Geology 105- Age of Dinosaurs #2 – Flashcards

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Cladistics
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type of biological classification based on shared ancestry -focused on evolutionary relationships, not necessarily morphological similarities - tries to construct a tree representing the ancestry of organisms and species with an emphasis on objective and quantitative analysis -cladistics is also called Phylogenetic -doesn't use hierarchy
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Clade
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a group consisting of a single organism and all of its descnedants
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Cladogram
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a graphical representation of clades and their relationships
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Monophylteic group
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consist only of organisms descended from a single ancestor
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Paraphyletic group
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a subgroup of a monophyletic group, which consist of some but not all the descendants of a single ancestor
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Polyphyletic group
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organisms from two different monophyletic groups
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Taxonomy
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uses hierarchy and is used to formulate scientific names
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Hierarchy
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order
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Kingdom
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Animalia
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Phylum
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Chordata
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Class
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Reptilia
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Order
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Ornithischia or Saurischian
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Saurischia-
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lizard-hipped
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Ornithischia-
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bird-hipped
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Suborders:
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Sauropodomorpha, Theropoda, Ornithopoda, Marginocephalia, and Thyreophora
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Saurischian-Theropoda-Coelurosauria
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oviraptor, velociraptor and tyrannosaurus
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Saurischian-Theropoda-Carnosauria
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Allosaurus,
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Saurischian-Sauropodomorpha-Sauropoda
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Apatosaurus, (Brontosaurus), and brachiosaurus
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Ornithischian-Ornithiopoda
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Iguanodon, Parasaurolophus, and Maiasauria
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Ornithischian- Marginacephalia
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Triceratops and Pachycephalosaurus
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Ornithischian- Thyreophora
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Stegosaurus and Ankylosaurus
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Species
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are named for the individual specimens found -named for discoverer and year discovered
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Posterior
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back part of body
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Anterior
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front of body
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Medial
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towards the middle (towards spine or midline)
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Lateral
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away from midline
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Dorsal
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back side (when parallel to the ground)
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Ventral
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stomach side (when parallel to the ground)
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Midline
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middle of body splitting someone down the middle ("symmetrically")
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Proximal
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closer to
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Distal
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away from
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Skull
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changes shape to accommodate the brain, nasal cavity, eyes and teeth
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Cranium
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head (skull)
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Nasal
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nose
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Orbit
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eye
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Fenestra
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skull openings
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Dentary
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part of the jaw where the teeth start showing (front part of jaw)
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Maxilla
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upper jaw
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Pelvis
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the steering wheel of the body Important in dinosaurs because: dinosaurs are classified into 2 distinctive orders based on the shape of the pelvis
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Ischium
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sit bones
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Pubis
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pubic bone
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Ileum
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hip bones
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Hip socket
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acetabulum
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Shoulder girdle
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attaches the forelimbs to the trunk of the body
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Scapula
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shoulder blade
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Coracoid
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Only a bone in Dinosaurs, a process in humans
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Furcula
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wish bone (when the two clavicles are one bone)
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Glenoid socket
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where the humerus, scapula and clavicle meet. A small (not very good fit) curved area for the humerus
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Clavicle
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collar bone
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Forelimb
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front limbs (arms)
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Humerus
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upper arm bone
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Ulna
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other lower arm bone
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Radius
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thumb side
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Carpal
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wrist
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Metacarpal
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hand bones
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Phalanges and claws
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Phalanx- fingers
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Manus
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entire hand
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Hind limbs
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back limbs (legs)
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Femur
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thigh bone
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Fibula
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smaller lower leg bone
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Tibia
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larger lower leg bone
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Patella
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knee cap
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Tarsals
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ankle
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Metatarsals
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foot bones
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Phalanges and claws
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Toes
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Pes
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entire foot
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Sternum
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breast bone
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Rostral bone
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found on those dinosaurs who had beak faces ex: Triceratops
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Gastralia
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false ventral ribs
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Hyoid bone
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in the throat
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Masculature
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determines girth, overall body size and weight
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Muscles/ligament
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sizes, shapes and attachments rarely preserved
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Ossified tendons
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(and rarely ligaments) may be fossilized because they entirely or partially turn into bone die to stiffening
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Tendons
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can be fossilized-- like the dinosaur in DARWIN
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Marrow
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a soft, flexible, fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced. Often fossilized.
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Bipedal
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2 legs only
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Quadrupedal
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on four legs onl
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Facultative bipedal
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a quadruped that reared up on their hind legs sometimes
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Facultative quadruped
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a biped that walked on all fours sometimes
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How did dinosaurs walk?
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they walked digitigrade (on toes)
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Cladograms
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-DO NOT indicate time, unless constructed to depict evolution by overlaying the geologic time scale -DO indicate evolutionary relationships but are always incomplete -DO indicate extinction of an evolutionary line, bot NOT necessarily of each species
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Evolutionary relationships
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Cladograms DO indicate evolutionary relationships but are always incomplete (would be better depicted with dashed lines rather than solid lines)
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Extinctions
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there were multiple extinctions during the Mesozoic
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Pattern of evolution
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the general pattern of dinosaur evolution is from small animals to large over large expanses of time
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Archosaurs
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dinosaurs diverged from Archosaurs ~230Ma (~20-25Ma into Triassic)
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Thecodont
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diverse range of early Diapsid Archosaurs
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Oldest dinosaurs
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Eoraptor (today)
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Unnamed #1
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discovered in Brazil Carnivore, flat footed: Thecodont? 2 skulls and few other bones
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Unnamed #2
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Discovered in Madagascar 1999 herbivore: Prosauropod? Only jaw bones found
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Eoraptor
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"Dawn Theif", lived ~228Ma Argentina 1991 Archosauria-Saurichian-Theropoda-Herrarasuaria- Eoraptor 3 feet long and 1 foot tall at hips Carnivorous, possible scavenger bipedal, fast runner, hollow bones, 5 fingers
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Primitive Saurischians
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diverged end of the Triassic Period: Staurikosaurus, Herrerasaurus small bipedal
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Primitive Ornithischians
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Diverged in the Early Jurassic: Lesothosaurus- bipedal, agile and fast, Fabrosaurids small bipedal
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Theropods
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Saurischians: Late Cretacioius- End of Cretacious -carnivorous, sharp teeth or beak, clawed hands and feet, 3 forward-facing toes, bipedal, fast runners
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Herrarasaurus
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Late Triassic to Early Jurassic
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Ceratosaurs
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Primitive theropods, late triassic on
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Tetanuran
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Middle Jurassic on - ****Carnosaurus and Coelurosaurs
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Segnosauria
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late Cretaceous
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Aves
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Birds
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Sauropodomorphs
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Saurischians late triassic- end of cretaceous -herbivors, blunt teeth, small heads, large bodies, long necks, largest dinosaurs, mosts quadrupedal
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Prosauropoda
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late triassic to early jurassic
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Sauropoda
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middle jurassic on
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Ornithopods
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Ornithischians Late triassic-end of creatacious -herbivors, blunt teeth, facultative quadrupedal, lacked body armor, dental batteries, 3 forward facing toes
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Fabrosauria and Lesothosauria
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late triassic to early jurassic
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Ornithopoda
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middle jurassic on
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Marginocephalia
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Ornithischians middle jurassic- endow cretacious -horned or dome-headed, herbivores, blunt teeth, some had a astral bone, quadrupedal or bipedal, extended occipital ridge
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Ceratopsian
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middle jurassic on
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Pachycephalosaurs
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early cretaceous on
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Thyreophorans
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Ornithischians early jurassic- end of cretaceous - shield bearers, primarily quadrupedal, mostly herbivorous, blunt teeth
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Stegosaurs
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middle jurassic- early K
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Ankylosaurs
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Middle jurassic on
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X
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Middle jurassic on
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5 stages of dinosaur evolution
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1) Middle-Late K: dominated by hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, ankylosaurs, coelurosaurs and carnosaurs, dwindling sauropods 2) Early K: ankylosaurs and large ornithopods dominated, primitive marginocephalia, diverse theropods + numbers of sauropods and stegosaurs dwindled 3) Late J: similiar to (2) but includes largest sauropods and allosaurids 4) Early-Middle J: mostly sauropods, stegosaurs, small ornithopods, and diverse theropods 5) Late T: dominated by small theropods with some larger prosauropods and few primitive ornithischians
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5 largest extinctions
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1) Ordovician Period (~438 Ma) 100 families 2) Devonian Period (~360 Ma) 30% of animal families 3) Permian Period (~245 Ma) 5-% animal families, 95 % marine species, and many trees 4) Triassic Period (~208 Ma) 35% of animal families. Most early dinosaur families went extinct and most synapsids died out 5) Cretaceous period (~65 Ma) ~50% life forms, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles, and much marine life
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Dinosaur extinctions
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• Most genera perished in background extinctions due to environmental changes • Angiosperms (flowering plants) diversified ; displaced many gymnosperms, an important food source for herbivores
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Clutches of eggs
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(sauropods, ornithopods, ; coelurosaurs) • Oviraptor found sitting on eggs/nest
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nesting grounds
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Montana Maiasaur GROUP nesting grounds = evidence of parenting behavior
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nests
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sub-circular crater-like soil depressions with raised rims
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solitary hunters
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very large theropods?
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pack hunters
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smaller theropods attacking big game OR mixed age range of larger theropods
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defensive behaviors
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• Armor: shields, horns • Possible armor: thickened skulls, plates • Tails: spikes, bludgeon, whip • Large size • Thick leathery skin • Camouflage • Speed
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attack behaviors
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• Fast • Agile • Slashing teeth • Clawed feet ; hands • Grasping hands • Some have large size
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social group behavior
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parenting, protection, food acquisition
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display structures
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identifying features (crests, tubes, frills, sails, horns, feathers, spikes, etc.) provide recognition of mates or opponents, ; maybe communication
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sexual dimorphism
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female vs. male - display features ; possible size differences (but we don't know what to look for)
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adult vs. juvenile
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possible acquisition of display features upon maturity
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mass-death assemblages
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multiple dinosaur fossils buried together • Some may represent a family/pack/herd that lived together • Some may represent water-transported skeletons
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age segregation
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several mass assemblage sites have narrow age range of the same dinosaur species/genus
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multiple trackways
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of the same types of dinosaurs in the same direction & often at the same speed • Individuals may have come along at different times along the same path
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advantage of herds
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safety in numbers
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advantage of pack hunting
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better hunting
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