Chapter 14_ Personality_True-False Questions_Fall 2015_Gonzaga_Crawford.

Personality refers to a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, mannerisms, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual.

In Freud’s theory of personality, there are five major systems that influence a person’s actions.

Freud believed that the ego was the first of the personality components to become evident.

Freud believed that the id was the first of the personality components to become evident.

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the ego to prevent threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.

Displacement is said to occur when people direct their emotions toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings.

According to Freud, when the Oedipus complex is resolved by about age 5 or 6, the child’s personality has been formed.

The defense mechanism of projection is illustrated by the behavior of a 12-year-old boy who starts having tantrums after his family moves to a different state.

The defense mechanism of regression is illustrated by the behavior of a 12-year-old boy who starts having tantrums after his family moves to a different state.

. In Jungian theory, an archetype is a universal symbolic image that appears in myths, art, and dreams.

In Jungian theory, the collective unconscious is the universal memory and experience of humankind represented in the symbols, stories, and images that occur across all cultures.

Carl Jung’s theory of personality emphasizes the methods of empirical psychology in generating personality constructs.

Although Carl Jung was fascinated with the darker aspect of human personality, he also had confidence in the positive strength of the ego.

To object-relations theorists, the central problem in life is to find a balance between the need for independence and the need for others.

According to object-relations theory, a baby constructs unconscious representations of his or her parents, which will influence the child’s relations with others throughout life.

According to the object-relations school, men develop more rigid boundaries between themselves and other people.

Most of the cornerstone assumptions in psychoanalytic theory have not been supported scientifically.

Although modern psychodynamic theorists differ in many ways, they share a general belief that the way to understand personality is by exploring its unconscious dynamics and origins.

One of the difficulties of retrospective analysis as the foundation for theory development is the fact that it creates an illusion of causality between events.

Objective tests are standardized questionnaires that require written responses.

Gordon Allport was one of the most influential psychologists in personality theory.

Central traits are changeable aspects of personality, such as musical preferences, habits, and casual opinions.

Secondary traits are changeable aspects of personality, such as musical preferences, habits, and casual opinions.

Raymond B. Cattell advanced the study of personality by applying a statistical method called case-study analysis.

The Big Five personality traits are fairly stable throughout a person’s life.

The Big Five personality traits are influenced by maturation and aging.

The Big Five personality traits represent all of the traits that make up personality.

One way the genetic contribution to personality can be explored is by studying the temperaments of human infants and children.

Temperaments are physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways.

Temperaments fluctuate dramatically over time.

Heritability is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of behavior and personality.

. Social-cognitive learning theory emphasizes the continual interaction between persons and a given situation.

The process of reciprocal determinism helps explain the influence of the nonshared environment on personality.

According to your textbook, the shared environment of the home has relatively little influence on personality.

Few parents have a single childrearing style that is consistent over time.

According to your textbook, there appears to be little relation between what parents do in childrearing and the way children eventually turn out.

A behavioral-genetics researcher is likely to state that parents cannot take full responsibility for the way their children turn out.

Even traits that are highly heritable are not rigidly fixed.

When parents value academic achievement but the child’s peers do not, the child usually follows the parental lead and values academic achievement.

In collectivist cultures, the self is often defined as a collection of personality traits.

In collectivist cultures, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.

In individualist cultures, the self is often defined as a collection of personality traits.

In individualist cultures, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.

In a study mentioned in the textbook, Chinese and American pairs of players had to play a communication game that required each partner to be able to take the other’s perspective. Eye-gaze measures showed that the Chinese players were almost always able to take their partner’s perspective, whereas the American players often completely failed at this task.

People from individualist cultures tend to regard \”personality\” and the sense of self as being more flexible than do people from collectivist cultures.

Humanist psychology emphasizes the scientific understanding and assessment of human behavior.

Humanist psychology is sometimes called \”the third force\” in psychology.

The humanist who described the importance of having peak experiences was Carl Rogers.

The humanist who described the importance of having peak experiences was Rollo May.

Abraham Maslow suggested that personality theorists study healthy, strong, creative individuals.

Abraham Maslow suggested that the most important personality traits were the \”Big Five.\”

Carl Rogers maintained that to become fully functioning, a person needs to receive unconditional positive regard.

According to Rollo May, the price of free will is often anxiety and despair.

The humanist approach suggests that despite genetic, environmental, cultural, and psychodynamic influences, people can exercise free will to determine the kind of person they will become.