OZONE LAYER DEPLETION Essay Example

envelope surrounding Earth changes as altitude increases from ground level. According to "Climate of Hope" (p.p.2563), an intriguing layer called the Ozone Layer orbits above the Earth within our atmosphere, visible to astronauts as a thin blue ribbon.The Ozone Layer acts similarly to a transparent blanket that allows for breathable air while regulating global temperature, thus enabling life on Earth.

The ozone layer, which has a pungent odor, contains a special ingredient called ozone that filters solar radiation. This layer protects and makes life possible as we know it. The term "ozone" originates from the Greek word meaning "smell." A molecule of ozone consists of three oxygen atoms bonded together in a wide triangle shape. Chemical reactions fueled by the sun constantly create new ozone molecules in the stratosphere. Making ozone begins with oxygen molecules.

"When exposed to sunlight, the molecule disintegrates into individual oxygen atoms, which are highly reactive. In a very short amount of time, these atoms combine with neighboring oxygen molecules to create triatomic ozone molecules" (Climate Change). "Ozone is a different form of Oxygen called an allotrope. Allotropes are various forms of an element that have distinct chemical and physical characteristics. Most people are familiar with diatomic oxygen molecules, which consist of two atoms each, as indicated by the formula O2.

In contrast, ozone molecules contain three atoms each and have the formula O3. According to Kelvin (page 46), both oxygen produces ozone and anthropogenic sources contribute to its formation. Ozone is generated in the troposphere, which is the layer of atmosphere closest to the earth's surface, through a complex series of reactions associated with the combustion of fossil fuels. The highest concentration of

ozone is usually found in the air above urban areas, where sunlight initiates these reactions among the products released from automobile and truck exhausts.

Troposphere ozone is considered a pollutant due to its potential harm to living organisms, particularly plants. However, in the stratosphere, the ozone is naturally generated and serves a beneficial purpose for terrestrial organisms (M.).

Minaret's. The sun's radiant energy in the stratosphere has the ability to break apart an oxygen molecule into two separate oxygen atoms: O2 = O + O. These individual oxygen atoms can then combine with other oxygen molecules to create ozone: O + O2 = O3. Throughout history, the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere has remained relatively stable, similar to that of an open drain tank, maintaining a balanced state. However, humans have disturbed this delicate equilibrium by releasing chlorine-containing chemicals into the atmosphere. These chemicals intensify the forces that deplete ozone and result in lower levels of ozone in the stratosphere.

"The introduction of these chemicals has a similar effect to increasing the drainage of 'chlorine' in the tank, leading to a decrease in the level." (Flavin, Introduction) The creation of stratospheric ozone is primarily influenced by ultraviolet (ULTRA VIOLET) radiation. The rate of production is impacted by the emission from the Sun. The energy release from the Sun varies, especially during the well-known 11-year sunspot cycle.

There has been a decrease in global ozone levels of 1 to 2% from the maximum to minimum of each solar cycle since the 1950s. The sun forms new ozone, but nitrogen, hydrogen, and chlorine compounds continuously break down these gases. These chemicals were already present in small quantities in the stratosphere

before human pollution. Nitrogen comes from soils and oceans, hydrogen primarily comes from atmospheric water vapor, and chlorine is sourced from the oceans. Evidence suggests that Earth may experience higher temperatures by the middle of the twenty-first century compared to any other time in human history or possibly since dinosaurs went extinct approximately 65 billion years ago.

It is possible that in the next two centuries, if the current rate of fossil fuel consumption and population growth remains unchanged, the air on Earth may become unsuitable for breathing. The term "greenhouse effect" pertains to the absorption of energy released into the atmosphere by higher levels of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases, resulting in increased temperatures on Earth's surface and lower atmosphere. Furthermore, there have been notable long-term changes in ozone levels that cannot be attributed to alterations in solar activity (Cogan, p.p.2432).

Scientists and governments attribute the current issue of warming in the earth's atmosphere to a phenomenon known as "Ozone Layer Depletion," which is represented by the hole in the ozone layer. It is acknowledged that human activities pose a threat to our protective ozone shield. Consequently, addressing this environmental concern requires scientific comprehension of our ozone shield and effective measures for its protection, which are determined through governmental deliberations.

Ozone layer depletion is a significant scientific concern as it could make the earth's surface uninhabitable. The U.S. may face severe consequences by the next century if this problem remains unaddressed, warns globalwarming.org. According to Atmospheric Ozone-I, Toyland from the United States Environmental Protection Agency emphasizes that in such circumstances, individuals would have to wear hats when venturing outdoors and any plastic or rubber exposed to

sunlight would deteriorate more rapidly.

When discussing the effects of the depletion of the ozone layer, it is important to have an understanding of its causes and possible solutions. The depletion of this layer has harmful consequences as it acts as a shield against the sun's radiation and absorbs ultraviolet rays. In the 1970s, concerns about damage to the ozone layer arose when scientists expressed worries about NASA rockets and proposed supersonic aircraft.

Calculations indicate that rockets and SST's have the potential to release chlorine atoms, resulting in the deterioration of ozone molecules and a subsequent decline in the ozone layer. However, an even more alarming threat to the ozone layer was discovered in 1974 by American scientists Mario Moline and F. Sherwood Rowland. They put forward the idea that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), a particular group of compounds, possess the capability to discharge chlorine into the stratosphere and cause damage to the ozone layer (American Geophysical Union, Journal).

CFCs, also known as chlorofluorocarbons, consist of chlorine, carbon, and fluorine. While their resistance to natural decomposition is advantageous for various purposes, it poses a threat to the ozone layer in the stratosphere. CFCs have become popular as propellants in aerosol sprays like deodorants, hair sprays, spray paints, pesticides, and similar products (P4). Due to their resistance to being washed away by rainwater, they gradually rise up to the ozone layer located approximately 10-20 miles (15-30 kilometers) above Earth's surface." (Atmospheric Ozone-III) In this region, CFCs can persist for up to one hundred years until they are broken down by intense solar radiation which releases atomic chlorine. A single chlorine atom has the ability to destroy over one hundred thousand ozone

molecules (Transportation pp.67-72). In the late 1970s , Nobel Prize winner Mario Molina and a team of scientists discovered another chemical compound responsible for reducing Earth's ozone layer.

Methyl Bromide is commonly used as a soil fumigant in the cultivation of certain fruits and vegetables, according to Earth Care Annual. Hazardous Air Pollutants (page 35) explains that ozone's structure allows it to absorb a specific type of ultraviolet sunlight that would otherwise harm living organisms on the earth's surface. The absorption of ultraviolet rays by ozone is crucial for human well-being. ULTRA VIOLET radiation is typically classified into three categories: ULTRA VIOLET-a (320 to 400 NM), ULTRA VIOLET-b (280 to 320 NM), and ULTRA VIOLET-c (200 to 280 NM).

ULTRA VIOLET-c is rapidly absorbed by minimal amounts of Ozone, (Earth care Annual, page 2637). Exposure to ULTRA VIOLET-b can lead to DNA damage, which carries the genetic information in living organisms. Alterations in regional climate could modify forests, crop yields, and water supplies, jeopardizing human health, as well as causing harm to birds, fish, and various ecosystems. Deserts may encroach upon current rangelands, and the essence of certain National Parks may be permanently modified.

Researchers have been studying the uncertain predictions of changes in rainfall patterns for specific areas, as they are crucial in evaluating the potentially significant impacts of global warming. However, according to Hazardous Air Pollutants (page 53129), a definitive solution has not yet been found.

The rise of global warming has led to one of its most severe consequences - the elevation of sea levels. It is projected that by 2100, there will be a range of 0.5 to 1.5 meters increase in ocean levels caused

by thermal expansion and melting glaciers.

The rise in sea levels poses a danger to freshwater resources, endangering the water sources of numerous individuals. This could result in the intrusion of saltwater and the depletion of water supplies for tens or possibly hundreds of millions of people. Furthermore, the warming of surface waters might contribute to the development of more powerful hurricanes, cyclones, and windstorms (Benarde, page 59). The impact of global warming affects both weather patterns and the accessibility of water resources. Additionally, depletion of Earth's ozone layer has resulted in greater exposure to skin-burning UV-radiation from the sun.

UV radiation has been shown to harm both human and environmental health. It can lead to skin cancers, cataracts, and a weakened immune system in humans. Additionally, it poses risks to freshwater and marine ecosystems, agricultural productivity, and forests.

In particular, higher levels of UV radiation have been found to reduce the yields of important food crops such as barley and oats. The decreased growth of these crops is linked to their exposure to increased UV radiation.

The increased levels of UV radiation can have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems, particularly phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is crucial for the food chain, and the depletion in their population can have wide-ranging consequences on the entire system and potentially impact fish populations. Additionally, higher UV levels contribute to the degradation of construction materials such as plastics commonly found in homes, playgrounds, and other structures.

However, research conducted on forestry reveals that trees at higher elevations display greater resilience against these impacts. There is also research indicating that rising concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from global warming could lead to unstable weather patterns. However,

this research does not provide conclusive evidence.

Consequences of these altered weather patterns may include floods, droughts, and limited water resources due to atmospheric changes.

Based on Bigg's findings (page 399), it remains uncertain if overall precipitation will rise or fall. However, specific areas can expect heavy rainfall, potentially causing severe flooding, while others may encounter intense drought conditions. Yet, due to global warming, mountainous regions might witness a reduction in snowpack as warmer winter temperatures lead to more rain instead of snowfall. Consequently, this could cause downstream reservoirs to fill earlier than usual due to increased runoff.

According to Hewitt (page 486), the reservoirs are typically filled during spring. However, the early snowmelt prevents them from reaching their normal capacity. Consequently, the reservoirs have reduced storage for the summer and fall. Other areas affected by greenhouse gases include agriculture and ecosystems. The agriculture industry may suffer from lower water supplies and increased weather variability. Conversely, a longer growing season and enhanced growth stimulated by higher carbon dioxide levels may benefit it. Additionally, plant and animal life may also be impacted by the increase in temperature and dryness.

According to Russell (p.p.329538), natural ecosystems are intricately interconnected with their environments and climates. Climate change effects intensify with higher degrees and faster rates of change. If temperatures rise as projected, several scenarios may occur. One such scenario is that elevated temperatures could disrupt crop growth in equatorial regions due to inadequate rainfall and excessive heat.

The potential consequences of rising temperatures are significant for countries reliant on imported food. If the polar ice caps melt due to high temperatures, it could lead to a rise in sea water level by 1

to 3 feet. Consequently, this surge in sea level would pose a threat to small islands, coastal cities, and shallow rivers. The Everglades in Florida, which serves as a habitat for numerous animals and plant species, would be severely impacted and could potentially disappear from the map entirely.

If the area gets flooded, everyone will have to relocate northwards across arid land, which they cannot withstand for long. As the high temperatures spread southwards and northwards, tropical diseases will also spread. Diseases that were previously limited to Mexico may occur in the Carolinas or even Vermont. These new diseases will be difficult to handle and result in a higher number of deaths and illnesses compared to before. The financial repercussions are substantial as well, as flooding leads to the construction of dams and the reconstruction of cities. The scarcity of food will drive up its prices, while the increased prevalence of diseases will necessitate a greater amount of medical supplies and workers.

If we don't take action now, the combination of these factors will result in significant financial costs. Although computer models cannot predict the exact future climate, they can provide a close approximation. This has been demonstrated by scientists who used computer predictions to accurately determine past climates (enviroweb.org). The ozone concentration is measured using the Dobsin Unit(DU), which is the standard unit for this measurement.

One DU is equivalent to approximately twenty-seven million molecules per square centimeter (the palm of your hand covers an area of approximately one hundred square centimeters). The ozone concentration over the US is approximately 300 DU, while the Antarctic hole can reach as low as 117 DU during the late spring.

Another measure is mixing ratios, which represent the fraction of molecules of a specific gas divided by the total number of molecules within a given volume. The Cretaceous period occurred more than 100 million years ago and is known to be the warmest period in our recorded knowledge.

According to gcrio.org, the excessive presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulted in a significant rise in ocean levels, causing North America to be submerged and divided into two parts. At that time, the temperature exceeded the current average temperature by more than fifteen degrees.

Scientists hypothesize that the earth's axis undergoes cyclical changes in its tilt approximately every 10,000 years. This tilting pattern is believed to affect the climate of different regions. Currently, the tilt is such that North America will be in closer proximity to the sun during winter. As a result, seasons become more extreme when the opposite scenario occurs.

This website states that volcanic eruptions release dust into the air, which blocks sunlight and cools the Earth. Additionally, the oceans absorb CO2 due to ocean currents and plankton activity. There is evidence of naturally occurring rapid climate change between Ice Ages, which complicates the understanding of global warming.

Although volcanoes and oceans release significant amounts of chlorine, this chlorine dissolves in water and is washed out of the lower atmosphere through rain. On the other hand, CFC's, which are not water-soluble, do not break down in the lower atmosphere. Instead, human-made molecules containing chlorine and bromine reach the stratosphere and release these substances. Measurements have shown that the increase in stratospheric chlorine since 1985 corresponds to the amount of CFC's and other ozone-depleting substances released by

human activities. In 1985, the British Antarctic Survey team reported the first conclusive evidence of ozone depletion. They had been monitoring the ozone layer over the South Pole for 18 years and observed a significant thinning of the ozone layer occurring annually from September to November.

According to their findings, the formation of this "hole" first began in the mid 1970's. Over time, ozone concentrations in this area have steadily decreased, with depletions of up to 60 percent occurring in recent years. Although industrial chemicals are the main cause of ozone depletion, the extreme cold and weather conditions during arctic winters also contribute to the thinning of the ozone layer. As temperatures drop, ice clouds form in the upper atmosphere, creating a suitable environment for a combination of chemicals and sunlight to react with CFC's. This reaction releases chlorine, which then attacks the ozone. As a result, ozone layer depletion is more severe near the poles. It is essential for everyone to participate in the effort to combat global warming.

"The government plays a crucial role in addressing this issue, and prompt action is necessary to avoid dire consequences. To begin with, the United States government ought to organize a summit among nations worldwide. Subsequently, they should create a dedicated committee responsible for managing finances, politics, and scientific research, all aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Each nation shall contribute financially through monetary donations. The stipulated requirement is for each country to allocate 0.01% of their Gross National Product (GNP) to support this committee. Any country refusing to comply will face boycotts, resulting in participating countries halting all trade with them."

(Epa.gov/ozone). The threat of global warming to

our nation and the world is significant. Immediate action is crucial, as delaying could result in irreversible consequences. The rise in sea levels poses a particular danger, potentially exceeding the rates observed over the past century. Coastal areas in the Americas and Europe, as well as island nations like Indonesia, with a substantial population residing close to sea level, would be devastatingly impacted. Moreover, the issue of air pollution would intensify, affecting not only major cities but all areas. This escalation in pollutants would contribute to increased frequency and severity of respiratory illnesses such as asthma attacks, emphysema, bronchitis, and other lung diseases.

These predictions are from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is a group of 2,000 international climate scientists and experts recognized as the leading authority on global warming. The depletion of the ozone layer also leads to other significant consequences, such as the spread of diseases and illness, crop losses, coastal flooding, lack of drinking water supplies, and droughts. It is impossible to be certain if there truly is a greenhouse effect, but it is crucial not to take any risks. Just observe the current state of our world, and you will see that pollution is a problem.

"(Epa.gov/ozone). Many people argue that using the uncertainties surrounding global warming as a reason for inaction and waiting for further scientific research is not justified. "The key solution lies in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere to decelerate climate change. "In addition, renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind power, hydrogen gas, biomass, and others should be utilized and seriously considered as potential remedies to mitigate global warming

and lower carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, deforestation should be constrained while promoting reforestation efforts on land previously deemed agriculturally useless. Accomplishing this will require the implementation of conservation-based incentive systems and the enhancement of agricultural yields in order to alleviate the pressure to clear new land.

According to Ewann (page 87183), the costs of coping with global warming are much higher compared to the expenses of population control and managing energy consumption. However, implementing laws for population control raises concerns about human rights, which is a separate and complex topic. Over the past century, global temperatures have been steadily increasing. Starting from 1980, the temperature has risen by 0.2 degrees C (0.4 degrees F) each decade. Scientists predict that if the same amount of gas continues to be released into the atmosphere, by 2030, the temperature could rise by as much as 0.5 degrees C (0.9 degrees F) or more per decade. Overall, there are ongoing efforts to reduce gas emissions, but they are still insufficient.

To reduce our impact, we should implement simple strategies such as planting trees and using public transportation instead of driving. Though these actions may seem insignificant on an individual level, if more people adopt them, they can collectively have a significant impact. Despite differing views, most scientists regard global warming as a critical issue. This raises the question: What are the prospects for addressing this problem in the future?

According to scientists, the ozone layer is expected to recover if ozone-depleting substances are eliminated. The Montreal Protocol, an international agreement focused on protecting the ozone layer, has been implemented to reduce these substances. As a result, the accumulation of key CFCs in

the lower atmosphere has significantly slowed down and CFC-11 is now declining. However, due to the time it takes for these chemicals to reach the stratosphere from ground level, the effects of the Montreal Protocol may take several years to be fully realized. It is projected that the ozone layer will recover around 2050, but this depends on the complete elimination of all human-made ozone depleting substances.

The uncertainty of long term predictions for ozone layer depletion arises from incomplete understanding of the depletion processes. Additionally, both global warming and high-flying aircraft emissions may impact the recovery of the ozone layer. Given the severity of these problems caused by ozone layer depletion in our current world, it is crucial to find a definitive solution for its control. As of now, there is no technique developed to fix the ozone layer, rendering intervention in the sky impossible.

But there are ways to prevent it. Human consciousness plays a major role in controlling the depletion of the ozone layer. There are many voluntary actions that individuals can take to control ozone layer depletion, such as following Car Air Conditioner Tips. It is important for people to go to service facilities with EPA-certified technicians and ask if the refrigerants from their vehicles will be recovered and recycled during servicing. It is also recommended to repair all leaks in the a/c system (not required by federal law, but helpful in protecting the ozone layer).

Approximately 80 million cars currently utilize CFC refrigerants in their air-conditioning (AC) systems. Repairs on leaky systems would prevent the emission of around 30 million pounds of CFCs this year. It is crucial to inquire about converting vehicles

to an alternative refrigerant when the a/c system requires significant repairs. The previously used refrigerant can be recycled and reused. Individuals should consider contacting their local government or waste hauler to ascertain if the refrigerant will be properly extracted prior to disposing of the appliance.

The idea of promoting the conservation of natural resources should be developed. It is important for each individual to contribute to protecting the environment by taking measures to control pollution and ultimately safeguard themselves and the world from its negative impacts. The solutions can be categorized into three main approaches: technological, political, and economic.

In terms of technology, one suggestion is to release simple hydrocarbons like ethane or propane into the atmosphere. These compounds react with chlorine atoms from CFCs, which contribute to ozone depletion. Another solution involves the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

The advantage of HCFCs and HFCs is their tendency to rapidly break down in the atmosphere. It is unanimously recognized that prevention is the most effective approach to address this issue (political approach). (Bernard, p.p. 329-453). In 1989, specific governments reached an agreement to enhance the Montreal Protocol.

The industrialized nations made a significant decision to eliminate methyl bromide by 2010. In 1992, the Environmental Protection Agency introduced a four-pronged program to economically reduce the release of CFOs. This program included restricting the production of CFCs to meet market demand and implementing an Excise Tax on the sale of CFOs.

The third element of the text emphasizes the importance of ensuring the use of safe alternatives. Additionally, the fourth element highlights the significance of recycling and reusing ozone depleting chemicals. Establishing regulations that oblige companies to reuse

these materials instead of releasing them into the atmosphere is one way to address this issue. An example of this is the requirement to remove and reuse refrigerant from outdated refrigeration systems in newly manufactured equipment.

"(Cogan, Introduction). There are various actions that can be taken both on an individual basis and on a national and international scale to address ozone layer depletion. Working together, individuals can have a significant impact. Many Climate Smart strategies exist to safeguard the Earth."

In order to reduce utility bills and decrease air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, individuals can take several steps in their homes. One way to do this is by purchasing energy efficient appliances, fixtures, and other home equipment and products. It is important to note that the average house is responsible for emitting more air pollution and carbon dioxide than the average car. By purchasing home products labeled with ENERGY STAR, energy consumption can be reduced by up to 40 percent. Examples of appliances that should display this label include refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, heating and cooling equipment, televisions, VCR's, and audio equipment. Additionally, insulating the home and maintaining the furnace can also contribute to energy efficiency. Lastly, low-flow faucets in showers and sinks should be utilized.

The hot water tank temperature should be reduced to 120 degrees and the water heater and pipes should be insulated. Those residing in sunny areas should install a solar heating system for hot water. Numerous opportunities exist to save money and benefit the environment through smart actions in various aspects of life. These actions can be taken indoors, outdoors, on the roads, and even with major investments.

There are ways to help

reduce carbon dioxide pollution and improve the environment that can be done anywhere. Climate change is a global issue that requires action from the entire international community. Countries worldwide are collaborating to share technologies, experience, resources, and talent in order to decrease net greenhouse gas emissions and minimize the risk of global climate change. The United States is involved in and backs several international initiatives aimed at assisting countries in tackling climate change. One key approach for decreasing global greenhouse gas emissions is the development and sharing of climate-friendly technologies, also known as Technology Corporation.

Efforts to reduce greenhouse gases can be made through cooperation between nations, private entities, and organizations globally. The United States engages in bilateral and multilateral technology cooperation initiatives to promote the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies. As countries worldwide continue to expand and progress, international cooperation becomes crucial in addressing the climate change challenge in an efficient and effective manner. Successful cooperation relies on identifying activities that enable all countries to attain their economic, environmental, and developmental objectives in a climate-friendly approach.

Currently, efforts are being made at various levels to mitigate, prevent, and gain a deeper understanding of the potential hazards linked to global warming. At a national scale, the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) leads the most comprehensive research endeavor on global warming worldwide. Furthermore, the Clinton Administration is actively engaged in combating global warming while simultaneously bolstering the economy. Numerous measures can be implemented to diminish the impact of global warming.

One can take steps to mitigate ozone layer depletion by insulating their home, tuning up their furnace, and installing efficient showerheads. They can also reduce their carbon footprint

by leaving their car at home two days a week and recycling items such as newsprint, cardboard, glass, and metal. Additionally, installing a solar energy system is another way to contribute to the preservation of the ozone layer.