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C451 / INC1 WGU Integrated Natural Sciences 3/2016 – Flashcards 73 terms

Elizabeth Mcdonald

73 terms

Preview

C451 / INC1 WGU Integrated Natural Sciences 3/2016 – Flashcards

question

Observations

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A collection of measurements, notes, images, etc. to describe a phenomenon

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Reproductive Result

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Different Researchers following the published methods finding the same result

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Conclusion

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The summary of the results of an experiment or set of experiments

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Theory

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Synthesis of information and well-tested hypotheses; may be disputed

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Hypothesis

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A scientific idea undergoing testing

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Ohms

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Used to measure for resistance to an electrical current

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Micrometers

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Used to measure the diameter of a lung alveoli

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Joules

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Used to measure work done pushing a refrigerator across a room

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Millivolts

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Used to measure the potential difference across a nerve synapse

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Liters

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Used to measure the volume of air that can be inhaled in a single breath

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Mechanical Advantage of a Lever

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A small input force applied to one end of a lever produces a large output force at the opposite end of the lever

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Physics

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The study of Electricity, electrical circuits, forces, energy, heat, sound, light, and subatomic energies

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Astronomy

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The study of stars and planets

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Earth Science

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The study of geology, meteorology and oceanography

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Biology

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The study of living organisms

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Chemistry

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The study of the interactions between compounds and molecules

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A Hypotheses must be?

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Falsifiable and results must be repeatable

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A systems approach to scientific study?

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Enables scientists to take into account the various parts of a system when making predictions about system behavior

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Law

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A law is widely accepted by the scientific community

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Creativity

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Enables scientists to come up with new hypotheses

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Big Bang Theory

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Account for the beginning of both time and space in the universe

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Produces a decrease in Gravitational and electrical force between two objects

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Increasing the Distance between objects and decreasing the electrical charge and the mass of both objects

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The primary thermonuclear reaction that occurs in our Sun

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A certain mass of hydrogen atoms is fused together every second to become a lesser mass of helium atoms, and the missing mass is released as radiant energy

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Two phenomena are the result of gravity between the Moon and the Earth

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One side of the Moon always facing Earth and Phases of the Moon

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How does cosmic background radiation with a wavelength of 7.35cm help support the big bang theory?

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The wavelength matches the predicted value for the current temperature of the universe and radiation is coming from all directions with no specific source

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White Dwarf

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Star no longer undergoing fusion

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Red Giant

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Star near it's final stage of evolution, burns helium as it's primary fuel and begins to have carton build-up in the core; type of star the Sun will become

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Main-Sequence Star

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Star burns hydrogen as its primary fuel

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Three helium nuclei combine to form a carbon nucleus, releasing light energy

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Process of Thermonuclear fusion in a helium-burning star

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Electromagnetic Waves with Frequency higher than that of visible light

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Gamma Rays, Ultraviolet and X-Rays

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Electromagnetic Waves with Frequency lower than that of visible light

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Radio Waves, Infrared and Microwaves

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Order of the objects, increasing in distance from the Sun

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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Astroid Belt, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

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Jupiter

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Has a very strong magnetic field that produces the highest radiation levels ever measured and is the most massive planet

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Pluto

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Composed primarily of rock and nitrogen ice

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Saturn

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Has the lowest density of any planet

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Radio Waves

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Electromagnetic wave is used to transmit AM/FM radio stations

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X-Rays

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Electromagnetic wave is used to identify broken bones

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Ultraviolet

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Electromagnetic wave is used to kill bacteria and sanitize instruments

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Microwaves

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Electromagnetic wave is used to cook and heat food

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Gamma Rays

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Electromagnetic wave is used in medicine for cancer treatment?

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Metamorphic Rocks

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Contain minerals from igneous or sedimentary rocks, can be foliated and are recrystallized

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Granite

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Coarse-grained and plutonic

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Marble

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Large interlocking crystals of calcite, non foliated and metamorphic

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Silicate

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Four oxygen atoms joined to one silicon atom in a tetrahedron

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Diamond

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Carbon arranged in a crystal lattice

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Magnetism

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Deflects moving charged particles, is perpendicular to current flowing through a wire and causes a directional needle in a compass to rotate

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Electricity

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Occurs when there is a difference in Electrical Potential and is measured as current

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How Table Salt is Bonded together

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Electrons in the salt are transferred to form cations and anions, Chlorine and Sodium fill their outermost energy shells by donating or gaining electrons

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Water reacts to Freezing by?

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Decreasing transitional energy, move into a more orderly arrangement and move slight away from each other

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Crust

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Contains the highest concentration of silica

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Core

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Composed primarily of nickel and iron and cannot be penetrated by S-Waves

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Mantle

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Contains iron-rich silicate rock

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The Himalayan Mountain range is produced by what tectonic movements?

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A continental plate is colliding with another continental plate, causing upward motion and a lithospheric plate is colliding with another lithospheric plate of similar buoyancy

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Effects of the Earth's Hadley Cells

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Trade Winds, Regions of high rainfall in the tropics and clear skies in the subtropical desert

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Kinetic Energy

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Energy in motion (i.e. Propagation of sound, driving in a straight line at a constant speed)

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Chemical Potential Energy

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Stored Energy in Chemicals (i.e. Energy stored in glucose, random molecular motion)

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Gravitational Potential Energy

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Stored Energy in objects being acted upon by gravity

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Law of Conservation of Energy

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Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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Radio Waves Transferred by?

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Vibrating electric and magnetic fields force electrons in the receiving antenna to vibrate at the same frequency

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Newton's 3rd Law of Motion

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For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Role of Solar Energy

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Warms air at the equator which rises and spreads towards the poles, circulating in large convection currents and plants covert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis

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Two most Abundant gases in Earth Atmosphere

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Oxygen & Nitrogen

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Seismometers

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Used to measure earthquake magnitude and infer the structure of the Earth's Interior

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Abiotic and Biotic relationship in a forest ecosystem

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Solar energy enabling plants to create organic molecules

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First Tropic Level

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Plants and algae make their own food and are called primary producers

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Second Trophic Level

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Herbivores eat plants and are called primary consumers

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Third Trophic Level

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Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers

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Fourth Trophic Level

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Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers

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Fifth Trophic Level

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Apex predators that have no predators are at the top of the food chain

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Plants

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Multicellular terrestrial photosynthetic autotrophs

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Fungi

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Single-celled heterotroph used in baking

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Animals

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Multicellular heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by ingestion and heterotrophs with an exoskeleton

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Protists

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A single-sealed heterotroph that causes severe gastric distress in it's host

STUDY

Cross Sectional Data Statistics The New York Times Time Series Data

MGSC 291-Exam 1 – Flashcards 11 terms

Alden Wolfe

11 terms

Preview

MGSC 291-Exam 1 – Flashcards

question

The branch of statistical statistics called descriptive statistics summarizes important aspects of a data set. True/False

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True

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The branch of statistical data called inferential statistics refers to drawing conclusions about sample data by analyzing the corresponding population. True/False

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False: Draws conclusions about the population, based on the sample data from that population

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The two branches of the study of statistics are generally referred to as _____________________.

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Descriptive & Inferential

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The teachers union in California wants to know the average salary for high school teachers throughout the country. What will the teachers union presumably calculate? A. sample statistic B. Sample Parameter C. Population Statistic D. Population Parameter

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question

Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional data? A. GDP of the United States from 1990-2010 B. Daily price of DuPont stock during the first quarter C. Quarterly housing starts collected over the last 60 years D. Results of market research testing consumer preferences fro soda

answer

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Which of the following is an example of time series data? A. The sales price of townhouses sold last year B. Quarterly housing starts collected over the last 60 years C. Results of market research testing consumer preferences for soda D. Starting salaries of recent business graduates at Penn State University

answer

question

It came as a big surprise when Apple's touch screen iPhone 4, considered by many to be the best smartphone ever, was found to have a problem (The New York Times, June 24, 2010). Users complained of weak reception, and sometimes even dropped calls, when they cradled the phone in their hands in a particular way. A quick survey at a local store found that 2% of iPhone 4 users experienced this reception problem. a. State whether the following statement is true or false. The population is all iPhone 4 users b. Does 2% denote the population parameter or the sample statistic?

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a. true b. sample statistic

question

An accounting professor wants to know the average GPA of the students enrolled in her class. She looks up information on Blackboard about the students enrolled in her class and computes the average GPA as 3.29. a. State whether the following statement is true or false. The population is all students enrolled in the accounting class. b. Does the value 3.29 represent the population parameter or the sample statistic?

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a. true b. population parameter

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Which of the following variables are qualitative and which are quantitative? If the variable is quantitative, then specify whether the variable is discrete or continuous. a. Points scored in a football game. Qualitative Quantitative; discrete Quantitative; continuous b. Racial composition of a high school classroom. Qualitative Quantitative; discrete Quantitative; continuous c. Heights of 15-year-olds. Qualitative Quantitative; discrete Quantitative; continuous

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a. quantitative; discrete b. qualitative c. quantitative; continuous

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In each of the following scenarios, define the type of measurement scale. 1. A kindergarten teacher marks whether each student is a boy or a girl. a. Ratio b.Nominal c.Interval d.Ordinal 2. A ski resort records the daily temperature during the month of January. a.Ratio b. Nominal c. Interval d.Ordinal 3. A restaurant surveys its customers about the quality of its waiting staff on a scale of 1 to 4, where 1 is poor and 4 is excellent. a.Ratio b.Nominal c.Interval d.Ordinal

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1. b 2. c 3. d

question

A recent poll of 3,124 individuals asked: "What's the longest vacation you plan to take this summer?" The following relative frequency distribution summarizes the results. Response Relative Frequency A few days 36% A few long weekends 18% One week 16% Two weeks 30% Construct a frequency distribution of these data. (Round your answers to the nearest whole number.)

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Response Frequency A few days........................ 1125 A few long weekends...562 One week........................... 500 Two weeks...........................937 Total..................................3124

STUDY

Cross Sectional Data Latitude And Longitude Major League Baseball Principles Of Economics: Microeconomics Rural And Urban Statistics

Chapter 1 Business Statistics – Flashcards 19 terms

Ewan Tanner

19 terms

Preview

Chapter 1 Business Statistics – Flashcards

question

Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

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the number of people in a waiting line

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Which of the following is an example of categorical data?

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social security number

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A characteristic of interest for the elements is called a(n)

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variable

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In a data set, the number of observations will always be the same as the number of

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elements

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Quantitative data

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are always numeric

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Categorical data

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are labels used to identify attributes of elements

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Ordinary arithmetic operations are meaningful

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only with quantitative data

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Data collected at the same, or approximately the same, point in time are

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cross-sectional data

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Data collected over several time periods are

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time series data

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Statistical studies in which researchers do not control variables of interest are

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observational studies

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Statistical studies in which researchers control variables of interest are

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experimental studies

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The most common type of observational study is

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a survey

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The summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical, are referred to as

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descriptive statistics

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A Scanner Data User Survey of 50 companies found that the average amount spent onscanner data per category of consumer goods was $387,325 (Mercer Management Consulting,Inc., April 24, 1997). The $387,325 is an example of

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Both quantitative data and a descriptive statistic are correct.

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Statistical inference

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is the process of drawing inferences about the population based on the information taken from the sample

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A portion of the population selected to represent the population is called

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a sample

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In a sample of 800 students in a university, 360, or 45%, live in the dormitories. The 45% isan example of

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descriptive statistics

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In a sample of 800 students in a university, 160, or 20%, are Business majors. Based on theabove information, the school's paper reported that "20% of all the students at the university areBusiness majors." This report is an example of

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statistical inference

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Six hundred residents of a city are polled to obtain information on voting intentions in anupcoming city election. The six hundred residents in this study is an example of a(n)

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sample

STUDY

Cross Sectional Data Nuclear Medicine

Nuc Med – Flashcard 72 terms

Stephanie Landry

72 terms

Preview

Nuc Med – Flashcard

question

What does Nuc Med scans show compared to all other types of scans?

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Physiology, all other scans show anatomy

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How does Nuc Med scans work?

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By the injection or ingestion of radioactive isotopes into the body and the camera detects radiation

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What type of radiation rays does Nuc Med use?

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Gamma, they can only be stopped by lead

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How many CT scans can a person have before it becomes dangerous?

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25 scans

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What is used in Bone scans?

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Tc-MDP (very similar to calcium)

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What does Tc-MDP bind to in bone scans?

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chemically binds to hydroxyapatite crystals to show osteoblast activity

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When would you order a bone scan??

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Cancer, infection, stress fracture, arthritis, localize sites for biopsy

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How does Tc-MDP work with bone scans and metastatic disease?

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the cancer needs more nutrients, uses more calcium, so the isotope goes to that area and is sucked up to make a bright spot METS to the skull, ribs, scapula, pelvis and femurs are common

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What does MUGA stand for

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Multi Gated Acquistion

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When are MUGAs typically ordered

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Calculate Ejection fraction (surgical clearance, chemo pts, MI) , evaluate wall motion, evaluate cardiomyopathy and CHF *oncology to see heart damage during chemo)

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What isotope is used in MUGA

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Tc-RBC

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How does Tc-RBC react with the body?

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Isotope is attached to Patients RBCs - make RBCs radioactive

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MUGA levels - normal

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LVEF 50-70% RVEF 40-60%

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MUGA levels- abnormal

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Abnormal <35% Severe <30%

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Abnormal wall motion with MUGA

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CAD, LV aneurysm

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2 parts to a stress test

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Part 1 shows blood flow to myocardium while at rest Part 2 shows blood flow at peak exercise - where does blood go when heart is stressed Compare images from rest to stress

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Common chemical medications in stress tests

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Adenosine (dilates coronary arteries to stimulate stress) Doubtamine (Increases HR, may inject while on tredmill)

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Steps of a stress test

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Patient starts out walking Speed increases and the angle increases Gives best overall picture of patients health Inject when Target HR is Achieved (220-Age)=THR, Qulaity test is 85%-100% of THR

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What do you look for on a stress test?

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Spots that look "cold" that dont have the same intensity in color that suggest decreased blood flow

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What supplies the apex with blood?

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The left anterior descending, Right coronary artery, posterior descending

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What supplies the septum

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Left anterior descending

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What supplies the anterior heart

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the left anterior descending

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what supplies the lateral heart

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the left circumflex

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What supplies the inferior heart

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the Right Coronary Artery

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Fixed Defect on Stress test

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a cold spot at rest; indicates MI or dead tissue

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Stress Defect on stress tests

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ischemia to muscle send to cath lab or surgery

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What is a V/Q scan ordered for

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to R/O PE, evaluate COPD and emphysema

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What is done in V/Q tests

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Patient breaths in Aerosol Isotope for Vent Images Isotope is then injected for Perfusion Imgaes

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What should be seen in a V/Q scan

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no mismatch of perfusion defects no air trapping, even flow of air

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What are renal scans indicated for (5 things)

answer

Show Renal function Detect and Localize Renal Masses Evaluate Acute and Chronic Pyelonephritis Evaluate for Renal Blood flow obstruction ->>Renal artery stenosis Evaluate Renal Transplants --->Both donor and recipient

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How does a Renal scan work?

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Injection of Isotope that is a waste product -->>Body sees it as useless and wants to get rid of it Filtered by Kidney and excreted with urine

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For a renal scan, how much of the isotope should be in the kidney within an hour

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50%

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What should you see on a renal scan

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As you get lower the bladder shows up and kidneys disappear --- both kidneys at the same time -- equal flow

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what can asymmetry represent on renal scan

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decrease function, renal artery stenosis, hydroureteronephosis

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What is a HIDA scan used to see

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Hepatobiliary or Gallbladder scan

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Why would you order a HIDA scan

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to show GB function, surgical leaks, cholecyctitis, evaluation of liver transplant

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What is the isotope in HIDA tests similar to?

answer

similar to bile; Polygonal cell uptake in Liver and then follows bile pathway

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What is evaluated in a HIDA scan

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Evaluate timing of liver activity, GB activity, small bowel to check bile flow Can inject CCK which causes GB to contract --->Measure GB injection fraction to asses function

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In what time frames should organs appear on HIDA scan

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Liver 5-15 minutes Hepatic Duct, Common bile Duct, and GB in 5-20 minutes Intestinal Activity 10-60 minutes

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What is abnormal in a HIDA scan

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Nonvisualization of GB by 60 minutes --> Cystic duct obstruction, acute cholecystitis (infection or inflammation) Nonvisualization of bowel by 60 minutes --> Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction or obstruction

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Post surgical HIDA scan abnormality

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Pooling near anatomical location of absent GB indicates leak ---> Bad RUQ pain - bile pools in an area where something wasn't stitched right and sits in GB cavity

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Number 1 reason for HIDA scan

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acute cholecytitis

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What is used in thyroid uptake scans

answer

ingest radioactive iodine

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why order a thyroid uptake scan?

answer

Hyper/Hypo Thyroid Evaluate nodules, cancer or benign Localize ectopic thyroid tissue

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"Spots" on thyroid scans vs other scans

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a cold spot is cancer .. Bright = hot = hyperthyroid Bone scan hot spot = cancer

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enlarged thyroid with mottled appearance

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Hashimotos Thyroiditis

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enlarged gland with high uptake

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graves

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Nonvisualization of thyroid

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Subacute Thyroiditis

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what is a 131 total body scan used for

answer

Treatment for Thyroid Cancer Higher Dose Beta ray kills residual Tissue

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what does a 131 TBS show

answer

Normal uptake in GI Tract and salivary glands, and thyroid Abnormal uptake in right lung and chest

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What is a bleeding scan used for

answer

To locate and asses GI Bleeds

question

What does a bleeding scan inject

answer

Injection of Tagged RBCs followed images Abnormal Results will show pooling in abdominal cavity Making RBC radioactive like MUGA - look for blood pooling

question

what is hard about a bleeding scan

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Hard part is person must be actively bleeding, waxing and waning can make it hard. Must be bleeding while under the camera

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What is injected in a lymphoscintigraphy

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Injection of Tc-Tin Colloid Shows Lymphatic flow pre operative

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PET scan

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Positron Emission Tomography

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how does a pet scan work

answer

Isotope localization by cellular metabolism' Cancer requires more energy, thus more isotope localizes in tumor Mainly used for Cancer staging, response to treatment, and tumor localization

question

Riglers Sign

answer

Visualization of both sides of bowel wall in presnce of pneumoperitoneum - air everywhere due to backed up stool

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Lemon Sign

answer

build up of pleural fluid in between lung fissures- some call them pseudotumors - common in CHF

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Silhouette Sign

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two objects of the same radiographic density touch each other so the edge or margin bw them disappears

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pedicle sign

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destruction of vertebral pedicle (seen more with metastatic)

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Coffee Bean sign

answer

dilated sigmoid colon in sigmoid volvulus

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Continuous Diaphragm Sign

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visualization of the entire upper surface of the diaphragm from pneumomediastinum

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Deep sulcus sign

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indicates presence of a pneumothorax - air collects anteriorly and basally of the pleural space when the patient is in the supine position

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water bottle sign

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in a pericardial effusion, too much fluid builds up around the heart in the pericardial cavity

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Kerley B Lines

answer

short 1-2 cm horizontal lines near costophrenic angles

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white out of the lung

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atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumonia, cancer, pneumonectomy, mucus plug obstruction, foreign body obstruction

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cause shift toward white out

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cancer, mucus plug obstruction, foreign body obstruction

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shift away from white out

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pleural effusion

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pneumobilia

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presence of gas in the biliary system

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Retroperitoneal Air

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gas or air within the retroperitoneal space - air outlines the kidneys, psoas muscles, bowel portion

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ring like calcifications

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implies calcification that has occurred in the wall of a hollow viscus/organ - (cysts, aneurysms, gallbladder, urinary bladder)

question

Sternum pushed back

answer

pectus excavatum

STUDY

AP Government AP Statistics Cross Sectional Data Full Faith And Credit Standard Deviation Of The Mean Statistics United States Government-Comprehensive

American Govt. – Flashcards 148 terms

Elizabeth Hill

148 terms

Preview

American Govt. – Flashcards

question

Describing what's out there - Independent variables (Issue, outcome, distance to polling place, education, age)

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Descriptive

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What we should do, our values (dependent variables)

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Normative

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All citizens have the right to vote

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Direct Democracy

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Political system in which decisions affecting a community are taken, not by its members as a whole, but by people they have elected for this purpose

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Representative Democracy

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Competitive elections, free/fair elections

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Popular Sovereignty

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equal say, no one person

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Political equality

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privacy, freedom of speech, free exercise of religion

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Political liberty

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Congress - Make law, going to war, first branch, (section 8: what laws can be made about, elastic clause) (section 9: right of habeas corpes, right to body)

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Article 1 (Legislative Branch)

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Presidency - commander in chief

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Article 2 (Executive Branch)

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Judiciary

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Article 3 (Judicial Branch)

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Influenced the way how the government is set up, separation of powers, social contract, and the government protects the rights (rights of life, liberty, and property) of the people/citizens

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John Locke (1632 - 1704)

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had no formal education, property qualifications

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Expertise

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believed people weren't educated enough

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Indirect elections

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House of Representatives (2 years), Senator (6 years), President (4 years)

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Separation of powers

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Two chambers (house & senate)

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Bicameralism

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House of representatives - membership is proportional to population (large states), senate - every state has 2 senators (small states)

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"The Great Compromise"

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Wrote/supported the Constitution

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Federalists

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Against the Constitution

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Anti-Federalists

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equal protection of the laws, due process law

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XIV Amendment

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first Constitution of the United States adopted during the last stages of the Revolutionary War, created a system of govt. w/ most power lodged in the states and little in the central govt.

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Articles of Confederation

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abuse of the inalienable rights of citizens by govt

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Tyranny

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legislative body w/ a single chamber

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Unicameral

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Govt. powers are divided between a central govt. and smaller territorial units, states

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Federal

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Constitution and laws and treaties of the U.S. are the supreme law of the land

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Supremacy clause

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Congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated responsibilities

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Elastic clause

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First 10 Amendments (James Madison)

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Bill of Rights

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Govt. powers are divided between a central govt. and smaller units, such as states (U.S. Mexico, India, Canada)

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Federalism

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Loose association of states which very little to no power at all is lodged in a central govt. (United Nations)

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Confederation

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Central govt. has complete power over its constituent units/states (Japan & France)

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Unitary System

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View of American federalism that holds that the Constitution created a system in which the national govt. is supreme, relative to the states , and that is granted that govt. a broad range of powers and responsibilities

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Nationalist Position

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Gives congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers and the responsibilities mentioned in the Constitution's preamble

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Necessary & Proper clause

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View of American federalism that holds that the Constitution created a system of dual sovereignty in which the national govt. and the state govt. are sovereign in their own spheres

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States' Rights Position

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An attempt by states to declare national laws or actions null and void

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Nullification

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14th Amendment that prohibits states from depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property "w/out due process of law'' a guarantee against arbitrary of unfair govt. action

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Due Process clause

question

14th Amendment that provides for equal treatment by govt. of people residuary w/in the U.S. and each of its states

answer

Equal Protection clause

question

Federalism in which the powers and responsibilities of the states and the national govt. are intertwined and in which they work together to solve common problems

answer

Cooperative Federalism

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Federal grants to the states to be used for general activities

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Block Grants

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Formal order from the national govt. that the states carry out certain policies

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Mandate

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Trade that involves more than one state, and therefore is, under the Constitution, a proper subject of federal law

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Interstate Commerce

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Medicare, Medicaid (insurance through govt.)

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Social Insurance

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Company that runs health insurance

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Private Insurance

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hospital charges a certain amount

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Cost Sharing

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people that can't be covered (restaurants, fast food)

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Coverage Gap

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Freedoms found primarily in the Bill of Rights, the enjoyment of which are protected from govt. interference

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Civil Liberties

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Legal doctrine that a person who is arrested must have a timely hearing before a judge

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Habeas Corpus

question

process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights become incorporated

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Nationalizing

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Supreme court has made most of the provisions of the Bill of Rights binding on the states

answer

Incorporating

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Assumption that actions by elected bodies or officials violate the Constitution

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Strict Scrutiny

question

govt. power to prevent publication, as opposed to punishment afterward

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Prior Restraint

question

representation of sexually explicit material in a manner that violates community standards and is w/out redeeming social importance or value

answer

Obscenity

question

prohibits congress from impending religious observance or impinging upon religious beliefs

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Free exercise clause

question

prohibits congress from stablishing an official religion

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Establishment clause

question

1. Must have secular purpose 2. Neither promote or inhibit religion 3. Can't foster excessive entanglement

answer

Three conditions that every law must meet to avoid "establishing" religion

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When a law/something can be stopped

answer

Veto

question

one single provider through the govt.

answer

Single Payer

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Things citizens are entitled to; govt. is obligated to step into ensure

answer

Civil Rights

question

tax to be paid as a condition of voting; used in the south to keep African Americans away from the polls

answer

Poll Tax

question

device used by the southern states to prevent African Americans from voting before the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned its use

answer

Literacy test

question

device that allowed whites who had failed the literacy test to vote anyway by extending the franchise to anyone whose ancestors had voted prior to 1867

answer

Grandfather clause

question

Primary elections open only to whites in the one-party south where the only elections that mattered were the Democratic Party's primaries

answer

White Primaries

question

Unequal treatment of racial or ethnic minority groups based on practices rather than on statues and regulations mandating discrimination

answer

De Facto discrimination

question

Programs of private and public institutions favoring minorities and women in hiring and contracting, and in admissions to colleges and universities, in an attempt to compensate for past discrimination or to create more diversity

answer

Affirmative Action

question

Over the age of 65, copayments, deductibles Everyone - Part A: hospitalization, hospice, nursing home Optional - Part B: doctor visits, preventive services, out patient Optional - Part D: prescription drugs

answer

Medicare

question

Care for the poor Partnership with federal More expensive if the economy goes bad

answer

Medicaid

question

For people in between, not elderly, not under the poverty line Employer mandate & individual mandate

answer

Affordable Care Act

question

Federal (Nation) State/Municipal (State)

answer

Two Basic Courts

question

not in the constitution

answer

Judicialization

question

1. Amicus Curiae (friend of the court) 2. Oral Argument 3. Caucusing Conference 4. Decision

answer

Rule of Four

question

"In stare decisis" = let the decision stand

answer

Precedent

question

The formal amendment process is long and difficult and requires widespread support in Congress as well as the states.

answer

What is one reason why amendments to the Constitution are relatively rare?

question

Articles of Confederation

answer

The United States first written constitution was known as the _____.

question

Amendments have made the country more democratic and expanded rights to excluded groups.

answer

Which of the following is generally true about the effect of constitutional amendments on the American political system?

question

Any changes required the unanimous approval of the states.

answer

Why were defects in the Articles of Confederation difficult to correct?

question

Power would need to be distributed to several branches of the government so that the power of one branch could be checked by the other branches.

answer

The framers were practical politicians. They knew that to prevent tyranny in their young country, they would have to craft a Constitution that "checks power with power." What does this concept mean?

question

the issues created by the vague language being processed through state and federal courts and being settled by judicial interpretation.

answer

The Constitution has much language that is vague and often hard to interpret for exact meaning. The problems created by such language have been solved by the application of which practice?

question

a bicameral Congress.

answer

The Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, produced _____.

question

The branches are constitutionally equal and independent.

answer

The separation of powers in the national govt. outlined in the Constitution is foundation of our govt. It mandates separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Which of the following is an essential characteristic that makes the system effective?

question

The emergence of national free enterprise economy.

answer

The Constitution gave Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, coin money and regulate its value, and establish bankruptcy and patent laws. these steps encouraged _____.

question

It said all men are created equal but it did not give slaves the same rights as white men.

answer

In what way was the Declaration of Independence contradictory in what it said about individual rights and equality and how it treated certain groups?

question

The Anti-Federalists' insistence on specific mention of individual rights forced the Federalists to promise to amend the Constitution with the Bill of Rights.

answer

How did the different philosophies of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists change the Constitution?

question

Such regulation would decrease competition between states and foster economic growth.

answer

The Constitution gives the national govt. significant control over interstate commerce. Which of the following is the most likely reason the framers did this?

question

they were interested in protecting their own wealth.

answer

One probable reason that the Constitution's framers included very strong wording protecting private property and contracts was _____.

question

Checks and balances.

answer

The provisions in the Constitution that give each branch of the federal govt. the ability to block the actions of the other branches are known as _____.

question

The South preferred that each slave count as a person for purposes of representation in the House, but not for voting in elections.

answer

The three-fifths compromise involved slavery and apportioning representation in Congress. Which of the following is the best explanation of the southern position in the debate?

question

Economic and political events mutually reinforced one another resulting in revolution.

answer

Which of the following is the most likely causal explanation for the American Revolution?

question

that there was a growing risk to private property on ownership in the United States.

answer

Which of the following was concern held by the attendees of the Constitutional Convention in 1787?

question

a reduction in the number of categorical grants to states.

answer

One critical aspect of New Federalism was _____.

question

Under Chief Justice Rehnquist the Court was supportive of devolution efforts but has since lessened its support.

answer

Which of the following statements about the position of the Supreme Court regarding federalism is most accurate?

question

all power would be concentrated at the national level.

answer

If you were living under unitary (or undivided) system of government, _____.

question

they are easier to administer than categorical grants are.

answer

Categorical grants from the federal govt. provide state and local govt. with funding for a specific purpose, and there are many requirements that must be met. Block grants give state and local officials the ability to determine for themselves how to spend federal grant money. One other advantage of block grant is _____.

question

creating competition within and among governmental units.

answer

Federalism protects liberty by _____.

question

dual to cooperative federalism.

answer

Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually changed from _____.

question

What the national govt. can do.

answer

The U.S. Constitution specifically lists _____.

question

requires states to honor each other's official acts.

answer

The full faith and credit clause _____.

question

The New Deal reduced the overall power of state govt. in comparison to the national govt. and its agencies.

answer

Why would an advocate of dual federalism have opposed the New Deal?

question

concerns about the potential abuses by a strong central govt.

answer

American Federalism can be seen as a response to the _____.

question

a Democratic president

answer

Which of the following people is more likely to support the nationalist position, which calls for a more unified country under a federal govt?

question

no private company could have undertaken such a long-term project.

answer

The federal govt. role in financing the interstate hwy system is essential because _____.

question

full faith and credit.

answer

A man who has committed murder cannot escape punishment by entering another state. What principle is at stake?

question

A state passes a law that contradicts an existing national law, and the state law is struck down.

answer

Which of the following is an example of preemption?

question

Because some federal mandates are unfunded, the financial burden is transferred to the states.

answer

Why might a proponent of a strong national govt. still be against federal mandates?

question

Military Commissions Act.

answer

In 2006, Congress passed the _____, which authorized a system to try alien unlawful enemy combatants and to deny access to the courts for any alien detained by the U.S. govt. determined to be an enemy combatant.

question

racial bias in the application of the punishment.

answer

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment says that no state "can deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The death penalty has been challenged as a violation of this clause because of the _____.

question

based on an earlier decision concerning the right to privacy.

answer

The landmark abortion decision of Roe v. Wade was _____.

question

prohibits Congress from impeding religious beliefs.

answer

The free exercise clause _____.

question

a serious threat to American Freedom.

answer

Many civil libertarians believe that actions to combat terrorism taken by presidents Bush and Obama are_____.

question

Varies greatly from one state to the next.

answer

The use of the death penalty in the United States _____.

question

poses a significant danger and imminent harm.

answer

Govt. may interfere with the freedom of speech only when the speech _____.

question

a state did not have the right to regulate hours of labor.

answer

The Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York ruled that _____.

question

it lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

answer

According to the ruling in Miller v. California, material is deemed obscene only if _____.

question

states must recognize contracts entered into with the people of other states.

answer

The full faith and credit clause in the Constitution mandates that _____.

question

The govt. may not interfere with the individual practice of religious beliefs.

answer

Which is included as a part of the free exercise clause of the first amendment?

question

They found the proposed Constitution too stingy in its listing of liberties and wanted more guarantees of restrictions on the power of the national govt.

answer

In the 1780s, why did many Americans insist on including a bill of rights in the new Constitution?

question

freedoms found primarily in the Bill of Rights that protect people from govt. interference.

answer

What are civil liberties as defined by the American govt. ?

question

the govt. desire not to publish a history of the Vietnam War based on Department of Defense documents.

answer

The most famous prior restraint case, New York Times v. United States, involved _____.

question

the use of military tribunals to try noncitizens accused of terrorism.

answer

During his administration, President Bush claimed authority as commander in chief to stretch his constitutional powers. He issued executive orders that allowed for _____.

question

They worried more about national govt. intrusions on individual freedom that about state govt. intrusions.

answer

Which of the following choices best explains the principle concern of the framers as they wrote the Constitution?

question

when public safety demands it because of rebellion or invasion.

answer

When does the Constitution allow Congress and the States to suspend the writ of habeas corpus?

question

affirmative action.

answer

In order to address past discrimination and ensure a diverse environment in school, a university many institute _____ admission policies.

question

having separate waiting rooms for whites and blacks in bus terminals where interstate buses arrive and depart.

answer

Which of these is an example of a practice that was made illegal by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

question

women and African Americans.

answer

Current movements for greater civil rights for various groups have grown out of the expansion of civil rights protections won by _____.

question

own slaves anywhere in the United States.

answer

The thirteenth amendment makes it unconstitutional to _____.

question

ethnicity

answer

When it comes to classifications for making decisions about policies or programs, which of the following is considered a "suspect classification"?

question

intermediate scrutiny

answer

In trying a case of gender equality which standard of review would the Supreme Court use?

question

was a comparatively late development in the United States, and most major advances were not evident until well into the 20th century

answer

Concern about civil rights protections for women and racial minorities _____.

question

strict scrutiny

answer

Actions by the states that trigger _____ are those that restrict the democratic process or discriminate against racial, ethnic, or religious minorities.

question

narrowed its application

answer

In the 1990's, Supreme Court decisions regarding affirmative action _____.

question

The south avoided implementing the Court's decision.

answer

What was the immediate response of the south to the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

question

homosexuals

answer

Arguably, which of the following groups has been the slowest in pursuing their civil rights claims?

question

the right of all adult citizens to vote

answer

After the Civil War, women's rights activists called for universal suffrage. What did they mean by this?

question

Any mention of race in the law was generally subject to strict scrutiny.

answer

Why might the Supreme Court find instances of affirmative action unconstitutional?

question

sexual harassment

answer

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ruled that creating "an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment" is contrary to the law. This was a victory for women against _____.

question

Civil rights

answer

Guarantees of equal treatment by govt. officials regarding political rights, the judicial system, and public programs are _____.

question

inability of the Court enforce its decisions outside of the Court

answer

When Andrew Jackson famously remarked, "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it," he was referring to the _____.

question

are created by Congress for special purposes

answer

Legislative courts _____.

question

Senate

answer

The _____ approves presidential appointments.

question

district

answer

The federal court system consists of three levels of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeal, and the _____ courts.

question

confusion, such as reversal on appeal or the decision being struck down, and controversy

answer

Lower courts consistently comply with Supreme Court opinions because if they do not, they most certainly would cause _____.

question

the Supreme Court overruling a precedent

answer

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) is an example of _____.

question

The Supreme Court's decisions are final, as the court of last resort for appeals, and it is responsible for interpreting national laws.

answer

Which of the following most accurately describes the role of the Supreme Court?

question

a case brought to force a ruling on the constitutionality of a law or executive action

answer

Which of the following would be considered a test case, such as Roe v. Wade?

question

their adherence of the ideology of the president

answer

Which of the following is an example of a factor that plays a primary role in the selection of federal judges?

question

importance of the courts as a pathway of societal change

answer

The role of the courts in developing Miranda rights and recognizing abortion rights illustrates the _____.

question

judicial activism

answer

Proponents of _____ believe judges should make bold policy decisions even if it means charting new constitutional ground.

question

The U.S. Tax Court

answer

_____ is a legislative court.

question

Many question whether the framers intended that the courts should have the power to declare state and federal laws unconstitutional.

answer

What is a primary criticism of judicial review in the United States today?

question

The Supreme Court sought to protect property rights and pursue the idea of nationalism over states' rights.

answer

Which best describes the actions of the Supreme Court from 1801 - 1835 when Chief Justice John Marshall presided over it?

question

occurs among both liberal and conservative judges

answer

The use of judicial activism _____.

STUDY

Cross Sectional Data Decision Making Econometrics Time Series Data

USC GEOL 130 Mid-Term 3 – Flashcards 124 terms

Margaret Bruce

124 terms

Preview

USC GEOL 130 Mid-Term 3 – Flashcards

question

Time Series Plot

answer

Temporal series of a value (any graph with time and one other variable)

question

Two Definitions of Time

answer

A fundamental dimension of the universe in which events occur in a sequence and a human construct used to quantify motions by comparing the durations of events and the intervals between them.

question

How many arrows of time are there?

answer

question

What are the 6 arrows of time?

answer

Entropy arrow, cosmological arrow, radiative arrow, quantum arrow, causality arrow, and psychological arrow

question

What is the influence of technology of time?

answer

Clocks (all kinds - water, hourglass, sundials) enable humans to quantify time

question

What is a second defined as?

answer

Around 9 billion oscillations of a cesium atom

question

Christian Huygens (1657)

answer

Pendulum clock

question

Robert Hooke (1658)

answer

Spring clock

question

Carl August (1839)

answer

Electronic clock

question

Clock 1948

answer

Atomic clock

question

What are the most advanced clocks we have?

answer

Laser clocks

question

Catastrophism

answer

Accepted primarily up to 1850, Earth was stable until some act of God caused a huge natural disaster that shifted a bunch of stuff around on the Earth, fit with a young Earth

question

In the Middle Ages, what did most people believe the age of the Earth to be?

answer

Around 6000 years old

question

Leonardo Da Vinci 1500

answer

Deduced that the fossils he found in rocks were found in communities and groups because they existed at the same time, combatted catastrophism because this idea fit better with seasonal flooding

question

Steno 1669

answer

Found fossils beneath buildings, so thought that the Earth must be greater than 3000 years old

question

Robert Hooke 1670

answer

Fossils are the remains of old living organisms who didn't live at the same time -> could use this to date rocks

question

William Smith 1700's

answer

Modern geologic mapping started

question

1785-1795 James Hutton

answer

"Founder" of modern geology - recognized that the rock record is important

question

Uniformitarianism

answer

James Hutton 1785, gradual changes in the Earth, internal dynamic heat engine

question

Steno (1600's)

answer

Superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity, unconformities, fossil succession, cross-cutting relationships

question

Superposition

answer

Oldest layer at bottom, youngest on top

question

Original Horizontality

answer

Bumps and stuff in the Earth must have gone through something to disturb the horizontal layers

question

Lateral Continuity

answer

Layers were once continuous, but may now be cut by a river or body of water or something

question

Unconformities

answer

Notable changes in the rock sequence (e.g. angular, non-conformities, disconformities and paraconformities)

question

Fossil Succession

answer

Fossils can be used to date the rocks, fossils go from oldest to youngest

question

Crosscutting Relationships

answer

Something that cuts across another must be younger than the material being cut

question

What is the time scale hierarchy?

answer

Eons, eras, periods, epochs

question

What are the eras for the Phanerozoic eon?

answer

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

question

What are the eons that make up the Precambrian eon?

answer

Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic

question

Is the geologic scale a relative or absolute scale?

answer

Relative

question

Relative Dating

answer

Can tell age relative to other things

question

Absolute Dating

answer

Can calculate an age in millions of years

question

What are some seasonal patterns that can help to date something absolutely?

answer

Tree rings, growth rings on shells and fish scales, varve sequences

question

Wilhelm Roentgen 1895

answer

Discovered x-rays

question

Henri Becquerel 1896

answer

Discovered weak emissions from uranium compounds - called radioactivity by Marie Curie

question

Radioactive Decay

answer

Some isotopes are unstable and decay at a constant rate to a stable configuration. Parent isotope --> stable daughter isotope + heat + nuclear particles

question

The average rate of decay is only a function of...?

answer

Time and amount of the parent isotope

question

Half life

answer

Time it takes for half of the parent isotopes to decay

question

Ernst Rutherford 1907

answer

Suggested that he could use radioactive decay to date rocks

question

What is the formula for the age of something undergoing radioactive decay?

answer

Amount daughter/amount parent*decay rate

question

What are some assumptions we must make in order to use radioactive decay as a method of absolute dating?

answer

We can measure the decay constant, we can accurately measure the amount of parent and daughter isotopes, closed system

question

Who was the first to use radioactive dating to determine the age of a rock?

answer

Bruce Boltwood - he got some around 2.2 billion years old, proving that the Earth was older than 6000 years old

question

When you combine the geologic record with absolute dating what do you get?

answer

A calibrated time scale

question

What is the accepted age of the Earth today?

answer

4.55 +- 0.7 b.y. old

question

What is the age of the sun?

answer

4.5-5 b.y. old

question

What is the age of the moon?

answer

3-4.5 b.y. old

question

What are the ages of meteorites?

answer

4-5 b.y. old

question

What is the age of the oldest known galaxy?

answer

10-15 b.y. old

question

What is the age of the oldest atoms?

answer

7-15 b.y. old

question

What is the age of the universe?

answer

13.75 b.y. old

question

What are the implications of cosmological dating?

answer

Universe has a finite age, much older than previously thought, our solar system came about in the latter 3rd of the universe's existence, atoms are just getting recycled

question

When was the beginning of geophysics?

answer

After Newton's laws and around the start of geologic mapping (1700s)

question

What was the average density of the Earth found in the 1700s?

answer

5.5 g/cm^3

question

James Hutton's Beliefs

answer

Dynamic view of Earth as an internal heat engine, igneous rocks formed by melting and intruding upwards, uniformitarianism (Earth is slowly evolving over time), Earth history is very old

question

JD Dana 1873

answer

Meteorites are parts of planets

question

Three main divisions of earth

answer

Core, mantle, lithosphere

question

1934 W.M. Elsasser

answer

Found that the flow in the outer core causes Earth's magnetic field

question

What are the divisions of a meteorite?

answer

Iron core and achrondritic outer parts

question

What makes up geophysics today?

answer

Gravity, magnetics, heat flow, seismic waves, Earth precession

question

What are the two parts of Earth's core?

answer

Solid and liquid

question

What are the two parts of the mantle?

answer

Mesosphere and asthenosphere

question

Which part of the mantle melts and flows the most?

answer

Asthenosphere

question

What are the four parts of the lithosphere?

answer

Solid mantle, moho, oceanic crust, continental crust

question

What are some observations that supported continental drift?

answer

Similar fossils on different continents, continuous mountain ranges, puzzle-piece shapes

question

F.B. Taylor 1908-10

answer

Argued for continental drift, tried to explain orogenic (mountain) belts, discovered midatlantic ridge, also believed that continents were derived from the North Pole, gravitational forces moved continents, quickly disregarded

question

Alfred Wegener 1910

answer

Noticed puzzle-likeness of continents, shared glacial and other geologic features, shared plant and animal fossils, shared climatic zones, reconstructed Pangea, still thought gravity and tidal forces of sun and moon did it, islands are parts of continents left behind, ideas were not generally accepted because no one agreed about how continents moved

question

What were three theories (before ocean floor spreading) that explain the motion of the continents?

answer

Former continents sinking and ocean rising, continental drift, both ocean and continents pulled apart

question

Arther Holmes 1945

answer

Proposed mantle convection as the cause of continental drift

question

Upflowing

answer

Rifting or pulling apart

question

Downflowing

answer

Trenches, zones of collision, orogeny, earthquakes, magmatism

question

Harry Hess WWII

answer

Used sonar to record bathymetry, we now had maps of the ocean floor including mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, transform faults, and island chains

question

What is in the center of a mid-oceanic ridge?

answer

Axial valley

question

Why do transform faults exist?

answer

Plates aren't flat

question

What is a hotspot?

answer

A place where asthenospheric upwelling is relatively fixed in relation to the lithosphere

question

What can hotspots create?

answer

Island chains

question

What is paleomagnetism?

answer

Rocks have certain magnetic minerals that can help reveal the magnetic polarity of the Earth at a certain time

question

What is magnetic polarity?

answer

It means the Earth's polarity isn't fixed and has shifted and flipped over the years

question

What does paleomagnetism give us?

answer

Latitude (N-S movement of continents), direction to magnetic pole, and polarity of Earth's magnetic field

question

Are ocean floors younger or older than continental plates?

answer

Younger (constantly being recycled)

question

Plate Tectonics New Paradigm

answer

Harry Hess was heavily involved, MORS, trenches, continental plates move driven by mantle convection and SFS, different from continental drift theory since oceans are neither old nor stable

question

What are the 7 large plates of the lithosphere?

answer

Australian, Pacific, North American, South American, Eurasian, African, Antartic

question

What are the three main types of plate boundaries?

answer

Convergent, divergent, transform

question

What are the more explosive volcanoes found alongside?

answer

Trenches

question

Where are most earthquakes found alongside?

answer

Trenches

question

Who had the idea of an Earth-centered universe?

answer

Aristotle/Ptolemy

question

Who had the idea of a heliocentric system?

answer

Copernicus

question

Who did a lot of work to prove this heliocentric system?

answer

Galileo

question

Who came up with the mathematical relationships of the heliocentric universe?

answer

Newton

question

Hubble's Law

answer

The farther away galaxies are, the faster they're moving away (expanding universe), allowed us to reverse the process to estimate the time of the Big Bang

question

What scientific theory does the Big Bang Theory fit best with?

answer

GTR, they both agree on singularities

question

What is a singularity?

answer

All mass at one point (massive black hole)

question

Can science address the universe before the Big Bang?

answer

question

What were the stages of formation in the Big Bang?

answer

Near immediately subatomic particles formed, then they formed a nuclei, then it took around 500,000 years to form atoms, then material condensed into stars planets and galaxies due to gravitational attraction

question

Evidence for Big Bang

answer

Hubble's law (accelerating red shift of stars), background radiation, and the GTR

question

What is stellar red shift?

answer

We study the light intensity of stars once, then when we do it again the intensity has lowered (red shift), meaning that the star is moving away from us, we interpret this as an expanding universe

question

Spacetime

answer

Four-dimensional continuum, need four real numbers to identify one point (called an event), distance between two points is called a spacetime interval

question

What are some ways we can measure star distance?

answer

Parallax, stellar motions, moving clusters

question

What is background radiation?

answer

Two guys who worked at a phone company discovered faint microwave signals that was the same in all directions. This was the result of the big bang explosion

question

If curvature of the universe is positive then...?

answer

The universe has a finite size

question

Stellar Evolution I

answer

Form from gas nebula by gravitational attraction, H+H contracts to form He, heat and pressure balance gravitational force when star is stable, when H fuel is gone, star collapse to white dwarf

question

Nebular Hypothesis

answer

5 b.y. ago nebula started to contract and spin, ultimately formed galaxies

question

Stellar Evolution II

answer

Stars like our sun become Red Giants and then White Dwarfs, but much larger stars turn into supernovas and even black holes if they are large enough

question

Black Holes

answer

Region where no light escapes surrounding a singularity

question

Evidence for Black Holes

answer

Gravitational force is huge, perpendicular energy columns, supernova that turn into dark regions, quantum particle behavior at event horizon

question

Quasars

answer

Giant black holes that pulse

question

Bosons

answer

Massless particles that carry out four fundamental forces in universe, formed with anti-particle and recombine and annihilate each other

question

Dark Matter

answer

Explains light bending, gravitational lensing, and Pioneer anomaly

question

Fritz Zwicky 1934

answer

Postulated dark matter

question

Dark Energy

answer

Form of energy with a strong negative pressure acting against gravity, wanting to expand the universe

question

The total mass/energy of the universe is made of...?

answer

4% visible matter, 21% dark matter, 75% dark energy

question

What is chaos qualitatively?

answer

A class of systems with unpredictable, but not random behavior embodied within the mathematical field of dynamical systems (highly sensitive to initial conditions - deterministic)

question

Randomness

answer

Behavior or value independent of previous behavior or value

question

Discreteness

answer

Since we only measure systems at discrete times (though the systems are continuous), we have incomplete knowledge of what is happening between the measurments

question

Dynamism

answer

Non-linear systems that can change their behavior through time (we cannot predict it)

question

Feedback

answer

Nonlinear systems - future value of a process depends on past value of a process. Positive (goes same way), and negative (goes different way)

question

Edward Lorentz 1917-2008

answer

First to use equations to try to predict weather, when he made small changes sometimes he got big changes in output

question

Butterfly Effect

answer

Chaos: if a butterfly flaps its wings then it may mean that it will rain tomorrow

question

Dynamical Systems

answer

Mathematical equations that encompass chaos incorporating feedback

question

How can you quantify chaos?

answer

Time series, phase portraits, strange attractors, limit cycles, bifurcation plots

question

Fractal Systems

answer

Have self-similarity

question

Benoit Mandelbrot 1924

answer

Interested in visual patterns of variability, spatial - length of coastlines, temporal - cotton prices, founded Noah and Joseph effects

question

Noah Effect

answer

Sudden discontinuous changes can occur

question

Joseph Effect

answer

Persistence of a value can occur for a while yet suddenly change afterwards

question

Fractal Patterns

answer

Spatial characterization of temporal processes of dynamical systems

STUDY

Cross Sectional Data Social Security Numbers

BANA: Chapter 1 – Flashcards 60 terms

William Hopper

60 terms

Preview

BANA: Chapter 1 – Flashcards

question

Methods for developing useful decision-making information from large data bases is known as a. data manipulation b. data monitoring c. data base conversion d. data mining

answer

d. data mining

question

The process of capturing, storing, and maintaining data is known as a. data manipulation b. data monitoring c. data warehousing d. category analysis

answer

c. data warehousing

question

The subject of data mining deals with a. methods for developing useful decision-making information from large data bases b. keeping data secure so that unauthorized individuals cannot access the data c. computational procedure for data analysis d. computing the average for data

answer

a. methods for developing useful decision-making information from large data bases

question

In a questionnaire, respondents are asked to mark their gender as male or female. Gender is an example of the a. ordinal scale b. nominal scale c. ratio scale d. interval scale

answer

b. nominal scale

question

The nominal scale of measurement has the properties of the a. ordinal scale b. only interval scale c. ratio scale d. None of these alternatives is correct.

answer

d. None of these alternatives is correct.

question

The scale of measurement that is used to rank order the observation for a variable is called the a. ratio scale b. ordinal scale c. nominal scale d. interval scale

answer

b. ordinal scale

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Some hotels ask their guests to rate the hotel's services as excellent, very good, good, and poor. This is an example of the a. ordinal scale b. ratio scale c. nominal scale d. interval scale

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a. ordinal scale

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The ordinal scale of measurement has the properties of the a. ratio scale b. interval scale c. nominal scale d. ratio and interval scales

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c. nominal scale

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The ratio scale of measurement has the properties of a. only the ordinal scale b. only the nominal scale c. the rank scale d. the interval scale

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d. the interval scale

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Temperature is an example of a variable that uses a. the ratio scale b. the interval scale c. the ordinal scale d. either the ratio or the ordinal scale

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b. the interval scale

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The interval scale of measurement has the properties of the a. ratio and nominal scales b. ratio and ordinal scales c. ratio scale d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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Arithmetic operations are inappropriate for a. the ratio scale b. the interval scale c. both the ratio and interval scales d. the nominal scale

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d. the nominal scale

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Income is an example of a variable that uses the a. ratio scale b. interval scale c. nominal scale d. ordinal scale

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a. ratio scale

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Data obtained from a nominal scale a. must be alphabetic b. can be either numeric or nonnumeric c. must be numeric d. must rank order the data

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b. can be either numeric or nonnumeric

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The scale of measurement that has an inherent zero value defined is the a. ratio scale b. nominal scale c. ordinal scale d. interval scale

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a. ratio scale

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Arithmetic operations are appropriate for a. only the ratio scale b. only the interval scale c. the nominal scale d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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Quantitative data refers to data obtained with a(n) a. ordinal scale b. nominal scale c. either interval or ratio scale d. only interval scale

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c. either interval or ratio scale

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Data a. are always be numeric b. are always nonnumeric c. are the raw material of statistics d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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c. are the raw material of statistics

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The entities on which data are collected are a. elements b. populations c. samples d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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a. elements

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The set of measurements collected for a particular element is (are) called a. variables b. observations c. samples d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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b. observations

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A characteristic of interest for the elements is called a(n) a. sample b. data set c. variable d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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c. variable

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All the data collected in a particular study are referred to as the a. inference b. variable c. data set d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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c. data set

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Another name for "observations" is a. views b. variables c. cases d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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c. cases

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Quantitative data a. are always nonnumeric b. may be either numeric or nonnumeric c. are always numeric d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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c. are always numeric

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In a questionnaire, respondents are asked to mark their gender as male or female. Gender is an example of a a. categorical variable b. quantitative variable c. categorical or quantitative variable, depending on how the respondents answered the question d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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a. categorical variable

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The number of cases will always be the same as the number of a. variables b. elements c. data sets d. data

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b. elements

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Categorical data a. must be numeric b. must be nonnumeric c. cannot be numeric d. may be either numeric or nonnumeric

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d. may be either numeric or nonnumeric

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Categorical data a. indicate either how much or how many b. cannot be numeric c. are labels used to identify attributes of elements d. must be nonnumeric

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c. are labels used to identify attributes of elements

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Ordinary arithmetic operations are meaningful a. only with categorical data b. only with quantitative data c. either with quantitative or categorical data d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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b. only with quantitative data

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Social security numbers consist of numeric values. Therefore, social security is an example of a. a quantitative variable b. either a quantitative or a categorical variable c. an exchange variable d. a categorical variable

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d. a categorical variable

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Temperature is an example of a. a categorical variable b. a quantitative variable c. either a quantitative or categorical variable d. neither a quantitative nor categorical variable

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b. a quantitative variable

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For ease of data entry into a university database, 1 denotes that the student is an undergraduate and 2 indicates that the student is a graduate student. In this case data are a. categorical b. quantitative c. either categorical or quantitative d. neither categorical nor quantitative

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a. categorical

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Arithmetic operations are inappropriate for a. categorical data b. quantitative data c. both categorical and quantitative data d. large data sets

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a. categorical data

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Income is an example of a. categorical data b. either categorical or quantitative data c. dollar data d. quantitative data

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d. quantitative data

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Data collected at the same, or approximately the same, point in time are a. time series data b. approximate time series data c. crossectional data d. approximate data

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c. crossectional data

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Data collected over several time periods are a. time series data b. time controlled data c. crossectional data d. time crossectional data

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a. time series data

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Statistical studies in which researchers do not control variables of interest are a. experimental studies b. uncontrolled experimental studies c. not of any value d. observational studies

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d. observational studies

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Statistical studies in which researchers control variables of interest are a. experimental studies b. control observational studies c. non-experimental studies d. observational studies

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a. experimental studies

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The summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical, are referred to as a. inferential statistics b. Data and Statistics c. statistical inference d. report generation

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b. Data and Statistics

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Statistical inference a. refers to the process of drawing inferences about the sample based on the characteristics of the population b. is the same as Data and Statistics c. is the process of drawing inferences about the population based on the information taken from the sample d. is the same as a census

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c. is the process of drawing inferences about the population based on the information taken from the sample

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The collection of all elements of interest in a particular study is a. the population b. the sampling c. statistical inference d. Data and Statistics

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a. the population

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A portion of the population selected to represent the population is called a. statistical inference b. Data and Statistics c. a census d. a sample

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d. a sample

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One hundred students from a large university were asked about their opinion on the new health care program. The 100 represents a. a sample b. a population c. statistical inference d. data and statistics

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a. a sample

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In a sample of 400 students in a university, 80, or 20%, are Business majors. Based on the above information, the school's paper reported that "20% of all the students at the university are Business majors." This report is an example of a. a sample b. a population c. statistical inference d. Data and Statistics

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c. statistical inference

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Five hundred residents of a city are polled to obtain information on voting intentions in an upcoming city election. The five hundred residents in this study is an example of a(n) a. census b. sample c. observation d. population

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b. sample

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A statistics professor asked students in a class their ages. On the basis of this information, the professor states that the average age of all the students in the university is 24 years. This is an example of a. a census b. Data and Statistics c. an experiment d. statistical inference

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d. statistical inference

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The owner of a factory regularly requests a graphical summary of all employees' salaries. The graphical summary of salaries is an example of a. a sample b. Data and Statistics c. statistical inference d. an experiment

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b. Data and Statistics

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The Department of Transportation of a city has noted that on the average there are 17 accidents per day. The average number of accidents is an example of a. Data and Statistics b. statistical inference c. a sample d. a population

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a. Data and Statistics

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The process of analyzing sample data in order to draw conclusions about the characteristics of a population is called a. Data and Statistics b. statistical inference c. data analysis d. data summarization

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b. statistical inference

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In a post office, the mailboxes are numbered from 1 to 4,500. These numbers represent a. categorical data b. quantitative data c. either categorical or quantitative data d. since the numbers are sequential, the data is quantitative

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a. categorical data

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The average age in a sample of 190 students at City College is 22. As a result of this sample, it can be concluded that the average age of all the students at City College a. must be more than 22, since the population is always larger than the sample b. must be less than 22, since the sample is only a part of the population c. could not be 22 d. could be larger, smaller, or equal to 22

answer

d. could be larger, smaller, or equal to 22

question

Since a sample is a subset of the population, the sample mean a. is always smaller than the mean of the population b. is always larger than the mean of the population c. must be equal to the mean of the population d. can be larger, smaller, or equal to the mean of the population

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d. can be larger, smaller, or equal to the mean of the population

question

The scale of measurement that is simply a label for the purpose of identifying the attribute of an element is the a. ratio scale b. nominal scale c. ordinal scale d. interval scale

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b. nominal scale

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In a data set, the number of elements will always be the same as the number of a. independent variables b. observations c. data points d. dependent variables

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b. observations

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Which of the following is not a scale of measurement? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. primal

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d. primal

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Which of the following is a scale of measurement? a. ratio b. primal c. divisional d. remedial

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a. ratio

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Which scale of measurement can be either numeric or nonnumeric? a. nominal b. ratio c. interval d. None of these alternatives is correct.

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a. nominal

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Which of the following variables use the ratio scale of measurement? a. social security number b. temperature c. gender d. income

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d. income

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The weight of a candy bar in ounces is an example of a. categorical data b. either categorical or quantitative data c. weight data d. quantitative data

answer

d. quantitative data

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The height of a building, measured in feet, is an example of a. categorical data b. either categorical or quantitative data c. feet data d. quantitative data

answer

d. quantitative data

STUDY

Cross Sectional Data Introductory Sociology Social Theory Sociology

sociology ch 2 – Flashcards 68 terms

Daniel Thompson

68 terms

Preview

sociology ch 2 – Flashcards

question

social theories

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systematic ideas about the relation-ship between individuals and societies

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classical social theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

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characterized by 4 key transitions: economy changed from farming to industry, people moved to cities, democracies became prominent, decline in religious influence

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Marx

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came up with the idea that the way humans produce things they need to live is the essential foundation of any society ; it's economic system and it's relationships between individuals and groups is the defining feature of how the society works

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classes

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those groups of people who share a similar set of economic interests (Marx)

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modes of production

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ancient societies based on slavery, feudalism characterized by large agrarian societies with a tiny group of land owners, capitalism which is economies organized around market-based exchange (Marx)

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forces of production

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each model of production consists of this; the technological and productive capacity of any society at a given time (tools) (Marx)

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social relations of production

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each model of production consists of this; the relationships and inequalities between different kinds of people within the economy (how people are organized to carry out tasks needed to produce things) (Marx)

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bourgeoisie

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possessed special resources called capital; could hire people to work for them (Marx)

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proletariat

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the working class; would overthrow capitalism in favor of a socialist society (Marx)

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socialist society

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the production forces of society are owned by everyone

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class struggle

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the idea that classes of people who are treated so differently by the economic system are inevitably going to be in conflict with one another

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social facts/ social forces

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those regularities and rules of everyday life that every human community has; they are social because they arise from human action and facts because we are born into a world with rules and customs that we obliged to obey to fit in

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Durkeim

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responsible for many contributions to sociology, namely: his development of the concept of the social fact, his analysis of the roots of social solidarity, and his analysis of religion as a force in modern life

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socialization

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the way we learn how to behave in society

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social solidarity

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two types: mechanical and organic; came about when Durkheim wondered where the shared moral and connections between individuals come from

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mechanical solidatiry

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dominant form of solidarity in "primitive" societies, which are built around extended families or clans linked into tribes; very minimal division of labor with an economic base consisting of hunting and gathering

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organic solidarity

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dominant form of solidarity found in modern societies; a very extensive division of labor and mutual dependence among people can be found

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mechanical solidarity versus organic solidarity

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in mechanical, people stick together because they were engaged in much of the same or similar activities and therefore had a shared worldview in organic, people stick together because society perceives freedom as an individual right so central that it becomes sacred

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sacred

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those objects, places, and symbols that are set apart from daily life and elicit awe and reverence, sustained by myths and rituals (did not require reference to the supernatural)

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interpretive sociology

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the idea by Weber that sociology is a science concerning itself with the interpretative understanding of social action

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types of social action

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instrumental rationality value rationality affectual motives traditional motives (Weber)

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power

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a person's ability to achieve his or her objective even if someone else wants to try to prevent it (Weber)

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authority

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Weber; the capacity to get people to do things because they think that they should abide by the commands of people above them (thru legitimacy)

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legitimacy

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Weber; when leaders have this, we obey them not because of force but because we believe obeying their orders is the right thing to do (traditional, charismatic, legal-rational)

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traditional authority

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legitimacy arising out of tradition. common in societies with rigid social structures

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charismatic authority

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legitimacy that arises out of the perception that a leader is endowed with special powers or gifts

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legal-rational authority

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legitimacy based on explicit rules. most obviously displayed in the rise of on of the pillars of modern life: bureaucracy

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charisma

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"gift of grace"; a charismatic figure possesses the power to break through traditional authority

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status groups

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Weber; groups of people with similar kinds of attributes or identities such as those based on religion, ethnicity, or race (more than just classes- includes religion, ethnicity, etc)

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stratification system

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those inequalities between groups that persist over time

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social closure

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the various ways that groups seek to close off access to opportunities or rewards; can be formalized in laws

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Georg Simmel

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believed that a key aspect is that any individual stands at the intersection point of overlapping social circles and societies are built upon these circles; social distance, network analysis, social networks

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Max Weber

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considered the role of individual action and behavior as a foundation for social order; interpretative sociology, power, authority, and legitimacy, status groups, stratification system

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social distance

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Simmel; a way of describing the importance of how close or distant the individuals in groups are, or groups themselves, are from one another "stranger" is someone who is a member of a group but never accepted as a full member, versus "outsider" who is never part of the group, "insider" who is fully part of the group

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network analysis

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Simmel; the study of how individuals are connected to other individuals and the consequences of those connections

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social networks

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Simmel; people (including strangers) who are tied together in ways they don't typically notice

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racism

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the assumption that members of a racial group are inherently inferior to other races

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Du Bois

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formed the NAACP; discussed the role of racism and how it impacted AA

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structural functionalism

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a theory of society in which individuals, groups, and the institutions of any society are guided by an overarching social system

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three critical ideas of structural functionalism

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1. enduring features of society can ultimately be explained in terms of their "functional" purpose 2. individuals are heavily shaped and constrained by the social system in which they are living 3. conflicts are minimized by the social system as individuals learn and accept their place

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natural selection

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advantageous traits were selected over traits that were not, generation by generation Parsons expanded this to how society evolved

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conflict theory

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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

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symbolic interactionism

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a theory of society which focuses on how people interact with one another and the role that symbols play in those interactions -understanding everyday social interaction (eating together) lies at the heart of understanding society

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impression management

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strategically organizing our behavior to communicate certain ideas about who we are

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neo-Marxism

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idea was to expand upon Marx's original ideas about politics to develop a theory of the capitalist state developed new understandings of how and why gov't in capitalist societies make policies in interests of capitalist class, and sometimes make concessions to the working class

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capitalist state

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the governing institutions of a capitalist society

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capitalist world system

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capitalism is an economic system that exists not just within countries but also exists in the economic relationship between countries (rich exploit poor)

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globalism

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the increasing flow of goods and services across national borders

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feminist social theory

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placed gender and gender inequality at the center of its theoretical lens challenging many of the assumptions of classical social theory

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patriarchy

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the idea that societies are set up to ensure that women are systematically controlled and devalued

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sex

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biological characteristic

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gender

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the social meaning attached to being a "man" or "woman"

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social constructions

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societies create gender categories, which are not natural outcomes of biological differences

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sex differences

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the different ways the world worked for men and women; social theories had ignored women and were based on male realities

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psychoanalysis

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the study of the conscious and unconscious individual mind and its influence on individual behavior

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intersectionality

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a focus on linkages among disadvantaged groups; ex: experience of gender is different for rich, or white, or minority women

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Foucalt's theory of how power operates

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we live in a disciplinary society; idea of the watch tower in the prison societies are structured so that we are subject to a disciplining power that we can't see but is all around us

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Bourdieu

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social theory attempted to combine ways in which individu-als behave in the context of class differences of which they are largely unaware. focused on class; habitus saw different forms of capital as providing different pathways into the class system (poor reputation might not matter if you're rich)

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habitus

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Bourdieu; differences in class emerge from the fact that each individual has these, which disposes us to act in certain ways in certain situations

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cultural capital

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according to Bourdieu, refers to knowl-edge about what is considered "high" or respected culture, expressed most clearly in certain people's capacity to be able to talk intelligently about art or literature; those who have cultural capital are those whom we judge to be "cul-tured."

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social capital

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Bourdieu; resources based on who you know and can call upon for help when you need it

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symbolic capital

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Bourdieu; your reputation

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middle-range theories

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theories that make spe-cific, researchable propositions about particular aspects of society that consciously connect social structure with individual action

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analytical sociology

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the idea that sociologists must study the relationship between the "macro" aspects of societies (e.g., institutions, organizations, the economy) and the "micro" aspects of how and why individuals make the choices that they do. define their approach as structural individualism

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structural individualism

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idea that societies rest on the choices and actions that individuals make, individually and together, even though these choices and the actions that follow from them are always con-strained by society as a whole

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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the idea that if you start to think or predict something will happen, it becomes more likely to actually happen than if you had not

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unanticipated consequences of social action

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the idea that the outcomes of any action we undertake may well be unanticipated, as for example when we get a dog for companionship but soon make new human friends we meet at the dog park

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mechanisms

answer

the processes in which one thing causes something else; "cogs and wheels" of social life

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