Ch. 4 – PSY 350 – Flashcards

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question
Describe what happened in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and why it is important to Psychology
answer
(1930ish) 600 African American men (400 with syphilis and 200 without) participated in a study by the U.S. Public Health Service. Researchers wanted to study the effects of syphilis long-term. The men were not informed they had syphilis, instead told they had 'bad blood'. The researchers told the men they were being treated, but in fact were not. A painful procedure called a spinal tap was given to every participant so they could note the progress of the disease at one point, with the participants being lied to and told it was a 'special treatment' for their illness. 250 men signed up for the armed forces and were again diagnosed with syphilis and told to get it treated. The researchers interfered with the men getting the treatment and the men were not allowed to serve in the armed forces or receive GI benefits. In 1943, penicillin was approved to treat syphilis, yet this information was not given to the participants of the study. Men infected their wives, got sicker, and died. This is important to Psychology because it outlines exactly what is not ethical or moral for researchers. We now have a set of guidelines preventing any research participant from coming to harm in the way they did in this experiment.
question
Debriefed
answer
To be carefully informed about the study's hypotheses. To inform participants afterward about a study's true nature, details, and hypotheses.
question
What three categories of ethics violations are illustrated by the Tuskegee Syphilis study?
answer
1. The participants were not treated respectfully. They were lied to and information (such as a cure to their disease) was withheld. Informed consent was not given. 2. The participants were harmed. They were not told about a treatment for the disease that, in later years of the study, could be easily cured. 3. The researchers targeted a disadvantaged social group. All of the men in the study were poor and African American.
question
What are two primary concerns that have been raised against the Milgram obedience studies? How did Milgram and his supporters counter these concerns?
answer
1.) The study itself was extremely stressful to the teacher-participants. 2.) There were lasting effects of the study. Some participants were dramatically affected by learning that they were willing to harm another human being, simply because someone in authority told them to do it. Milgram defended this by stating that most of the participants had stated they learned something valuable about themselves. Months later most were not suffering and still believed that they had learned something valuable and important.
question
What is the Belmont Report and what are its three principles.
answer
(1976)This report outlines three main principles for guiding ethical decision making: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
question
Define principle of justice
answer
An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.
question
Define principle of respect for persons
answer
An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection.
question
Define principle of beneficence
answer
An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote their well-being.
question
Informed Consent
answer
The right of research participants to learn about a research project, know its risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate.
question
The American Psychological Association has Five General Principles (of ethics) that all must follow, what are they?
answer
1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence 2. fidelity and responsibility 3. integrity 4.justice 5. respect for people's rights and dignity
question
Define the ethical principle fidelity and responsibility
answer
Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior (in research, teaching, and clinical practice)
question
Define the ethical principle of integrity
answer
Strive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one's role as researcher, teacher, or practitioner.
question
Define Institutional Review Board (IRB)
answer
A committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically. This includes at least 5 people who come from specified backgrounds. At least one member must be a scientist, one has to have academic interests outside the sciences, and one should be a community member who has no ties to the institution.
question
Define deception (in research)
answer
The withholding of some details of a study from participants (deception through omission) or the act of actively lying to them (deception through commission)
question
Define Data fabrication
answer
This occurs when instead of recording what really happened in a study (or instead instead of running a study at all), researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses.
question
Define Data Falsification
answer
When researchers influence the study's results, perhaps by selectively deleting observations from a data set or by influencing their research subjects to act in the hypothesized way.
question
Define Plagiarism
answer
Representing the words or ideas of others as one's own.
question
What are the three R's of animal care guidelines
answer
Replacement, Refinement, Reduction
question
Define replacement in terms of animal care guidelines
answer
Researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when necessary. For example, some studies can use computer simulations instead of animal subjects.
question
Define Refinement in terms of animal care guidelines
answer
Researchers must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress.
question
Define Reduction in terms of animal care guidelines
answer
Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require fewest animal subjects possible.
question
Which two ethical principles of the APA are not included in the Belmont Report
answer
Principle of integrity. Principle of fidelity and responsibility
question
Which of the following is not one of the three principles of the Belmont Report?
answer
Fidelity
question
In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug?
answer
Beneficence
question
In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report?
answer
Justice.
question
Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant?
answer
By debriefing each participant in a structured conversation
question
Stanley Milgram's original motivation in conducting his experiment was to understand:
answer
How the German people could have permitted the extermination of Jewish people in WWII
question
The real experimental participant in Milgram's study was:
answer
The 'teacher' who administered fake electric shocks
question
Dr. Zimbardo states that he was 'interested in what happens when you put good people in:"
answer
An evil place
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Dr. Zimbardo instructed the 'prison guards' that they
answer
Could not use violence
question
A prisoner rebellion occurred
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On the 2nd morning
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When the ringleader of the rebellion told Dr. Zimbardo he wanted to leave, Dr. Zimbardo:
answer
Asked the prisoner to think it over (and actually, to be his own personal snitch)
question
The ringleader of the 'prison guards' states that he took inspiration for his prison guard role from a character in the movie:
answer
Cool Hand Luke
question
When one 'prisoner' went on hunger strike, the other 'prisoners' voted:
answer
Against letting him out of solitary confinement.
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The experiment was ended by Dr. Zimbardo after:
answer
A fellow psychologist saw the 'prison'
question
After the experiment, the ringleader of the 'prison guards' stated that he was shocked:
answer
That none of the other guards had tried to check him (stop his behavior)
question
Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? Question 5 options: Integrity Fidelity and Responsibility Justice Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
answer
Fidelity and responsibility: a clinical psychologist who teaches in a university may not serve as a therapist to one of his or her classroom students, and psychologists must avoid sexual relationships with their students or clients.
question
Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? Question 7 options: the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants
answer
the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers
question
Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the IRB. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 of the APA does waiting to propose the study violate? Question 10 options: Offering Inducements for Research Participation Institutional Approval Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research Debriefing
answer
Institutional Approval because approval is required prior to conducting research. Also, an answer not listed might be deception in research. Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible. Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data. Debriefing may also be an answer here (if not for the last sentence) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.
question
When an experimenter actively lies to a participant, this is considered which of the following? deception through commission a clear violation of the APA principles deception through omission a violation of federal guidelines
answer
deception through commission
question
Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the APA's Five General Principles is violated by this incentive? beneficence and nonmaleficence fidelity and responsibility respect for people's rights and dignity justice
answer
respect for people's rights and dignity
question
Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? Reporting of Research Results Plagiarism Sharing Research Data for Verification Deception In Research
answer
Reporting of Research Results
question
Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? respect for persons beneficence integrity justice
answer
Justice
question
Debriefed
answer
To be carefully informed about the study's hypotheses. To inform participants afterward about a study's true nature, details, and hypotheses.
question
1. The participants were not treated respectfully. They were lied to and information (such as a cure to their disease) was withheld. Informed consent was not given. 2. The participants were harmed. They were not told about a treatment for the disease that, in later years of the study, could be easily cured. 3. The researchers targeted a disadvantaged social group. All of the men in the study were poor and African American.
answer
What three categories of ethics violations are illustrated by the Tuskegee Syphilis study?
question
1.) The study itself was extremely stressful to the teacher-participants. 2.) There were lasting effects of the study. Some participants were dramatically affected by learning that they were willing to harm another human being, simply because someone in authority told them to do it.
answer
What are two primary concerns that have been raised against the Milgram obedience studies?
question
Belmont Report
answer
(1976)This report outlines three main principles for guiding ethical decision making: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
question
1. respect for persons 2. beneficence 3. justice
answer
What are the 3 main principles of the Belmont Report?
question
Define principle of justice
answer
An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.
question
Define principle of respect for persons
answer
An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection.
question
Define principle of beneficence
answer
An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote their well-being.
question
Informed Consent
answer
The right of research participants to learn about a research project, know its risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate.
question
1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence 2. fidelity and responsibility 3. integrity 4.justice 5. respect for people's rights and dignity
answer
the 5 APA general principles (of ethics) that all must follow:
question
Define the ethical principle fidelity and responsibility
answer
Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior (in research, teaching, and clinical practice) (ethical principle)
question
Define the ethical principle of integrity
answer
Strive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one's role as researcher, teacher, or practitioner. (ethical principle)
question
Define Institutional Review Board (IRB)
answer
A committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically. This includes at least 5 people who come from specified backgrounds. At least one member must be a scientist, one has to have academic interests outside the sciences, and one should be a community member who has no ties to the institution.
question
Define deception (in research)
answer
The withholding of some details of a study from participants or the act of actively lying to them
question
Define Data fabrication
answer
This occurs when instead of recording what really happened in a study (or instead instead of running a study at all), researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses.
question
Define Data Falsification
answer
When researchers influence the study's results, perhaps by selectively deleting observations from a data set or by influencing their research subjects to act in the hypothesized way.
question
Define Plagiarism
answer
Representing the words or ideas of others as one's own.
question
Replacement, Refinement, Reduction
answer
What are the 3 R's of animal care guidelines?
question
Define replacement in terms of animal care guidelines
answer
Researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when necessary. For example, some studies can use computer simulations instead of animal subjects.
question
Define Refinement in terms of animal care guidelines
answer
Researchers must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress.
question
Define Reduction in terms of animal care guidelines
answer
Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require fewest animal subjects possible.
question
Principle of integrity. Principle of fidelity and responsibility
answer
Which 2 ethical principles of the APA are not included in the Belmont Report?
question
Beneficence
answer
In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug?
question
Justice
answer
In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report?
question
By debriefing each participant in a structured conversation.
answer
Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant?
question
How the German people could have permitted the extermination of Jewish people in WWII
answer
Stanley Milgram's original motivation in conducting his experiment was to understand:
question
Fidelity and responsibility: a clinical psychologist who teaches in a university may not serve as a therapist to one of his or her classroom students, and psychologists must avoid sexual relationships with their students or clients.
answer
Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? Question 5 options: Integrity Fidelity and Responsibility Justice Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
question
the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers
answer
Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? Question 7 options: the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants
question
Institutional Approval because approval is required prior to conducting research.
answer
Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the IRB. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 of the APA does waiting to propose the study violate? Question 10 options: Offering Inducements for Research Participation Institutional Approval Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research Debriefing
question
deception through commission
answer
When an experimenter actively lies to a participant, this is considered which of the following? deception through commission a clear violation of the APA principles deception through omission a violation of federal guidelines
question
Respect for people rights and dignity
answer
Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the APA's Five General Principles is violated by this incentive? beneficence and nonmaleficence fidelity and responsibility respect for people's rights and dignity justice
question
reporting research results
answer
Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? Reporting of Research Results Plagiarism Sharing Research Data for Verification Deception In Research
question
Justice
answer
Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? respect for persons beneficence integrity justice
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