Test Answers on molecular biology

1. Which of the following are connected by hydrogen bonds? A. Hydrogen to oxygen within a molecule of water B. Phosphate to sugar in a DNA molecule C. Base to sugar in a DNA molecule D. Hydrogen to oxygen between two different molecules of water D. Hydrogen to oxygen between two different molecules of water […]

question What do antibiotics inhibit? answer Bacterial translation in Eukaryotes, not affecting Eukaryotic RNA and protein function. question How is translation terminated? answer Stop codon, and Release factor that cause peptidyl transferase to catalyze a water molecule to the carboxyl end of the last amino acid question List the stop codons. answer UAA, UGA, UAG […]

question What mechanism is involved in the beginning of tumor growth? answer Mutations in the genes that normally regulate cell growth and division in somatic cells can lead to cancer. question Oncogene answer a gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer question Proto-oncogenes […]

question What is cancer? answer term applied to a group of diseases in which cells no longer respond to normal restrains on growth. question What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer? answer 1. sustaining proliferative signaling 2. evading growth suppressors 3. activating invasion and metastasis 4. enabling replicative immortality 5. inducing angiogenesis 6. resisting cell […]

Anticodon in the anticodon loop reads what on what? The codon on the mRNA. How does the Amino Acid attach to the tRNA? It is esterified to the 3′ end of the tRNA at Cytosine-cytosine-adenine end (or CCA stem). What are some commonalities between different tRNAs? Why? They have all the exactly same structure because […]

2D DIGE Difference gel electrophresis Samples are dyed different colours, mixed, and separated by 2D gel electrophoresis. Determines relative abundance in each sample, and identifies protein with significant differences. 2D gel electrophoresis Proteins are separated in one direction based on charge, and the second based on size. A tube with a pH gradient; proteins are […]

Kary Mullis Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Central Dogma DNA->RNA->Protein Replication DNA Synthesis Arthur Kornberg Discovered the function of DNA Polymerase 5′-3′ Direction of DNA synthesis, RNA Polymerase Semiconservative Repication Method of DNA Strand Templating, each helix contains a parental strand and a daughter strand Semidiscontinous Strand Growth One strand is replicated continuously in […]

?-glucosidase A lysosomal enzyme. A polysaccharidase and oligosaccharidase that acts on glycogen. ?-mannosidase A lysosomal enzyme. A polysaccharidase and oligosaccharidase that acts on mannosyloligosaccharides. ?-N-acetylglucosaminidase A lysosomal enzyme. A GAG-hydrolyzing enzyme that acts onf heparan sulfate. ?-galactosidase A lysosomal enzyme. A GAG-hydrolyzing enzyme that acts on keratin sulfate. ?-hexosaminidase A lysosomal enzyme. A sphingolipid hydrolyzing […]

3′ end The  end of one of the strands in a DNA molecule, ending with C3 of the pentose sugar. 5′ end The end of one of the strands in a DNA  molecule, ending with C5 on the pentose sugar. 1000 Genomes Project Launched in 2008. Sequencing at least 2500 genomes from people all over […]

+1 sequence The site where transcription begins. 2-aminopurine (2-AP) A base analog. An adenine or guanine analog. 3′ – 5′ exonuclease activity Cuts DNA strands, starting at the 3′ termini. The DNA polymerase goes “backwards”. Allows for proofreading. 5′ – 3′ exonuclease activity Cuts DNA strands, starting at the 5′ termini. 5-bromouracil (5-BU) A base […]

question Virus answer A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material. They are generally organisms not considered to be alive because they do not display all of the characteristics associated with life. (181) question Molecular Biology answer The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression; […]

Pyrimidine one carbon ring Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil Purine two carbon rings Adenine, Guanine How are nucleotides joined together? condensation What does mRNA do? carries code out of cell. code for protein structure. DNA to ribosomes end of transcription start of translation What does tRNA do? decodes mRNA. Matches amino acids to mRNA code. Protein synthesis […]

question What is Molecular Biology? answer a ‘hybrid’ discipline that combines elements of genetics and biochemistry. It is the study of gene structure and function at the molecular level. question Why isn’t the earliest work on genes considered as molecular biology genetics? answer the molecular nature of genes was NOT KNOWN. question Earliest work on […]

question molecular biology answer study of essential cellular macromolecules, including DNA RNA and proteins, and the biological pathways between them question biological information answer the genetic instructions that shape every living cell and virus and catalysis question catalysis answer a capacity to accelerate critical molecular processes question evolution answer question 3 themes of the book […]