Calvin Cycle Takes Place In Flashcards, test questions and answers
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We've found 5 Calvin Cycle Takes Place In tests
AP Biology
Biology
Calvin Cycle Takes Place In
Cell Biology
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Study Guide Notes – Flashcards 27 terms
27 terms
Preview
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Study Guide Notes – Flashcards
question
Write the photosynthesis equation
answer
6CO2+6H2O+Light = C6H12O6+6O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light = Glucose + Oxygen
question
Write the Cellular Respiration Equation
answer
6O2+C6H12O6= 6CO2+6H2O+Light Oxygen + Glucose=Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light
question
What is a light reaction?
answer
Electron Transport Chain
question
Where does the light reaction/electron transport chain take place?
answer
In the Thylakoid Membrane
question
Chloroplasts are filled with what
answer
Chlorophyll
question
What is a dark reaction or a light independent reaction?
answer
Calvin Cycle or Krebs Cycle
question
Where does a dark reaction/light independent reaction take place?
answer
Stroma
question
What happens in a Dark Reaction/light independent reaction?
answer
Takes NADPH and CO2 to make glucose
question
What are 5 things that can affect the rate of photosynthesis ?
answer
1. Water 2. Light 3. Tempeture 4. CO2 5. Color and intensity
question
Why are plants green?
answer
They reflect green light
question
what comes before photosystem I
answer
Photosystem II
question
What happens in a light reaction/electron transport chain?
answer
Light splits water to make NADPH and ATP
question
What is Glycolysis?
answer
Splitting glucose to make Pyruvates
question
What is Aerobic?
answer
With oxygen
question
What is Anaerobic?
answer
Without oxygen
question
Where does Glycolysis take place?
answer
In the cytoplasm
question
What does glycolysis do when there is no oxygen present to use?
answer
It uses either Lactic Acid Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation, or just fermentation
question
What factors control the rate of Cellular Reparation? (4)
answer
1. Glucose 2. Water 3. Oxygen 4. Tempeture
question
If you body has to use a fermentation what does it end up making?
answer
Pyruvic Acid
question
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
answer
In the mitochondria
question
What does the Krebs Cycle need to work?
answer
Pyruvic Acid and NAD and FAD
question
Where do the products of the Krebs Cycle go to?
answer
The Electron Transport Chain
question
What is the waste of the Krebs Cycle?
answer
Carbon Dioxide
question
Are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
answer
NADH, FADH2, and ATP
question
What does the Electron Transport Chain need to work?
answer
NADH, FADH2, and ATP
question
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?
answer
The Matrix of the Mitochondria
question
What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?
answer
Uses to create graident of hydrogen and uses ATP synthase to make 36 ATP
AP Biology
Biology
Calvin Cycle Takes Place In
Cell Biology
Make Their Own Food
Biology Ch 8 Photosynthesis Study Guide – Flashcards 67 terms
67 terms
Preview
Biology Ch 8 Photosynthesis Study Guide – Flashcards
question
autotrophs
answer
organisms such as plants, which make their own food from sunlight or chemicals
question
heterotrophs
answer
organisms, such as animals, that obtain energy from the foods they consume
question
Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?
answer
Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
question
What is the role of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cellular activities?
answer
ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.
question
photosynthesis
answer
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
question
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
answer
carbon dioxide + water —> sugars + oxygen
question
What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
answer
Light is a form of energy and chlorophyll absorbs light and the energy from the light.
question
chlorophyll
answer
principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy
question
Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules are called...
answer
pigments
question
What happens in the light-dependent reactions?
answer
... use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. It takes place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
question
What is the Calvin cycle?
answer
... uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reations to produce high-energy sugars. It takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does NOT require light.
question
thylakoid
answer
saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
question
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as...
answer
photosystems
question
stroma
answer
the region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
question
NADP+
answer
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
question
light-dependent reactions
answer
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
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ATP synthase
answer
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
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Which are autotrophs?
answer
plants, mushrooms
question
One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is...
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ATP
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In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires...
answer
water and carbon dioxide
question
The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll...
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reflects green light
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The products of photosynthesis are...
answer
sugars and oxygen
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The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is...
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Absorption of light
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Which substances from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
answer
ATP & NADPH
question
The light independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the...
answer
Calvin cycle
question
How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?
answer
heterotrophs obtain energy from the food they eat. autotrophs obtain energy from the sunlight
question
Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule.
answer
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
question
Use the analogy of battery to explain how energy is stored in and released from ATP.
answer
ATP can be compared to a fully charged battery because both contain stored energy.
question
Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy.
answer
- A single molecule of the sugar glucose stores more than 90 times the chemical energy of a molecule of ATP. - ATP is used as an immediate source of energy.
question
How were Priestley's and Ingenhousz's discoveries about photosynthesis related?
answer
They both showed that light was necessary for plants to produce oxygen.
question
Write the basic equation for photosynthesis using the names of the starting and final substances of the process.
answer
6CO2 + 6H20 —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water —> sugars + oxygen (NOTE: —> is light)
question
What role do plant pigments plan in the process of photosynthesis?
answer
They gather the sun's energy
question
Explain the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis.
answer
It transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
question
What is the role of ATP synthase? How does it work?
answer
they provide the energy to build energy - containing sugars from low - energy compounds. It allows hydrogen ions out of the thylakoid
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Summarize what happens during the Calvin cycle.
answer
plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.
question
How do the events in the Calvin cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions?
answer
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.
question
Describe three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
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- water - temperature - intensity of light
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the ability to do work
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energy
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All living things require...
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energy
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Autotrophs are plants and some other types of organisms are able to use ________ from the sun to produce _________.
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- light energy - food
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autotrophs
answer
Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
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heterotrophs
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organisms that obtain their energy from food they consume
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Energy comes in many different forms. Give examples.
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- light - heat - electrically - chemical compounds
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Living things use chemical compounds stored and released in cells called...
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ATP or adenosine triphosphate
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains...
answer
a 5 carbon sugar (ribose) & 3 phosphates
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
answer
question
When the bond is broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate in ATP, ______ is released.
answer
energy
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The release of energy when the bond is broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate power these functions:
answer
- active transport - muscle contractions - protein synthesis
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The characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic _____ source of cells.
answer
energy
question
ADP + phosphate —>(energy)—> ATP
(energy)—> ATP" alt="ADP + phosphate —>(energy)—> ATP">
answer
question
When plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugar and starches) and a waste product (oxygen).
answer
photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis Equation
answer
- Reactants —> Products - Carbon Dioxide + water in the presence of light yields sugars & oxygen
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In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires ________ and _________, a molecule in chloroplasts.
answer
light and chlorophyll
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Light is in ___________ form and creates a spectrum from ________ to ______.
answer
- wavelength form - violet to red
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pigments
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light absorbing molecules in plants
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chlorophyll
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the principle pigment in plants
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2 main types of chlorophyll:
answer
chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b
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Where does photosynthesis take place?
answer
in chloroplasts
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Chloroplasts contain tiny sacs like photosynthetic membranes called...
answer
thylakoids
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Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as ...
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grana
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What are the 2 Photosynthesis reactions?
answer
- (1) light dependent (takes place in the thylakoids) - (2) light independent or Calvin cycle (takes place in the stroma - the region outside the thylakoid membranes)
question
Sunlight excites the electrons in ________.
answer
chlorophyll
question
The excited electrons and their energy must be transported by an electron carrier, like _______. This electron carrier can hold ______ electrons and an ion of _________. It is converted into _________ which is trapping sunlight energy into _______ energy. This is the electron ________ _______.
answer
- NADP+ - 2 electrons - hydrogen (H+) - NADPH - chemical energy - electron transport chain
question
Light dependent reactions produce ________ and convert _____ and _______ into the energy carriers ______ and _______.
answer
... oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
question
Light independent cycle
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takes in the stroma and outside the grana
question
The Calvin cycle uses ______ and ______ from the light-dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars.
answer
ATP and NADPH
question
3 factors that affect photosynthesis:
answer
- water supply - temperature - intensity of light
Biology
Calvin Cycle Takes Place In
Cell Biology
Yellow And Green
Mizzou Biology 1010 Exam 2 – Flashcards 140 terms
140 terms
Preview
Mizzou Biology 1010 Exam 2 – Flashcards
question
The light reactions of photosynthesis use ____ and produce _____.
answer
water; NADPH
question
Where does photosynthesis take place?
answer
chloroplasts
question
What connects the two photosystems in light reactions?
answer
an electron transport chain
question
What two molecules are produced by light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle?
answer
NADPH and ATP
question
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
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H2O
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What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
answer
CO2
question
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
answer
NADPH
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The light reactions take place in the ________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _______.
answer
thylakoid membrane; stroma
question
One of the important waste products of photosynthesis is oxygen gas. Where does this oxygen gas come from?
answer
Oxygen is released when water is broken down to extract electrons and protons for use in the light reactions.
question
The light reactions produce _______.
answer
oxygen, NADPH, ATP
question
Thylakoid membranes bring together the components necessary to carry out _____.
answer
light reactions
question
Incoming photons of light energy initiate photosynthesis by _____.
answer
exciting electrons in pigment molecules within the photosystems, raising them to a higher energy level
question
Which option properly summarizes the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
answer
ATP + NADPH + 3CO2 ( G3P
question
An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.
answer
detritivore
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When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.
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secondary consumer
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A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.
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primary consumer
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A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.
answer
tertiary consumer
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What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?
answer
decomposition
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Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere? logging trees, rabbits, burning fossil fuels, bobcats, algae
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algae
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Detritus is composed of _____.
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dead organic matter and excreted wastes
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An organism gets carbon by using carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to make sugar molecules. This organism is a
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producer
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Which organisms play a role in returning carbon to the atmosphere?
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producers, consumers, decomposers
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Every carbon atom in the organic molecules that make up your body MUST recently have been part of
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a producer
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Imagine following a single carbon atom through the carbon cycle. Which of the following is a possible path for the carbon atom to take?
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The atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere
question
Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere?
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cellular respiration
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Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that _____.
answer
requires ATP to make ATP
question
When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins
answer
are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
question
ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during
answer
cellular respiration
question
A small group of 25 predatory birds populates an island. By chance, three members of the population have superior sight, which gives these birds a significant advantage in capturing prey. After hundreds of generations, the population on the island has risen to 1,500 and all of the birds have superior sight compared to the same species on other islands. This is an example of _____.
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evolutionary adaptation
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Human somatic cells (mostly body cells) are
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diploid
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Each somatic cell has two sets of
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23 chromosomes
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A special kind of cell division called meiosis occurs in the ovaries and testes, producing _____
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haploid gametes- eggs and sperm- that carry only one set of 23 chromosomes each
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Fertilization of an egg by a sperm combines two sets of chromosomes, producing a
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diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes
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Meiosis produces _______ and fertilization produces ________.
answer
haploid gametes, diploid organisms
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Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute
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one set of chromosomes to each diploid offspring
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What happens during interphase before meiosis?
answer
chromosomes replicate
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Unlike mitosis, where each chromosome is on its own, in meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up, and each pair separates, producing
answer
two haploid cells with their sister chromatids still joined
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Meiosis II is like _____.
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Mitosis Sister chromatids separate and four haploid cells are formed
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Asexual reproduction is the process in which
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a single individual is reproducing
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Gametes are produced by
answer
meiosis
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Normal human gametes carry
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23 chromosomes
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Once meiosis I is complete, cells are ______.
answer
haploid
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A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.
answer
16
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A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.
answer
False; Mitosis does indeed take place during M phase, but M phase is shorter than interphase; cells spend most of their time in interphase.
question
A certain species of animal has six pairs of chromosomes. How many DNA molecules are present in the nuclei of these animals during G2 phase?
answer
24; DNA replication is completed during S phase, which occurs prior to G2 phase. Since each chromosome (12) is replicated, there are 24 DNA molecules in the nucleus during G2 phase.
question
Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.
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Mitotic Phase
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DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.
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S phase
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Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.
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Interphase
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Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.
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Mitosis
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This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.
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G2 phase
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This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.
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G1 phase
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This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.
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Cytokinesis
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During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
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the mitotic phase
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During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
answer
interphase
question
What occurs during prophase?
answer
Mitotic spindle forming
question
What occurs during metaphase?
answer
Sister chromatids centered
question
What occurs during anaphase?
answer
Chromosomes separating
question
What occurs during telophase and cytokinesis?
answer
Nuclear envelops forming
question
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
answer
The chromosomes must be duplicated.
question
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
answer
Prophase
question
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
answer
Metaphase
question
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
answer
Anaphase
question
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
answer
Telophase
question
At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.
answer
Cytokinesis
question
A _____ is a lump of abnormal cells that, although growing out of control, remains at its original site.
answer
benign tumor
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A _____ is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading throughout the body.
answer
malignant tumor
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_____ is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sights in the body
answer
Metastasis
question
An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have _____.
answer
cancer
question
The most common type of cancer is a _______; this type always originates in tissues that line organs.
answer
carcinoma
question
A normal gene that, if mutated, can lead to cancer is called a _________.
answer
proto-oncogene
question
A gene that causes a cell to become cancerous is called a(n) ______.
answer
oncogene
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A(n) ______________ that encodes proteins that inhibit cell division. Such proteins normally help prevent cells from becoming cancerous.
answer
tumor-suppressor gene
question
A(n) ____________ is a protein that promotes cell division. In excess, such a protein may lead to cancer.
answer
growth factor
question
_____ is a carcinogen that promotes colon cancer.
answer
Fat
question
_____ is a carcinogen that promotes lung cancer.
answer
Smoking
question
______ is a carcinogen that promotes prostate cancer.
answer
Testosterone
question
______ is a carcinogen that promotes uterine cancer.
answer
Estrogen
question
______ is a carcinogen that promotes skin cancers.
answer
UV light
question
_____ are a carcinogen that promotes cancer of lymphatic cells (lymphomas).
answer
Viruses
question
Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
answer
two; haploid
question
Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
answer
four; haploid
question
During _____ sister chromatids separate.
answer
anaphase II
question
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
answer
telophase I
question
Synapsis occurs during _____.
answer
prophase I
question
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.
answer
anaphase I
question
During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.
answer
metaphase II
question
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
answer
telophase II
question
During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
answer
prophase II
question
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
answer
four haploid cells
question
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
answer
interphase
question
During prophase I of meiosis,
answer
homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs
question
The correct order of events during meiosis is
answer
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II
question
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
answer
prophase I
question
Mitosis goes on continuously in most parts of the body, whereas meiosis takes place only in
answer
the gonads
question
Meiosis I is the only time that chromosomes line up by
answer
homologous pairs
question
The centromere is the point of attachment between two
answer
duplicated chromosomes
question
Pairing of homologous chromosomes is followed by
answer
crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
question
Asexual reproduction is a means of creating new individuals solely by
answer
mitosis, the form of cell division that creates genetically identical daughter cells
question
Looking into your microscope, you spot an unusual cell. Instead of the typical rounded cell shape, the cell has a very narrow middle separating two bulging ends. It sort of looks like the number 8! Then you realize that this cell is
answer
undergoing cytokinesis
question
Mutations in the p53 gene can lead to cancer by
answer
causing the production of a faulty protein that is no longer able to inhibit cell division.
question
the conclusion of meiosis I, the daughter cells are _____.
answer
haploid and the sister chromatids
question
Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during
answer
meiosis
question
Genetic diversity is enhanced by
answer
crossing over during meiosis, independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I and random fertilization
question
A ______ is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual
answer
character
question
A ______ is one particular variation of a character.
answer
trait
question
A genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character is called a
answer
monohybrid cross
question
Most human genes come in alternate forms called
answer
alleles.
question
If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the ______ allele.
answer
dominant
question
If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the ______ allele.
answer
recessive
question
The physical traits of an organism
answer
phenotype
question
The genetic makeup of an organism
answer
genotype
question
A cross between two individuals with black eyes and green skin which results in an individual with orange eyes and white skin is an example of a _____ cross.
answer
dihybrid
question
A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a cross indicates that _____.
answer
both parents are heterozygous for both genes
question
In a situation in which genes assort independently, what is the ratio of the gametes produced by an AaBB individual?
answer
1 AB; 1 aB
question
(With some exceptions) DNA is a double-stranded molecule and RNA is a
answer
single-stranded molecule
question
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.
answer
1'......5'
question
Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.
answer
5' to 3'
question
In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.
answer
thymine.. cytosine
question
The central dogma describes how the genes in the nucleus work to produce an organism's phenotype. Another way of putting it is that the central dogma follows the flow of information from _____.
answer
DNA to protein
question
DNA carries out two basic functions in cells: (1) information storage and transfer (genes can be copied and passed to offspring) and (2) the "blueprint" function (genes provide instructions for building proteins). The key process for information storage and transfer to offspring cells is _____.
answer
DNA replication
question
A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that codes for a single protein. Approximately how many nucleotide bases would be required to code for a protein chain that is 100 amino acids long?
answer
300
question
tRNA molecules work to _____.
answer
translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence
question
A particular gene does NOT constantly churn out the same protein at all times in every cell. This is true for two reasons. First, _____ can allow one gene to produce several different proteins. Second, genes are constantly being turned on and off through the process of _____.
answer
mRNA reprocessing...gene regulation
question
Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.
answer
ligase
question
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
answer
each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
question
The action of helicase creates _____
answer
replication forks and replication bubbles
question
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
answer
it is more efficient than assembling completely new strands
question
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
answer
template
question
How do mutations affect an organism?
answer
they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele, of a more beneficial allele, or may have no noticeable effect
question
DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.
answer
small
question
A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:
answer
her egg cells
question
Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?
answer
a G paired with a T
question
Replication occurs in the
answer
nucleus
question
Transcription occurs in the
answer
nucleus
question
Translation occurs in the
answer
ribosomes
question
An insect that has the genotype EeGGcc will have the same phenotype as an insect with the genotype _____.
answer
EEGgcc
question
Assume that in cattle a spotted coat is dominant to an even coat, short horns are dominant to long horns, and the traits for coat type and horn length assort independently. In a cross between cattle that are each heterozygous for both traits, what proportion of their offspring are expected to have long horns?
answer
1/4
question
You cross two fruit trees. One tree produces lemons with spiky leaves. The other produces limes with smooth leaves. Your F1 generation produces lemons with smooth leaves and spiky leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents? L = lemons; l = limes; S = smooth leaf; s = spiky leaf.
answer
LLss and llSs
question
We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of
answer
4 amino acids
question
Consider the following sequence and explain what effect the mutation has on the protein that is translated. UCUAUGUUUCACAGAGGGAAACCCUAACCC (wild type) UCUAUGUUUCACUGAGGGAAACCCUAACCC (mutant)
answer
prematurely stops the translation of the protein
Biology
Calvin Cycle Takes Place In
Cell Biology
Make Their Own Food
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Vocabulary – Flashcards 14 terms
14 terms
Preview
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Vocabulary – Flashcards
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autotroph
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organisms such as plants, which make their own food
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heterotroph
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organisms such as animals, that cannot use the sun's energy directly; obtain energy from the foods they consume
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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one of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy
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photosynthesis
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plant use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates-sugars and starches-and oxygen, a waste product
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pigment
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light-absorbing molecule plants gather
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chlorophyll
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the plant's principal pigment
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thylakoid
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saclike photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts
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photosystem
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clusters where proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments
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stroma
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the region outside the thylakoid membranes
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NADP+
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carrier molecule that accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion
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Light-dependent reactions
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reactions that require light
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ATP synthase
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protein in cell membrane that spans the membrane and allow H+ ions to pass through it
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Calvin Cycle
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when plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time
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Equation for Photosynthesis
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6CO(2)+ 6H(2)0 -(Light)-> C(6)H(12)O(6)+ 6O(2) Carbon dioxide+ water (implies light) = sugars + oxygen
Biology
Calvin Cycle Takes Place In
Cell Biology
Electron Transport System
Photosynthesis (Chromatography) (Lab 4) 22 terms
22 terms
Preview
Photosynthesis (Chromatography) (Lab 4)
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Thylakoid Membrane
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Located in the chloroplasts; where the light (\"photo\") reactions take place
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Stroma
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Fluid inside a chloroplast; where the light independent/calvin cycle occurs (\"synthesis\")
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Photoreceptors
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Trap light energy Many photoreceptors are pigments
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Chlorophylls
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Greenish pigments that occur in all photosynthetic plant tissues and capture light for photosynthesis. Different molecular groups lead to different wavelengths of light absorbed. They also vary in solubility in water and polarity.
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Chlorophyll a
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Essential photosynthetic pigment. Blue-green pigment. Occurs in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria (such as Oscillatoria and Gloeocapsa).
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Chlorophyll b
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Accessory pigment that captures additional light energy and transfers it to chlorophyll a
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Chlorophyll c
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Pigment found in certain types of algae
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Carotenoids
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Yellow, orange, and red pigments. Act as accessory pigments. Also add color to plants and fruit to enhance pollination and fruit dispersal. Two groups: carotenes and xanthophylls
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Accessory Pigments
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Pigments that capture additional light and transfer it to chlorophyll a
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B-Carotene
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Yellow-orange carotene. Essential dietary supplement in animals. Used to form vitamin A.
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Xanthophylls
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Yellow pigments. These pigments are so similar that they cannot be separated from each other using the paper chromatography technique
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Paper Chromatography
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Method used to analyze pigments. Pigment-containing mixture is put on a strip of paper, which is then put into a solvent. The pigments get separated from each other according to polarity. Polar molecules: stick/adsorb to the charged, polar chromatography paper and remain at the base of the paper Nopolar molecules: travel with the solvent (which is nonpolar) and go up the paper
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Adsorb
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To adhere to the surface of another compound without forming a chemical bond
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Reference Front (Rf value)
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distance substance travels from origin (where the pigment is) ------------------------(over)------------------------------------------------- distance solvent travels from origin
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Chromatogram
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A complete array of colored bands (in order from origin to solvent front: chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a, two xanthophylls, and beta-carotene)
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The Hill Reaction
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Photosynthesis can occur without carbon dioxide, as long as there is a source of light and an electron acceptor. Led to the confirmation that water was the source of electrons AND oxygen in the \"photo\"/\"light\" reactions of photosynthesis. Showed that the light and dark reactions can be separated from each other. Showed that the electron transport chain converts light energy into chemical energy
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Photosynthesis
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Chemical reaction that converts non usable carbon dioxide into usable carbon in the form of glucose (light energy from the sun into chemical energy). Consists of 2 phases: light reactions and \"dark\" or \"light independent\" reactions. 6H2O + 6CO2 + light --> C6H12O6+6O2
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Light Dependent/\"Photo\" Reactions
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Occur in the thylakoid membranes. Solar energy excites electrons found in water, water molecules get split (hydrolysis), and NADP+ is reduced (gains electrons), becoming NADPH. Also results in the creation of ATP
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Light Independent/\"Synthesis\" Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
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Occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast. ATP, NADPH, and CO2 are converted into carbohydrates/sugars (specifically glucose).
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Reduced
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RIG: R________ is gained (obtains electrons)
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Oxidized
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OIL: O________ is lost (loses electrons)
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DPIP
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A blue dye that acts as an electron acceptor. In the photosynthesis experiment, used as a substitute for NADP+. Goes through a series of redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions. Changes color from blue to colorless when it has been reduced (electrons have been added), indicating that photosynthesis has occurred
