated with the Most Industrialized Nations, Industrializing Nations, and Least Industrialized Nations.

answer

Most industrialized: U.S Canada, Great Britain etc. - are capitalistic industrializing: former soviet union, eastern eurpe - lower incomes - some remain illiterate and poor least industrialized: small farms or villages - large families - barely survive

question

• Describe and evaluate the major theories pertaining to the origins of and maintenance of global stratification.

answer

Colonialism: countries that industrialized first got the jump on the rest of the world - economic colonies: to exploit nations people and resources to benefit the mother country World system theory: industrialization led to four groups of nations - core nations: countries that industrialized first Modernization Theory

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Chapter 07.01-07.09 Quiz’s Sociology – Flashcards 43 terms

Stephanie Landry

43 terms

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Chapter 07.01-07.09 Quiz’s Sociology – Flashcards

question

What term is used for the division of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige?

answer

social stratification

question

Which of the following statements about slavery is true?

answer

slavery has been common throughout history

question

Which type of social stratification is determined by birth and lasts for life?

answer

caste

question

When Angela moved to South Africa in 1985, she was classified as African and, by law was not allowed to mix with Europeans. Angela was a victim of ___.

answer

apartheid

question

In 12th century Europe, people were stratified according to what system?

answer

estate

question

Why did Marx say that farmers lacked social consciousness?

answer

they did not see themselves as exploited workers who needed to band together

question

What did Weber believe determined social class?

answer

a person's wealth, power, and status

question

Donna works at a fast food joint but has managed to out a few dollars in the bank and even bought some stocks. She now sees herself more as a capitalist investor than a worker. What is this an example of?

answer

false class consciousness

question

How did Marx think we would arrive at a classless society?

answer

the oppressed would rise up against the oppressor

question

Which of Weber's components of social class is the ability to control others.

answer

power

question

Which of the following statements reflects the functionalist's view of social stratification?

answer

people who are talented and contribute more to society will reap more rewards

question

Which concept would a conflict theorist stress?

answer

when a group gains power, it exploits those below in order to stay in power

question

Why do Davis and Moore's views on social stratification make many sociologists uneasy?

answer

they see it as coming close to justifying the inequalities in society

question

Mosca argued that every society will be stratified by ___.

answer

power

question

Why do functionalists believe social inequalities must help societies survive?

answer

social inequalities are found universally in all societies

question

What is an example of soft control?

answer

using ideology to justify the way things are

question

In Kingdom XYZ, the penalty for telling critical stories about the queen was having your tongue cut off. This is an example of using ___ to control people.

answer

fear

question

To avoid ___, the ruling elite use ___ to control people.

answer

rebellion; ideology

question

How does our current technology help the ruling elite stay in power?

answer

it makes it possible to monitor more of a citizen's activities

question

Why do those in charge approve of policies such as our Homeland Security laws?

answer

these laws allow them to legally spy on citizens without their knowledge

question

In Great Britain, a person's social class is almost always betrayed by their ___.

answer

speech

question

What was a similarity between the United States and the former Soviet Union?

answer

both had marked social inequalities

question

Who led the 1917 worker's revolution in Russia?

answer

Lenin and Trotsky

question

What was the major basis of stratification in the Soviet Union?

answer

party membership

question

The Soviet Union struggled and their citizens were deprived, while Western countries thrived. Soviet leaders decided to make some changes in order to improve their society. What was one of those changes?

answer

the state allowed citizens to invest in for-profit , private business that were previously owned by the state

question

The author's term, ___ nation, includes countries that were formerly known as first world nations.

answer

most industrialized

question

How does the author classify most of the nations that made up the former Soviet Union?

answer

industrializing

question

What characteristics should an industrializing nation have in order to belong in that category?

answer

a lower standard of living than the most industrialized nations

question

Which of the following statements about the least industrialized nations is true?

answer

the majority of people live on small farms or in villages

question

There are some nations that are not industrialized, but are still extremely wealthy. The author classifies these countries separately. ___ is an example of one of these nations.

answer

Kuwait

question

The legacy of ___ is a background factor in much contemporary racial-ethic and tribal violence.

answer

colonialism

question

What is the purpose of colonialism?

answer

to exploit a weaker nation's people and resources for the benefit of the colonizing nation

question

In the world system theory, the ___ nations have stagnant economies.

answer

semiperiphery

question

which type of nations were completely left out of capitalism?

answer

external area

question

What differentiates the culture of poverty theory from other theories that try to explain how the world's nations became stratified?

answer

it places blame on the victim

question

Country X is very poor so it buys goods on credit from country Z. Unfortunately, country X is unable to pay more than the interest payments on the loans, so it remains perpetually in debt to country Z and must accept Z's trading terms. This is an example of ___.

answer

neocolonialism

question

Sociologist Michael Harrington argued that when ___ fell out of favor, it was replace by ___.

answer

colonialism; neocolonialism

question

What is an effect of neocolonialism in the Middle East that we see in the United States today?

answer

low gas prices

question

How do multinational corporations ensure favorable business climates for themselves in the least industrialized nations?

answer

the corporations funnel money to the elites of those nations

question

What is an unintended consequence of multinational corporations searching for cheap labor?

answer

there are more jobs and money for the working classes

question

Historical shifts bring ___ disruptions.

answer

cataclysmic

question

Which of the following statements about modern global stratification is true?

answer

it is not easy to maintain

question

Political and economic changes in China have been accompanied by ___.

answer

cracks in the global banking system

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Sociology – Chapters 6, 7, 8 – Flashcards 63 terms

Bettina Hugo

63 terms

Preview

Sociology – Chapters 6, 7, 8 – Flashcards

question

Deviance

answer

The violation of social norms (or rules or expectations) regardless of how serious or minor the violation may be

question

Conformity

answer

The opposite of deviance; following of norms

question

relative deviance

answer

Because different groups and cultures have different norms, what is deviant to some is not deviant to others

question

Social Order

answer

A group's predictable, usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives; no human group can exist without its norms

question

Social Control

answer

A group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norm,

question

examples of informal agents of social control

answer

family, friends, religion

question

examples of formal agents of social control

answer

laws, police courts, corrections (jails, prisons, probation)

question

norms

answer

expectations or rules of behavior that reflect and enforce values

question

three types of norms

answer

folkways, mores, taboos

question

folkways

answer

norms that are not strictly enforced. example: polite manners

question

answer

norms that are essential to our core values. examples: criminal laws

question

taboos

answer

a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated

question

sanctions

answer

used to punish those who violate norms (negative) and to reward those who follow norms (positive)

question

Sociobiologists

answer

look for answers inside individuals and genetic predispositions

question

Psychologists

answer

Focuses on abnormalities within individuals; personality disorders, deviant personalities

question

Sociologists

answer

Look for answers outside individuals and external influences such as social class and subcultures to see why people commit crimes

question

Differential Association Theory

answer

People learn to deviate by associating with others who deviate. We learn to either conform or deviate by those we associate with. Families, friends, neighbors, and subcultures all give us messages about conformity and deviance.

question

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

answer

Control Theory: we all want to commit deviant acts but don't because of inner controls and outer controls

question

social bonds

answer

The stronger our bonds with society, the more effective our inner controls are against deviance. Based on attachments, commitments, involvements, beliefs

question

inner controls

answer

morality, conscience, religious principles

question

outer controls

answer

family, friends, the police

question

Symbolic Interactionist

answer

Labeling Theory: focuses on the names and reputations we are given which become part of our self-concept and channel us either into deviance or conformity; Reputations can give people different expectations of behavior and labels can shape how we see ourselves.

question

Techniques of Neutralization Theory

answer

Techniques to reject society's norms and resist negative labels: Denial of Responsibility, Denial of Injury, Denial of Victim, Condemnation of the Condemners, Appeal to Higher Loyalties

question

Denial of Responsibility

answer

"I am not responsible because..."

question

Denial of Injury

answer

"No one got hurt"

question

Denial of a Victim

answer

"He/She deserved what they got"

question

Condemnation of the Condemners

answer

"Who are you to judge me?"

question

Appeal to Higher Loyalties

answer

"I had to do it to help my friends"

question

The Saints and The Roughnecks Research

answer

Research conducted by sociologist William Chambliss on the power of labels studying two groups of boys. The reputations of the two groups put the boys on two distinct paths; teachers and police and society saw what they expected to see -the self fulfilling prophecy. Labels can open or close doors of opportunity.

question

Functionalist Perspective

answer

Society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's balance in three ways: Belief that deviance contributes to social order in 3 ways: Clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms; promotes social unity; promotes social change.

question

Strain theory

answer

Refers to the frustrations people feel when they want success but find their way to it blocked. Theory that deviance is the result of the tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and the institutionalized means people have to achieve these goals; the imbalance between cultural goals and structurally available means can compel individuals into deviant behavior.

question

Merton's Structural Strain Theory

answer

5 different responses: Conformity, Innovator, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellionism

question

Illegitimate Opportunity Structures

answer

Social Class Produces Distinct Styles of Crime: Street Crime, White-Collar Crime, Gender and Crime

question

Conflict Perspective

answer

Class, Crime and Criminal Justice. Belief that the power elite uses the legal system to control workers and to stablilize the social order with the goal of keeping itself in power; belief that power and social inequality are the main characteristics of society

question

Reactions to Deviance

answer

Street crime and prisons, the decline of crime, recidivism, the death penalty bias

question

social stratification

answer

the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. Applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group. Some societies have greater inequality than others. Does not refer to individuals. Gender is a basis for stratifying people in every society.

question

power

answer

the ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events and maintain influence over others despite opposition; the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others.

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property

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wealth; the money and other economic assets that a person or family owns; the total value of everything someone owns; net worth

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prestige/social status

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respect, recognition or regard attached to social positions

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systems of stratification within a nation

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Slavery; Caste System; Estate System; Class Systemr

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slavery

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a form of social stratification in which some people own other people

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caste system

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A form of social stratification in which one's status is ascribed (determined by birth and is life long)

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ascribed status

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Determined by birth and is life long; can include race, gender, nationality, body type and age

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What is the underlying basis of India's caste system?

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Religion; Remains part of everyday life as it has been for almost three thousand years; system made up of four main castes (varnas). The lowest caste (Dalit) is considered to be "untouchable" and ablutions or washing rituals are required to restore purity for those contaminated by individuals from this group.

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Estate stratification system

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Developed in Europe during middle ages; includes First Estate (nobililty, wealthy families who rule country); Second Estate (clergy - Roman Catholic); Third Estate (serfs, belonging to the land)

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Class system of stratification

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A system which is much more open than caste system and allows for social mobility and is based on social class - a category of people who have a similar rank or standing in society based on wealth, education, power, prestige and other resources. People can change social class by what they achieve or fail to achieve making social class an open stratification system.

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Global stratification and the status of women

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gender is a basis for social stratification

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The Global Superclass

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6000 members, richest 1000 have more wealth than the 2.5 billion poorest people in the world.

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Karl Marx

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Believed social class is divided into the bourgeoisie (those who control the means of production) and the proletariats (those who are exploited by the bourgeoisie

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Max Weber

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Believed social class is defined as people who share similar levels of power, property and prestige. Did not believe that property was the sole basis of a person's position in the stratification system.

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Davis and Moore Functionalist View

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Functionalist View of Why Social Stratification is Universal: For society to function, all positions must be filled; some positions are more important than others. The result is stratification: Those who perform the difficult tasks that required more intelligence were entitled to more power, prestige, and property. Those in the lower income positions have less property, wealth, power, and prestige.

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Melvin Tuman

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Disagreed with Davis and Moore's Functionalist View on Stratification. Found that gender and income of an individual's family were often more important predictors than ability or what type of work and individual would do; men are typically placed in a higher social stratification than women, regardless of ability; people born into poverty are more likely to be shut out of positions that aer associated with power, property, and prestige.

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Conflict Perspective on Social Stratification (Mosca)

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Gaetano Mosca argued that every society will be stratified by power and that stratification is inevitable because no society can exist unless it is organized and this requires leadership of some sort; leadership, by definition, requires inequalities of power; and human nature is self-centered, therefore, people in power will use their positions to seize greater rewards for themselves.

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Conflict Perspective on Social Stratification (Marx)

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The bourgeoisie (capitalists) own the means of production and the proletariat (workers), those who work for the owners. Belief that social class is determined exclusively by one's relationship to the means of production.

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Social Class

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A large group of people who rank closely to one another in property (wealth), power, and prestige. It can be acquired (achieved) and is an Open Stratification System-can change based on what a person achieves or fails to achieve.

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Property (wealth)

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The money and other economic assets that person or family owns, including property and income.

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Income

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A flow of money

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Wealth

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A person's net worth; property plus income minus debt.

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Wright Mills-The Power Elite

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Those persons in society who hold positions of great wealth and power and who make the big decisions that affect the life of the nation. The wealthy and powerful elites have a similar viewpoint of the world and their special place in it because of their shared backgrounds and vested interests. They maintain their influence by using their power and wealth to protect their interests.

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Prestige

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Respect, recognition or regard attached to social positions, usually based on wealth, family background, fame, leadership, power, educational background, or occupations

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Occupations and prestige

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Jobs with the most prestige share 4 features: They pay more, They require more education, They entail more abstract thought, they offer greater autonomy.

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Status consistency

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Ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class property, property (wealth and income), power and prestige. Most people rank at the same level in all three components.

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Status inconsistency

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Ranking high on some dimensios

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AP World History Blaming The Victim Davis And Moore Indus River Valley Introductory Sociology Level The Playing Field Sociology

AP World History First Civilization SPICE Charts – Flashcards 25 terms

Rebecca Baker

25 terms

Preview

AP World History First Civilization SPICE Charts – Flashcards

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Huang He: Social

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Emphasis on patriarchy and family (ancestral respect); highly stratified social ranking based on occupation.

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Huang He: Political

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Government formed to combat nomadic invaders/manage intricate irrigation system; Nomadic warrior kings who controlled through vassals who collected tribute. King had "mandate of heaven".

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Huang He: Interaction with Environment

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Isolated by Himalayas and Gobi Desert, dependence on irrigation because of soil as cause for government creation, unpredictable flooding impacts social and cultural practices.

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Huang He: Cultural

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Emphasis on ancestry; oracle bones deciphered through shamans, use of pictographs (literacy).

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Huang He: Economic

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Agriculture and metallurgy, silk, the how, trade with Mesopotamia brings bronze.

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Mesopotamia: Social

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Patriarchy & distinct social classes (slavery).

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Mesopotamia: Political

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City-states ruled by kings that were constantly in control, used religion to justify/strengthen power.

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Mesopotamia: Interaction with environment

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Tigris & Euphrates Rivers were unpredictable--influenced religion; used clay for buildings, record keeping.

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Mesopotamia: Cultural

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Polytheistic, gods embodied nature; Ziggurats (temples); Cuneiform (writing system).

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Mesopotamia: Economic

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Trade increased with conquests; traded with societies in south/Central Asia.

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Indus River Valley (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro): Social

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Little known--House size differences indicate social hierarchy; evidence of powerful priest class. Extensive job specialization.

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Indus River Valley: Political

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Little known--organized, wide road system suggests government plans; fortifications and granaries suggest government control.

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Indus River Valley: interaction with environment

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Excessive irrigation that led to increasing salinity of soil. Deforestation and soil erosion.

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Indus River Valley: Culture

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Priests very powerful, polytheistic; mother goddess important; writing system.

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Indus River Valley: Economics

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Supported by advanced agricultural system of wheat, rye, peas, rice. Major trading centers between China, southeast Asia, Mesopotamia. Job specialization.

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Nile Valley (Egypt): Social

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Patriarchy; less stratified than Mesopotamia, but king had total power, social mobility possible; limited slavery.

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Nile Valley (Egypt): Political

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Pharaoh not just king but a god, ruled through loyal regional officials who managed regional irrigation/public works, king kept tight/centralized power.

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Nile Valley (Egypt): Interaction with environment

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Mostly isolated from trade and invasion. Predictable flooding cause belief that they could control destiny.

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Nile Valley (Egypt): Cultural

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Polytheistic, chief deities connected to agriculture; very concerned with death preparation and afterlife, rituals of mummification and funerals.

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Nile Valley (Egypt): Economic

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Most were farmers, wheels and bronze arrive from extensive trade with Mesopotamia.

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Andean (Norte Chico): Social

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Gold adornments and superior textiles to show social class; skilled labor class.

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Andean (Norte Chico): Political

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Little known--Evidence of early organized warfare; large areas of diffusion suggests political organization.

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Andean (Norte Chico): Interaction with the environment

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Non-river valley; diverse environment--little rainfall, mountainous, thick jungles.

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Andean (Norte Chico): Cultural

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Most unknown--Jaguar God prominent.

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Andean (Norte Chico): Economic

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Based on agriculture--maize from Mesoamerica, domestication of animals.

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