question

______ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes ________ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.

answer

An increase; a drop

question

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

answer

a decrease in oxygen content

question

What happens to pH and breathing rate during exercise?

answer

pH decreases, causes breathing to increase

question

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

answer

water contains much less O2 than air per unit vol.

question

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

answer

diffusion

question

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.

answer

as bicarbonate ions

question

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.

answer

acidic

question

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.

answer

combined w/ hemoglobin

question

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _________.

answer

increases the presence of high concentrations of oxygen

question

An increase from pH 7.1 to pH 7.5 around hemoglobin causes

answer

an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules

question

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

answer

myoglobin

question

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

answer

pH

question

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

answer

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

question

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

answer

hemoglobin

question

What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that bar-headed goose hemoglobin can bind to?

answer

4

question

What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen on top of Mount Everest?

answer

53 mm Hg

question

What is the approximate oxygen saturation percentage of bar-headed goose hemoglobin on top of Mount Everest?

answer

90%

question

In order to fly over Mount Everest, bar-headed geese must fly higher and increase their altitude. What will happen in bar-headed geese as they increase their altitude?

answer

Fewer oxygen molecules will bind to hemoglobin

question

What statement about the data in the graph is true?

answer

Bar headed geese hemoglobin can bind more oxygen at higher altitudes than human hemoglobin

question

How does the dissociation curve for fetal hemoglobin compare to that for maternal hemoglobin?

answer

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin at any partial pressure of O2

question

Which hypothesis best explains this difference?

answer

Fetal hemoglobin's higher affinity for oxygen helps promote the movement of oxygen from mother to fetus.

question

Which zone produces the most global oxygen?

answer

2 (top of the ocean)

question

Which zone has the lowest biomass per unit of volume?

answer

4 (between bottom and top)

question

Which marine zone is expected to have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)?

answer

abyssal

question

Compared to the control (red line), in which both sea urchins and limpets are present, removing limpets alone (blue line) did not have much effect. This might suggest that limpets have little effect on seaweed distribution. However, seaweed cover increased much more when both urchins and limpets were removed (purple line) than when only urchins were removed (green line). How might you explain this result?

answer

When only urchins were removed, limpets increased in abundance and reduced seaweed cover.

question

Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities?

answer

predation & competition

question

A certain species of pine tree survives only in scattered locations at elevations above 2,800 m in the western United States. To understand why this tree grows only in these specific places, an ecologist should

answer

investigate various biotic and abiotic factors unique to high altitude

question

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span? robins humans elephants grasses oysters

answer

robins

question

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____.

answer

adults

question

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters? grasses humans cats robins elephants

answer

grasses

question

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans? grasses oysters robins elephants cats

answer

elephants

question

The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____.

answer

sharks

question

Which curve best describes survivorship in marine molluscs?

answer

E

question

Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants?

answer

A

question

Which curve best describes survivorship in a marine crustacean that molts?

answer

D

question

Which curve best describes survivorship in humans who live in developed nations?

answer

A

question

Which statement best explains survivorship curve B?

answer

Survivorship can only decrease; therefore, this curve could not happen in nature.

question

Which of the following is an example of a population?

answer

all of the redwood trees that live in a forest

question

To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and __________.

answer

the size of the area in which they live

question

In wild populations, individuals most often show a _____ pattern of dispersion.

answer

clumped

question

A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. inhabits the same general area II. belongs to the same species III. possesses a constant and uniform density and dispersion

answer

I & II only

question

Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with

answer

competitive interaction between individuals of the same population.

question

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?

answer

red squirrels, animals that actively defend territories

question

Which of the following methods would most accurately measure the density of the population being studied? counting the number of zebras from airplane observations. counting the number of prairie dog burrows per hectare counting the number of moss plants in 1-m2 quadrats counting the number of coyote droppings per hectare counting the number of times a 1-km transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall

answer

counting the number of moss plants in 1-m2 quadrats

question

Which of the following is the best natural example of uniform distribution? mushrooms growing on the floor of an old-growth forest bees collecting pollen in a wildflower meadow territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season a cultivated cornfield in the Midwest snails in an intertidal zone at low tide

answer

territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season

question

Which of the following choices would most likely promote random distribution? homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment territorial species species that secrete chemicals to attract or inhibit other individuals flocking and schooling behaviors spacing during the breeding season

answer

homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment

question

Why do some invertebrates, such as lobsters, show a "stair-step" survivorship curve?

answer

Many invertebrates molt in order to grow, and they are vulnerable to predation during their "soft shell" stage.

question

Which of the following describes a Type II survivorship curve?

answer

a constant death rate over the organism's life span

question

Which processes increase a population's size?

answer

Births and immigration

question

True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.

answer

True

question

Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity? Number of nesting sites. Availability of food. Intensity of predation. Maximum number of individuals in a population.

answer

Maximum number of individuals in a population

question

Which equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population?

answer

ΔNΔt=rmaxN(K−N)K

question

Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true? The per-capita rate of increase may exceed rmax during density-independent growth. Density-independent growth can continue indefinitely in nature. A population that is experiencing density-independent growth levels off at the environment's carrying capacity. Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.

answer

Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth

question

Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?

answer

Young populations with few individuals

question

Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?

answer

If N is greater than K, the population will shrink

question

Which of the following graphs illustrates the population growth curve of single bacterium growing in a flask of ideal medium at optimum temperature over a 24-hour period?

answer

curve starting off slow then growing rapidly

question

In the models that describe population growth, r stands for _____.

answer

per capita population growth rate

question

The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called _____

answer

carrying capacity

question

Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt =

answer

rN

question

Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria that reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes at the end of a 2-hour time period? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)

answer

64

question

Which of the following equations represents zero population growth?

answer

b=m or r=0

question

Consider two forests: one is an undisturbed old-growth forest and the other has recently been logged. In which forest are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why?

answer

logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow

question

Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt =

answer

rN. K−N/K.

question

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?

answer

The population growth rate will approach zero.

question

In models of logistic population growth,

answer

the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K.

question

Carrying capacity is

answer

the maximum population size that a particular environment can support.

question

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth?

answer

competition for resources

question

Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. You decide to reintroduce them. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you do so. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). The graph will likely appear as

answer

a "J," increasing with each generation.

question

The males of some bird species provide no parental care. If this were true for the Eurasian kestrel, how would the experimental results differ from those shown?

answer

The three bars representing male survival would all have similar heights, but female survival would still decline with increasing brood size.

question

What do you observe about the relative timing of the peaks in lynx numbers and hare numbers?

answer

Hare numbers typically peaked slightly before lynx numbers.

question

What might explain the observation that hare numbers typically peaked slightly before lynx numbers?

answer

The lynx depend on the hares for food, but there is a delay between increased food availability and increased reproduction by the lynx.

question

Scientists in Australia wanted to know the relationship between sea urchins, limpets, and the distribution of seaweed. Both sea urchins and limpets are herbivores that graze on seaweed. What do the data shown in this figure indicate about the pattern and distribution of seaweeds?

answer

Sea urchins have the greatest influence on seaweed distribution.

question

Which of the following graphs illustrates the growth over several seasons of a population of snowshoe hares that were introduced to an appropriate habitat also inhabited by predators in northern Canada?

answer

exponential than carrying capacity then curvy

question

Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations? intraspecific competition flooding predation interspecific competition emigration

answer

flooding

question

Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide _____ and help regulate population.

answer

negative feedback

question

Which of the following is an expected characteristic of K-selected populations?

answer

offspring with good chances of survival

question

In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals? an old-growth forest a newly emergent volcanic island a shifting sand dune community of south Lake Michigan South Florida after a hurricane a recently abandoned agricultural field in Ohio

answer

an old growth forest

question

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations? the removal of toxic waste by decomposers floods intraspecific competition for nutrients fires earthquakes

answer

intraspecific competition for nutrients

question

Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity?

answer

Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.

question

Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? earthquakes famines the number of homes that can fit in a city plagues

answer

earthquakes

question

Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment?

answer

The removal of Balanus shows that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche.

question

Connell conducted this experiment to learn more about

answer

competitive exclusion and distribution of barnacle species.

question

Chthamalus and Balanus belong to the same trophic level. Based on this information and their distributions in the low tide zone in Connell's experiment, what is the best way to represent the interaction between the two species?

answer

-/-

question

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

answer

ecological niche

question

Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship?

answer

benefit...harmed

question

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.

answer

Batesian mimicry

question

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

answer

mutualism

question

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude all other competing species.

answer

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

question

Which of the following best describes resource partitioning?

answer

slight variations in a species niche that allow similar species to coexist

question

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are nocturnal. You have discovered an example of

answer

resource partitioning

question

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between

answer

sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.

question

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration? highly contrasting bands on a coral snake bright markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings a walking stick, which is an insect that resembles a twig orange or yellow colors of an insect-pollinated flower's petals brown or gray color of tree bark

answer

a walking stick, which is an insect that resembles a twig

question

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish an insect that resembles a twig a butterfly that resembles a leaf a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake

answer

a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake

question

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes and can be harmed if nutrients and water are scarce in the environment. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

answer

parasitism

question

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?

answer

mutualism

question

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk toward the top, whereas the white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

answer

resource partitioning

question

Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism?

answer

Interaction increases the survival and reproductive rates of mutualistic species.

question

Which of the following terms is used by ecologists to describe the community interaction in which one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?

answer

facilitation

question

What interactions exist between the cattle egret and grazing cattle?

answer

+/0

question

What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack if they utilize the same food sources?

answer

-/-

question

What interactions exist between a bee and a flower?

answer

+/+

question

What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog?

answer

+/-

question

What interactions exist between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite?

answer

+/+

question

What interactions exist between mycorrhizae and evergreen tree roots?

answer

+/+

question

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

answer

producers

question

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

answer

detritivore

question

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

answer

secondary consumer

question

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

answer

primary consumer

question

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.

answer

tertiary consumer

question

Examine the diagram of a hypothetical food web in the figure. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. Which letter represents an organism that could be a primary producer?

answer

B

question

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.

answer

its food source

question

Keystone species are those species _____.

answer

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

question

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to 8 after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)

answer

keystone species

question

Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. If the elephants are taken away, the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?

answer

Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance.

question

Which of the following is a likely explanation for why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced?

answer

Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for native species.

question

Biomanipulation can best be described as

answer

removing many of the organisms at the next higher trophic level so that the struggling trophic level below can recover.

question

In a lake with three trophic levels (fish, zooplankton, algae), how might an algal bloom be prevented?

answer

remove the fish

question

The feeding relationships between species in a community is called

answer

trophic structure

question

What do plants produce that supports the higher trophic levels of the community?

answer

energy-containing food molecules

question

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession? A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse. Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees. Introduced pheasants increase, and native quail populations disappear. Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use. Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil.

answer

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

question

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

answer

Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.

question

What are usually the first photosynthetic organisms to colonize during primary succession?

answer

lichens

question

During primary succession at Glacier Bay, what is the composition of the oldest communities on well-drained slopes?

answer

spruce and hemlock

question

Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity?

answer

A

question

Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?

answer

C

question

Species richness increases

answer

as we travel southward from the North Pole to the equator.

question

What is an evolutionary factor that influences the species richness of a community?

answer

speciation rate

question

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's __________.

answer

trophic structure

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