What are the building blocks of DNA / RNA?

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Biology Building Blocks Of Dna Genetics James Watson And Francis Crick

DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation Study Guide – Flashcards 36 terms

Ethan Carter

36 terms

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DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation Study Guide – Flashcards

question

Nucleotide Structure

answer

Nucleotides are made up of three basic components: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base.

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Watson & Crick

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Watson & Crick's model of DNA was a double helix, in which 2 strands were wound around each other.

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Nucleotide

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Consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

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Nucleotide Image

answer

Circle- phosphate, Pentagon- Sugar, Half Oval- nitrogen base- A,T,G,C

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Adenine pairs to?

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Thymine

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Guanine pairs to?

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Cytosine

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DNA has?

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Deoxyribose sugar

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RNA has?

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Ribose sugar

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RNA has what nitrogen base that DNA doesn't have?

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Uracil

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DNA has what nitrogen base that RNA doesn't have?

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Thymine

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mRNA means?

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Messenger RNA

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tRNA means?

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Transfer RNA

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Transcription takes place in the?

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Nucleus

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In Transcription, A strand of DNA is used as a template to create what?

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A strand of mRNA

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In Transcription, Within a strand of DNA there are two different types of segments, what are those segments?

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Introns and Exons

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In Transcription, Introns do not contain what?

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genes for proteins (aka "non-coding segments")

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In Transcription, Exon contains what?

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genes for proteins

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In Transcription, An enzyme called _____ finds the gene that codes for a protein and starts reading it at the "starting point" called the ____

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RNA polymerase and promoter

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In Transcription, As the RNA polymerase reads the gene, free-floating nucleotides attach together to form a complementary strand of what?

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mRNA (A,U,G,C)

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Transcription does what to the recipe?

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Reads it

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Translation does what to the recipe?

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Makes it

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In Transcription, Every _____ (also known as codon) of mRNA codes for protein building blocks=_____

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3 nucleotide bases and Amino Acid

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In Translation, mRNA travels to the _____ and attaches to a ____

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Cytoplasm and Ribosome

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In Translation, The ribosome does what to the mRNA strand?

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Reads it

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In Translation, tRNA is instructed to an attach amino acid to the mRNA. What is amino acids also known as?

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Protein Building Blocks

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In Translation, after the tRNA attaches the amino acid to the mRNA it forms a polypeptide chain of amino acids called a?

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Protein

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List differences between Transcription and Translation.

answer

Transcription: Reads recipe, Takes place in nucleus, DNA-->mRNA, RNA poly, Has Introns & Exons, 3 nucleotides= codon. Translation: Makes recipe, Takes place in Cytoplasm, Amino Acids, Proteins, mRNA--> protein, Ribosome, tRNA

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DNA Replication does what?

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Copies the recipe, DNA--> DNA

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In DNA Rep., mRNA codons is the?

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Recipe

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What phase of interphase does DNA replicate?

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S phase

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DNA replicates how?

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Semi-conservatively, half the old strand is saved and creates a new complementary strand.

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An enzyme called ____ breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together to "unzip" the DNA.

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Helicase

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In DNA Rep., As DNA is being unzipped, free- floating ____ are attached to the nitrogenous base on each strand.

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Nucleotides

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In DNA Rep., Each new strand formed is called the _____ strand to the original strand.

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Complement

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In protein synthesis practice you do what?

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Change original DNA strand to mRNA strand, then figure out the amino acids that the codons form.

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List all differences in DNA replication from Transcription and Translation.

answer

DNA Replication: DNA copies itself, replicates in S phase, Replicates semi-conservatively, Helicase unzips DNA, nucleotides attach to nitrogenous bases, forms complement strand, copies the recipe, DNA--->DNA, A,T,G,C

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AP Biology Biology Building Blocks Of Dna Cell Biology Genetics IB Biology

Bio 1, Chapter 12 DNA – Flashcards 37 terms

Malcolm Bright

37 terms

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Bio 1, Chapter 12 DNA – Flashcards

question

What does DNA replication results in? What does semi conservative mean in regards to DNA replication?

answer

DNA replication is considered semi conservative because it produces two DNA strands each with one new strand and one original strand

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During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CATTACGGA produces a strand with the bases

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GTAATGCCA.

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Where is DNA located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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Eukaryotes the nucleus and prokaryotes in the cytoplasm

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When does DNA replication happen?

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DNA replication happens before cell division in the S phase of interphase.

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How many copies of chromosomes are left after DNA replication?

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____________adds bases to the new strand of DNA

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DNA Polymerase

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Produced images of DNA molecules using X-rays.

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Franklin

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Used X-ray diffraction to take pictures of DNA. 2nd discovery

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Franklin

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Chargaff showed that adenine and thymine were found in equal percentages in DNA, but he did not know this was because of base-pairing. First discovery

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Chargaff

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Figured out the shape of DNA was a double helix and the two strands in DNA ran in opposite directions. 3rd Discovery

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Watson and Crick

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Discovered that weak hydrogen bonds hold the bases together at the center of a strand of DNA and strong covalent bonds hold the backbone of DNA together

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Watson and Crick

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What structural problem prevents adenine from pairing with guanine and cytosine with thymine?

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Guanine and adenine would be too long. cytosine and thymine would too short.

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True or False: Rosalind Franklin contributed to the understanding of DNA by producing images of DNA molecules using X-rays.

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true

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What stores information in a cell?

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DNA

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What makes up a nucleotide of DNA?

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deoxyribose + phosphate group + a nitrogenous base such as cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine

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What happens when a piece of DNA is missing?

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Genetic information is lost

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DNA makes a good molecule for storing information because

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its bases can be joined together in any order, like the letters of the alphabet can be strung to form different words.

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In what way is DNA like a book?

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DNA has stored information, that can be copied and passed on

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In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what happened to the bacteria that had been infected by viruses that had radioactive DNA, and to the bacteria that had been infected with viruses that had been marked with radioactive proteins?

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The bacteria infected with viruses that had radioactive DNA had become radioactive. The bacteria that had been infected with viruses marked with radioactive proteins were not radioactive.

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Why did Hershey and Chase label the viral DNA with radioactive phosphorous and not radioactive sulfur?

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DNA contains phosphorus and no sulfur.

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What do bacteriophages infect?

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Bacteria

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What is inside a bacteriophage?

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Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA

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True or False : Griffith's experiments advanced the study of genetics by proving that there is a chemical that contains genetic information that can be passed from one organism to another.

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True

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What happened when Griffith injected mice with the harmless, R-strain bacteria alone?

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The mouse lived

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What would happen if Griffith took some of the bacteria from Experiment 4 in Figure 12-11, grew them on culture plates, killed them with heat, and mixed them with harmless bacteria? How could he test this hypothesis? Refer to study guide for figure.

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The harmless bacteria would be transformed into disease-causing bacteria. To test this hypothesis, he could inject the bacteria in to mice and see if the mice develop pneumonia, or he could grow them on plates and observe the colonies that grow.

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What happened to the bacteria and the mice in experiment 4, in Figure 12-11? refer to study guide for figure

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The harmless bacteria were transformed by the heat-killed bacteria, making the harmless bacteria deadly. The mice that were injected with the mixture died.

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In which experiments in Figure 12-11 do the mice live Refer to study guide for figure

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Experiment 2 and 3

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What process did Griffith identify in the series of experiments in Figure 12-11? Refer to study guide for figure.

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Bacterial transformation

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concluded that DNA was the transforming factor.

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Avery

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Griffith called the process he observed transformation because the _______ bacteria had been transformed.

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_____harmless___

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Which bacteria killed the mice in Griffith's transformation experiment?

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The live harmful bacteria (S strain) and the heat-killed, harmful bacteria mixture

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Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.

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Transformation

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kind of virus that infects bacteria

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bacteriophage

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Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

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base pairing

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Process of copying DNA prior to cell division

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replication

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principle enzyme involved in DNA replication

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DNA Polymerase

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repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

answer

telomere

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AP Biology Biology Building Blocks Of Dna

Chapter 12 Mastering Biology – Flashcards 98 terms

Patrick Marsh

98 terms

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Chapter 12 Mastering Biology – Flashcards

question

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism?

answer

a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

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Restriction enzymes _____.

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cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

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The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called _____.

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the polymerase chain reaction

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Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _____.

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size

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A supplemental appendix is to a book as a _____ is to a bacterial chromosome.

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plasmid

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The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____.

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sticky ends

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Which of the following statements best defines recombinant DNA technology?

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combining genes from different sources

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Frequently, genetic engineers use plasmids, which are _____.

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small circlets of DNA found in bacteria

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What does the term vector refer to in genetic engineering?

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a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell

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An enzyme that "cuts" DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotide bases is called _____.

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a restriction enzyme

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A genomic library is _____.

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a collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome

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Copies of cloned genes are stored in a _____.

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genomic library

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DNA synthesized using an RNA template is called _____.

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cDNA

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Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes?

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step B

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Which step in the creation of cDNA involves the use of reverse transcriptase?

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step 3

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When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as

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recombinant DNA

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In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid

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is used as the vector.

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DNA ligase binds

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nucleotides in the DNA backbone together.

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When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein,

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the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.

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_____ are a major source of restriction enzymes.

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Bacterial cells

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Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called

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restriction sites.

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"Sticky ends" are

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DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

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After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme

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DNA ligase

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Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector?

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bacteriophages

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The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is

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reverse transriptase

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A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that

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cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.

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A nucleic acid probe is

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a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene.

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The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is

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Escherichia coli.

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The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are

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mammalian cells.

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The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that

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human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.

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A vaccine works by

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stimulating the immune system.

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Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false?

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DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.

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Golden Rice is golden in color because it is rich in

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beta-carotene

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A transgenic animal is

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an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.

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Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)?

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transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin

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Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms?

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the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

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What purpose does a nucleic acid probe serve?

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It helps identify genes that have been inserted into bacterial plasmids.

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Insulin used for the treatment of diabetes in humans is now obtained from _____.

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bacteria

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The production of genetically identical animals that are carrying recombinant human genes for pharmaceutical purposes, for example using goats to produce antithrombin, is called __________.

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pharming

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Golden rice has been genetically engineered. Golden rice differs from other rice varieties because it contains genes that will produce _____.

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beta-carotene

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Transgenic organisms are only scientifically or commercially useful if _____.

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the inserted ("foreign") gene is expressed in the host organism

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Why is golden rice pale yellow in color?

answer

It is rich in beta-carotene.

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Which of these is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

answer

blindness

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Which of these is a vitamin A precursor?

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beta-carotene

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The transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from genetically engineered bacteria to disease-causing bacteria _____.

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seems unlikely

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Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a health problem for someone with cystic fibrosis?

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obesity

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The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive. An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis

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is a carier.

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If Sophie conceives a child, and the father neither has cystic fibrosis nor is a carrier, what are the chances that the child would have cystic fibrosis?

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0%, because the child must receive the bad gene from both parents

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If Sophie has a brother or sister from the same parents, what are the chances that sibling would have cystic fibrosis?

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25%

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If someone is a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder, it means he or she has __________ of the allele, and __________ exhibit symptoms of the disorder.

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one copy; does not

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Which of the following do you think contributed the most to the success of Rhys' gene therapy?

answer

Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells.

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Theoretically, which of the following diseases should be the easiest to treat through gene therapy, considering the targeted organs and tissues where the corrected gene must be delivered?

answer

diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas

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What does the process of gene therapy involve?

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It adds a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual.

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DNA profiling is a forensic procedure being utilized to identify individuals. This technique _____.

answer

compares the DNA banding patterns of small segments of the genome

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In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___.

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heating

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When is PCR particularly applicable?

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When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze

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What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction?

answer

separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

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DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands?

answer

that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

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What is the function of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

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It can make a large amount of DNA from a tiny amount.

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During the Polymerase Chain Reaction, the two strands of DNA are separated by _____.

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applying heat that breaks the hydrogen bonds connecting the DNA strands

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In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.

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negative ... positive

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DNA moves through a gel toward the positive electrode when an electric charge is applied. What property of DNA allows this movement or migration to occur?

answer

DNA has a negative charge.

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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules on the basis of size. Which of the following DNA molecules would move the slowest?

answer

F plasmid (100 kb)

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The variation that occurs in 13 predetermined sites scattered throughout the human genome can be used to identify individual people. This DNA profile is possible because _____.

answer

an individual is likely to have the same sequence in the same places but with a different number of repeats

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To identify an individual involved in a crime, criminologists analyze DNA from a suspect's blood and compare the __________ to samples found at the crime scene.

answer

short tandem repeat DNA profile

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What does the term restriction fragment length polymorphism mean?

answer

fragments of DNA that are different lengths in different individuals

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Comparison of whole genome sequences shows that we share _____ of our genome sequence with our closest relative.

answer

96%

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The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in eye development

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The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in the regulation of the cell cycle

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth?

answer

GH1

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function?

answer

MPO

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The individuals working on the Human Genome Project (HGP) were attempting to _____.

answer

map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome

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Approximately what percentage of the human genome actually encodes proteins?

answer

question

Celera Genomics implemented a faster way of sequencing the human genome. What was this method?

answer

shotgun cloning

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Proteomics studies _____.

answer

all of the proteins encoded in a genome

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Analyses of human and Neanderthal FOXP2 genes have revealed that __________.

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Neanderthals may have had the ability to speak

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In order for gene therapy to be permanent in the patient being treated,

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the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply.

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Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations.

answer

gamete-forming

question

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

answer

DNA profiling

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The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

answer

DNA polymerases

question

If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by _____, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.

answer

PCR

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Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

answer

size.

question

During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size.

answer

agarose gel

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What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists?

answer

STR analysis

question

Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false?

answer

Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans.

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Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?

answer

a very close match in the DNA profile

question

What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile?

answer

question

When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as a

answer

single nucleotide polymorphism.

question

Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false?

answer

Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.

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Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

answer

98.5%

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The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

answer

transposable elements.

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Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called

answer

transposable elements.

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The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids.

answer

shotgun

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Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?

answer

It is fast and inexpensive.

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The number of proteins in humans

answer

is much greater than the number of genes.

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Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is true?

answer

Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.

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Approximately what percentage of the human genome is identical to that of a chimpanzee?

answer

98.8%

question

Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals

answer

at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair.

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AP Biology Biology Building Blocks Of Dna Genetically Modified Foods Human Genome Project

Unit 3 mastering Bio. – Flashcards 202 terms

Maisie Clarke

202 terms

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Unit 3 mastering Bio. – Flashcards

question

Which of the following sentences correctly makes use of terms from the introduction to biotechnology?

answer

Genetic engineering can move genes from one species into another, creating a transgenic organism.

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The pointer is indicating the virus's _____.

answer

genome

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Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____.

answer

transcription

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How does the definition of "transformation" in Griffith's work with lethal and non-lethal strains of Streptococcus relate to the use of the term in this chapter?

answer

This chapter expands the definition of transformation to include the specific mechanism, DNA transfer, by which bacteria can gain new traits.

question

Which of the following is a major difference between PCR and replication of DNA during the cell cycle?

answer

PCR only copies a specific portion of DNA. Replication copies the entire genome.

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Looking at the gel below, what can you conclude about the DNA in these samples?

answer

The DNA in sample C is longer than the DNA in sample A.

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Which of these DNA molecules is the shortest?

answer

question

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.

answer

negative ... positive

question

Why is golden rice pale yellow in color?

answer

It is rich in beta-carotene.

question

Which of these is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

answer

blindness

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Which of these is a vitamin A precursor?

answer

beta-carotene

question

The transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from genetically engineered bacteria to disease-causing bacteria _____.

answer

seems unlikely

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DNA fragment A consists of _____ base pairs.

answer

1,268

question

Which of these genes are located on the q arm of chromosome 17?

answer

gastrin and GH1

question

The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in eye development

question

The gene that codes for gastrin is located on the _____ of chromosome 17.

answer

q arm

question

The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in the regulation of the cell cycle

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth?

answer

GH1

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function?

answer

MPO

question

You perform a restriction digest using Allele 2, run the sample on a gel, and probe using a piece of DNA that spans this extra restriction site. Which sample on the gel below belongs to Allele #2?

answer

sample C

question

Why have Florida citrus farmers been using more pesticides?

answer

In an effort to kill the organism that spreads citrus greening.

question

Which of the following techniques are scientists using to disrupt the DNA in crop species in the hope of speeding up evolution?

answer

Bombarding the plants with radiation.

question

You are buying groceries at a typical American grocery store. Which of the following foods is most likely to be genetically modified or contain genetically modified ingredients?

answer

corn meal

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You are a member of Greenpeace and wish to organize a protest outside of the federal agency in charge of food labeling in the U.S. Where should you take your group of protestors?

answer

Food and Drug Administration

question

Utilizing a gene from which of the following currently appears to offer the most hope of saving Florida's orange trees from citrus greening?

answer

spinach

question

Imagine if proteins were constructed from 45 amino acids instead of 20. How many bases long would each codon in the DNA need to be in order to code for 45 unique amino acids?

answer

three

question

In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____.

answer

RNA polymerase

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In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____.

answer

the promoter

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In the diagram below, the two blue strands represent _____.

answer

DNA

question

Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?

answer

GTTACG CAAUGC

question

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.

answer

5' —> 3'

question

The genetic code is often described as redundant. What feature of the genetic code does this reference?

answer

Most amino acids have more than one codon.

question

How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene?

answer

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene.

question

Which of the following is a good reason for mRNA to be single-stranded, instead of double-stranded like DNA?

answer

because a complementary strand of RNA would prevent the binding of tRNA anticodons to the codon

question

What type of mutation is caused by adding one nucleotide into the middle of a sequence?

answer

insertion

question

The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by _____.

answer

Jacob and Monod

question

Which of these is NOT a component of the lac operon?

answer

regulatory gene only

question

Regulatory proteins bind to _____.

answer

the operator

question

In the presence of a regulatory protein the lac operon is _____.

answer

not transcribed

question

In this animation the blue sphere represents _____.

answer

lactose

question

Click on the diagram to start the animation. In this animation the orange object represents _____.

answer

RNA polymerase

question

Which of these is a regulatory gene?

answer

question

The protein pepsin is produced in the cells lining the stomach, but not in cheek cells. Why is this?

answer

There are no transcription factors for pepsin in cheek cells.

question

What would you expect to see inside the cells of a woman with Turner's syndrome (XO)?

answer

no Barr bodies

question

Which of the following would have to be collected to provide a sample for a DNA profile from a home testing kit?

answer

saliva or blood

question

You wish to write a letter of concern to the federal agency in charge of regulating home DNA testing kits. Who should you contact?

answer

Food and Drug Administration

question

You buy a home DNA test kit and you send in a sample. What is being read to analyze your results?

answer

SNPs

question

You are a geneticist and discover a gene that increases the chance of an individual getting colon cancer. Can you patent this gene?

answer

question

Which of the following is a big concern regarding home DNA test kits?

answer

The lack of standards.

question

If there is a gene in humans that works the same as MRAP2 in mice, what will happen if it is switched off?

answer

The individual will gain weight.

question

Your friend was adopted. Her weight is most likely to be similar to who?

answer

her biological mother

question

Following the old concept of weight loss and caloric intake and assuming you do not begin an exercise program, how many Calories a day would you have to give up every day in order to lose one pound in a week?

answer

500

question

Which of the following is true regarding mice lacking MRAP2?

answer

Their appetites increased as they got older.

question

What do current studies indicate?

answer

Humans have similar genetic responses to weight gain as mice lacking MRAP2.

question

According to the findings in this study, which of the following is true?

answer

The environment plays a role in the cause of certain diseases.

question

Rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and multiple sclerosis are all autoimmune diseases. Which of the following is true?

answer

Gene switches likely play a role in these diseases.

question

Rather than "junk" DNA, such material is now referred to as what?

answer

Dark matter

question

Your identical twin is diagnosed with Crohn's disease. Which of the following is true?

answer

You may or may not get Crohn's disease.

question

According to this study, which of the following is true?

answer

In humans, less DNA is used for genes than gene switches.

question

The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the _____.

answer

rupture of the bacterium

question

The pointer is indicating the _____.

answer

viral protein coat

question

As a result of the lytic cycle, _____.

answer

the host cell's DNA is destroyed

question

What did Wilkins and Franklin discover?

answer

DNA is a helix with repeating subunits.

question

How can we best summarize the role of Watson and Crick in discovering the structure of DNA?

answer

They created a key hypothesis for the structure of DNA.

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In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

answer

thymine ... cytosine

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After DNA replication is completed, _____.

answer

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

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The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.

answer

helicase

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The action of helicase creates _____.

answer

replication forks and replication bubbles

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Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?

answer

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

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The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.

answer

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

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An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

answer

template

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Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.

answer

ligase

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After DNA replication is completed, _____.

answer

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

question

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.

answer

helicase

question

The action of helicase creates _____.

answer

replication forks and replication bubbles

question

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?

answer

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

question

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.

answer

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

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Which of these is responsible for catalyzing the formation of an RNA primer?

answer

D (the green square)

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An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

answer

template

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Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA?

answer

DNA polymerases

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Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?

answer

The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

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During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA?

answer

question

The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is

answer

DNA ligase.

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Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?

answer

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

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Which of the following is most responsible for DNA forming a double helix instead of a single helix?

answer

hydrogen bonding between bases

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How is DNA replication most affected by the two strands of DNA running in antiparallel directions?

answer

Replication of one strand must be discontinuous.

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You wish to prove that DNA replication is semi-conservative. You choose to work with bacteria because they only have a single chromosome. You have a very special device that can measure radiation in individual cells. Which radioactive element or compound should you add to the cells prior to division and what do you expect to see?

answer

Add radioactive phosphate and expect each cell to contain a radioactive chromosome.

question

How do mutations affect an organism?

answer

all of the above

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DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

answer

small

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A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:

answer

her egg cells

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Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?

answer

a G paired with a T

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In replicating a DNA strand, polymerase makes a mistake and puts adenine across from guanine. How might a proofreading enzyme detect this mistake?

answer

The two nucleotides are too large to fit across from each other. The enzyme will notice the bulge.

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A thymine base is replaced by a cytosine in a DNA molecule. What type of mutation is this?

answer

substitution

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UV rays can strike two thymine bases sitting beside each other on the same strand, causing them to become linked tightly to one another. This pulls the thymines closer together, altering the spacing of the nucleotides. What kind of error during replication is this likely to cause?

answer

deletion

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Assuming other things to be equal, which of the following individuals is most likely to suffer from heart disease?

answer

A person with high LDL levels.

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Your uncle suffers from heart disease and controls it with a common form of medicine. What does he take?

answer

statin

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What is currently believed to be the biggest hurdle to overcome with the new heart disease drugs being tested?

answer

They are expensive.

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You are a scientist for the federal agency in charge of deciding if a new heart disease drug can be used. Who do you work for?

answer

Food and Drug Administration

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Your family is known to have a mutation in PCSK9. Which of the following is true?

answer

Members of your family are more likely to have a heart attack or stroke.

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You are a molecular biologist and wish to change the proteins that cells make. Which of the following should you do?

answer

Change the sequence of the nucleotides.

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Which of the following is in the correct order from simplest to most complex?

answer

nucleotide, amino acid, protein

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You work for Synthorx, creating synthetic DNA. You create a sequence on one strand of CTXAGGC. What is its complimentary strand?

answer

GAYTCCG

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Your cousin is a xenobiologist working to insert synthetic DNA into a virus with the goal of creating a vaccine for H.I.V. If she follows similar methods to those already used, which of the following will she need to aid her in this process?

answer

algae gene

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Which of the following has yet to be shown?

answer

Cells with synthetic nucleotides make new proteins.

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Which of the following is most likely to be passed on to the next generation?

answer

a mutation in the DNA in cells in the ovaries

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In the 1800s, it was commonly believed that the traits of both parents for any feature blended to create the offspring and that the blended trait was passed on. Which of the following observations was most important to Mendel's understanding of genes as unchanged units of information?

answer

Recessive traits can reappear in later generations.

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Considering pea flowers, where purple is dominant to white, describe the genotype of a plant with the alleles Pp.

answer

heterozygous

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Mendel worked _____.

answer

in a monastery

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Which of the following represents an EXCEPTION to the law of independent assortment?

answer

linkage

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Which of these facts, if he had known them, might have led Mendel to formulate different rules for inheritance?

answer

There are many genes on each chromosome.

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What error is responsible for creating Jacob syndrome?

answer

nondisjunction of chromosomes

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Considering all the genetic diseases covered in this chapter, what general conclusion can you draw about genetic diseases?

answer

Most genetic diseases are pleiotropic.

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Which of the following tools is NEVER necessary when evaluating a gene with incomplete dominant inheritance?

answer

test cross

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Doing which of the following increases your risk of developing heart disease?

answer

Smoking.

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Your brother died of a heart attack at age 47. Assuming no other risk factors, what does this do to your chance of developing heart disease?

answer

Doubles it.

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Which of the following is true?

answer

If a person has early heart disease, their children may or may not have it.

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Your aunt is 63 and has a non-fatal heart attack. Which of the following is true?

answer

She is younger than average for having a first heart attack. (found this answer to be shocking)

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You are a cardiovascular surgeon. Where do you insert stents?

answer

blocked arteries

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Your 28 year old friend is pregnant. Which of the following screenings is she most likely to initially have to test for Down syndrome?

answer

blood test

question

How is the fetal DNA used in this new screening tool unique?

answer

It is not from a cell, but is floating freely in the mother's blood.

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Which of the following is true?

answer

The chance of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality increases with the age of the mother.

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Which of the following is true regarding this new fetal DNA test?

answer

A decreased number of false positive tests for both Down syndrome and Trisomy 18.

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Which of the following best summarizes current research on this new fetal DNA test?

answer

It works well for finding errors in chromosome number.

question

What defines a short sleeper?

answer

They can function well on 6 hours of sleep or less.

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While it is estimated that less than 5% of the population are short sleepers,

answer

an estimated 30% of the population sleep only 6 hours per night or less.

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The risks of sleep deprivation include which of the following?

answer

all of the above

question

The discovery of a gene associated with short sleepers means that

answer

there is potential to manipulate sleep pathways with medication.

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Since there is a genetic explanation for short sleepers, you would expect

answer

that this trait appears more frequently among family members.

question

Current best estimates suggest that life has been on Earth for how long?

answer

3.5 billion years

question

If life exists or originated on another planet, most scientists today believe that it is which of the following planets?

answer

Mars

question

Which of the following is true regarding current scientific thought?

answer

RNA originated before DNA.

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You discover a new means of energy transfer by organisms living in hydrothermal vents in the ocean. Who is most likely to be interested in funding your research?

answer

Everett Shock

question

Which of the following scientists is closest to creating life?

answer

J. Craig Venter

question

dys- difficult trop- change ad- to poly- many neutr- neither gender de- from, out of non- not anti-against -phil- to love co- together

answer

question

hem- blood hetero- different trans- across semi- one half -ase -enzyme intra- within tri- three meta- change, after lact- milk

answer

question

How do cells fit long pieces of DNA into a compartment as small as the nucleus?

answer

The DNA is wrapped around histones.

question

What is the function of the telomere?

answer

Telomeres prevent the ends of chromosomes from being damaged.

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True or false. Mitosis takes place during M phase of the cell cycle, which is longer than interphase.

answer

false

question

A certain species of animal has six pairs of chromosomes. How many DNA molecules are present in the nuclei of these animals during G2 phase?

answer

question

Which of the following checkpoints does not occur late in G1?

answer

A check that chromosome replication has been successfully completed

question

Compare the cells of a woman's leg muscle to the cells of a baby growing inside her womb. What is the most important difference between them?

answer

The chromosomes in the cells of the woman's leg muscle are genetically identical to the rest of her body. The baby's cells contain only half of the mother's chromosomes.

question

Nucleoli are present during _____.

answer

interphase

question

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.

answer

telophase

question

Chromosomes become visible during _____.

answer

prophase

question

Centromeres divide and sister chromosomes become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.

answer

anaphase

question

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.

answer

prometaphase

question